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Two biologists Schleiden and Schwann independently asserted that all animals and plants are
made up of cells.The cell theory was refined further by another bilologist , Virchow by
suggesting that all cells arise from pre existing cells.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane bound tubules and sheets extending
from outer nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane . It looks like long tubules or round
vesicles . It is present in all the cells except prokaryotes and mammalian RBC s.
There are two types of ER based on the presence or absence of ribosomes on the surface of ER .
They are
Lysosomes (scavengers of the cells) are a kind of waste disposal system the cell. They are
also known as suicidal bags of the cell .They are small spherical bodies surrounded by a
single membrane and the inner matrix contains powerful digestive enzymes.
Functions of lysosomes:
1. Lysosomes are involved in intracellular digestion of foreign food or microbes (
heterophagy) or reserved food or some organelles ( autophagy) so are called
digestive bags.
2. These are involved in autolysis or self digestion of cells after their death. So they
are called suicidal bags.
3. They digest the foreign materials ( like bacteria , food etc) ,worn out cell organelles
and dead cells and thus act as the waste disposal system of cell.
Nucleus is the largest cell structure. It is the spherical or oval prominent structure ,
usually located in the centre of the cell. It has the following important parts:
i) Nuclear membrane : it is a double layered membrane which separates nucleus
from the cytoplasm. It has pores called nuclear pores which allows the transfer of
materials between nucleus and cytoplasm.
ii) Nucleoplasm : It is the homogenous fluid matrix present inside the nucleus in
which chromatin and nucleolus are present.
iii) Chromatin material: It consists of long coiled network of thread like structures.It
is made up of DNA which is made up of storing and transmitting the hereditary
information from one generation to the other.
iv) Nucleolus :It contains RNA and proteins ND helps in protein synthesis.
Q 7 . In which form does Mitochondria release energy? Write its full form. Write a brief
account on mitochondria.
Mitochondria release energy in the form of ATP. Its full form is adenosine tri phosphate.
Mitochondria are rod shaped structures present in the cytoplasm of all the eukaryotes except
mammalian RBCs. These are also absent in prokaryotes. It has a double membrane of which the
outer membrane is porous while the inner membrane is formed into finger like processes called
cristae.They are self replicating and produce some of their own proteins .Thus they are called
semiautonomous organelles.
Mitochondria are called power house of the cell as these are the sites of synthesis of energy rich
ATP molecules.They contain DNA , RNA and ribosomesto carry out photo synthesis.
ii) they provide energy in the form of ATP for the vital activities of living cells.
Plastids are found in plant cells only. On the basis of pigments present in them , they are
divided into two types :
i) The colourless leucoplasts : they store starch, oils and protein granules.
ii) The coloured chromoplasts : The most important chromoplasts are chloroplasts (
green coloured- contains chloroplast) which is responsible for photosynthesis.
Structure of chloroplast: A chloroplast is bounded by double membranes.The inside of
chloroplast is divided into a colourless matrix called stroma and a large number of membrane
bound flattened sacs called grana containing the molecules of chlorophyll . Stroma contains a
variety of enzymes, DNA ,RNA and ribosomes7.
Functions of pastids: *leucoplasts store materials such as starch, oils and proteins.
There are fluid filled membrane bound spaces in cytoplasm .In animal cells , they are small
sized and many , but in plant cells a single prominent very large vacuole is seen. The vacuole is
filled with cell sap which is is rich in amino acids , sugars etc
In single celled organisms like amoeba ,the food vacuole contains the food items .
Functions of vacuoles: * expelling excess water and wastes from the body of unicellular
organisms.
Plasma membrane or cell membrane is the outermost covering of the cell that separates the
contents of the cell from its external environment. It forms the outer boundary of the cytoplasm
.It is seen in prokaryotes and eukaryotes .plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins.
Ribosomes are dense ,spherical and granular particles which occur freely in the cytoplasm or
remain attached to the membrane of ER. Ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis and are called
protein factories.
Q12.Differentiate between :
1. Diffusion takes place in any medium. 1.Osmosis occurs only in liquid medium.
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