ENGINEERING SURVEYING

(221 BE)

Distance & Angle

Sr Tan Liat Choon

Email: tanliatchoon@gmail.com
Mobile: 016-4975551
 INTRODUCTION
Types of Measurements in Surveying:
 Surveying is the art of making suitable
measurements in horizontal or vertical
planes. This is one of the important
subjects of civil engineering. Without
taking a survey of the plot where the
construction is to be carried out, the
work cannot begin

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 INTRODUCTION
From the above definition, we
conclude on two types of
measurements in surveying.
They are as follows:

Linear measurements
Angular measurements
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 INTRODUCTION
Linear measurements are further
classified as follows:

Horizontal Distance
Vertical Distance

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 INTRODUCTION
Horizontal Distance

 A horizontal distance is measured

in horizontal plane if a distance is
measured along a slope, it is
reduced to its horizontal
equivalent
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 INTRODUCTION
Vertical Distance

 A vertical distance is measured

along the direction of gravity at
that point. The vertical distance is
measured to determine difference
in elevations in various points
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 INTRODUCTION
Angular Measurements

 Two sides meeting at an angle are

measured. The angle between
them is measured and
represented in degrees or radians

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Linear measurement is the basis of all
surveying and even through angles
may be read precisely, the length of at
least one line in tract must be
measured to supplement the angles in
locating points

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
 Is generally regarded as the most fundamental of all
surveying observations

 Many angles may be read, the length of at least one

line must be observed to supplement the angles in
locating points

 In plane survey, the distance between two points

means the horizontal distance

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Methods of measuring a horizontal distance:

 Tacheometry (Stadia), Taping, EDM and GPS

 Distance from stadia: (High wire – Low wire) *
100 = Distance
 EDM & GPS are most common in today’s survey
 Direct measurement
 Indirect measurement

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
As simple as ABC:

60.159 m
32.579 m

32.579 m
New building site
– how big is it?

60.159 m

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement must be straight:

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement around obstacle:

starting point Obstacle to sight line closing point

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement around obstacle:
3

α β

1 2 4 5

Horizontal angles α and β are used to transform the resulting horizontal

lengths to an equivalent horizontal length along the measurement line

H 2-4 = h 2-3 cos α + h 3-4 cos β

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement must be straight:

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement must be straight:

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Measurement must be straight:

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 DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
Generally, measurements are made horizontally, but on
even, often man-made slopes the distance can be
measured directly on the slope, but the vertical or zenith
angle must be obtained

V = Vertical Distance
S = Slope Distance
H = Horizontal Distance
B
S
V

A H C
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DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
B
c
a

A b C

c2 = a2 + b2
C = 90° = A + B
sin A = a/c
cos A = b/c
tan A = a/b
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DISTANCE MEASUREMENT

B
c a

A b C

A + B + C = 180°

Sine Rule:
a/sin A = b/sin b = c/sin C

Cosine Rule:
a2 =b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
cos A = (b2 = c2 - a2)/2bc

Area = 1/2 bc sin A = √ s(s - a) (s - b) (s – c)

where s = (a + b + c)/2 20
 INTRODUCTION ON ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
Measuring distances alone in surveying
does not establish the location of an
object. We need to locate the object in 3
dimensions. To accomplish that we need:

 Horizontal length (distance)

 Difference in height (elevation)
 Angular direction
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 INTRODUCTION ON ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
 Angles measured in surveying are classified
as either horizontal or vertical, depending
on the plane in which they are observed
 Horizontal angles are the basic observations
needed for determining bearing and
azimuths
 Vertical angles are used in trigonometric
levelling stadia and for reducing slope
distances to horizontal
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 INTRODUCTION ON ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
 Determining the locations of points and
orientations of lines frequently depends
on measurements of angles and
directions

 In surveying, directions are given by

azimuths and bearings

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 INTRODUCTION ON ANGLE
MEASUREMENT
 An angle is defined as the difference in direction
between two convergent lines
 A horizontal angle is formed by the directions to two
objects in a horizontal plane
 A vertical angle is formed by two intersecting lines
in a vertical plane, one of these lines horizontal
 A zenith angle is the complementary angle to the
vertical angle and is formed by two intersecting lines
in a vertical plane, one of these lines directed
toward the zenith
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INTRODUCTION ON ANGLE
MEASUREMENT

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 TYPE OF ANGLE MEASUREMENT
 Interior angles are measured clockwise or
counter-clockwise between two adjacent lines
on the inside of a closed polygon figure
 Exterior angles are measured clockwise or
counter-clockwise between two adjacent lines
on the outside of a closed polygon figure
 Deflection angles, right or left, are measured
from an extension of the preceding course and
the ahead line. It must be noted when the
deflection is right (R) or left (L)
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 TYPE OF ANGLE MEASUREMENT
 Angles to the right are turned from the
back line in a clockwise or right hand
direction to the ahead line
 Angles to the left are turned from the
back line in a counter-clock wise or left
hand direction to the ahead line
 Angles are normally measured with a
transit or a theodolite, but a compass
may be used for reconnaissance work
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TYPE OF ANGLE MEASUREMENT

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 ANGLE MEASUREMENT
 Angle is a difference in direction of 2 lines
 To turn an angle we need a reference line, direction of
turning and angular distance
 Angular units:
 Degree, minutes, second
 Circle divided into 360 degrees
 Each degree divided by 60 minutes
 Each minute divided into 60 seconds
 A check can be made because the sum of all angles in
any polygon must equal. (n-2) * 180, where n is the
number of angles
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MEASURING HORIZONTAL ANGLE
 Set a bearing on the horizontal plate, and lock the upper motion

 Release the lower motion, sight the backsight, lock the lower motion,
and perfect the sighting with the lower tangent screw

 Release the upper motion, turn to the foresight, lock the upper motion,
and perfect the sighting

 Record the horizontal bearing

 Release the lower motion, invert the scope and point to the backsight in
the reverse position, lock the lower motion, and perfect the sighting

 Release the upper motion, turn to the foresight, lock the upper motion,
and perfect the sighting

 Record the second bearing

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 MEASURING ZENITH ANGLE
 Point the instrument to the target object in a direct position

 Lock the vertical motion, perfect the sighting and record the
zenith angle

 Loosen both the horizontal and vertical motions, plunge the

scope, rotate the alidade 180° and re-point to the target in
the reverse position

 Lock the vertical motion, perfect the pointing and record the
zenith angle

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 MEASURING ZENITH ANGLE

Direct 83° 28’ 16”

Reserve 276° 31’ 38”
Sum 359° 59’ 54”
360° Minus Sum 00° 00’ 06”
Half Value (error) 00° 00’ 03”
Plus Original Angle 83° 28’ 16”
Final Angle 83° 28’ 19”
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 USEFUL CONCEPTS
Degrees: full circle = 360°
0°

315° 45°

270°
90°

225° 135°
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180°
USEFUL CONCEPTS

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BEARING AND AZIMUTH

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 COMPARISON OF AZIMUTH
AND BEARING
Because bearings and azimuths are encountered in so many surveying operations,
there is important to know the conversion of these two.

Example 1
The azimuth of a boundary line is 128° 13’ 46”. Convert this into bearing.

The azimuth places the line in the southeast quadrant. Thus the bearing angle is:
180° 13’ 46” - 128° 13’ 46” = 51° 46’ 14”,
and the equivalent bearing is S 51° 46’ 14” E

Example 2
The first course of a boundary survey is written as N 37° 13’ W. What is its equivalent
azimuth?

Since the bearing is in the northwest quadrant, the azimuth is:

360° - 37° 13’ = 322° 47’

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 COMPARISON OF AZIMUTH
AND BEARING
Azimuths
Vary from 0° to 360°
Require only a numerical value
May be geodetic, astronomic,
magnetic, grid, assumed, forward
or back
Are measured clockwise only
Are measured either from north
only, or from south only on a
particular survey
Bearings
Vary from 0° to 90°
Require two letters and a
numerical value
May be geodetic, astronomic,
magnetic, grid, assumed, forward
or back
Are measured clockwise and
counterclockwise
Are measured from north and
south
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 COMPARISON OF AZIMUTH
AND BEARING

Quadrant Formulas for computing

bearing angles from
azimuths
I (NE) Bearing = Azimuth
II (SE) Bearing = 180° - Azimuth
III (SW) Bearing = Azimuth - 180°
IV (NW) Bearing = 360° - Azimuth

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 COMPARISON OF AZIMUTH
AND BEARING
Example directions for lines in the four quadrants
(Azimuths from north)
Azimuths Bearings

54° N 54° E

112° S 68° E

231° S 51° W

345° N 15° W

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 AZIMUTH
Line Azimuth
O–A 54°
O–B 133°
O–C 211°
O–D 334°

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COMPUTING AZIMUTH
C
N

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 COMPUTING AZIMUTH
41° 35’ = AB 211° 51’ = DE
+ 180° 00’ - 180° 00’
221° 35’ = BA 31° 51’ = ED
+ 129° 11’ + 135° 42’
350° 46’ = BC 167° 33’ = EF
- 180° 00’ + 180° 00’
170° 46’ = CB 347° 33’ = FE
+ 88° 35’ + 118° 52’
259° 21’ = CD 466° 25’ - 360° = 106° 25’ = FA
- 180° 00’ + 180° 00’
79° 21’ = DC 286° 25’ = AF
+ 132° 30’ + 115° 10’
211° 51’ = DE 401° 35’ - 360° = 41° 35’ = AB
When a computed azimuth exceeds 360°, the correct azimuth is
obtained by merely subtracting 360° 42
 BEARING
Line Bearing
O–A N 54° E
O–B S 47° E
O–C S 31° W
O–D N 26° W

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COMPUTING BEARING
Line Bearing
AB N 25° W
BC N 68° E
CD S 17° W
DA S 62° W

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 BEARING
 Bearing of a line is the direction of the line
 Azimuth of a line is the horizontal angle between 2 lines

 Designation of Bearings
 Whole circle bearing
 Reduced Bearing (RB) or quadrantal bearing (QB)
 Fore Bearing (FB) or forward bearing (FB)
 Back bearing or Backward bearing (BB)
 Calculated bearing

 Whole Circle bearing

 Bearings measured from north in a clockwise direction is termed as whole
circle bearing
 The value varies from 0 degrees to 360 degrees

 Reduced bearing/Quadrantal bearing

 The bearings measured either from the north or from the south towards east
or west whichever is nearer is known as reduced bearing
 The values vary from 0 degrees to 90 degrees for a particular quadrant
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 It is also known as quadrantal bearing (QB)
 BEARING
 Fore Bearing (FB)
 The bearings measured in the progress of surveying i.e. in the forward
direction of survey lines is known as fore bearing or forward bearing

 Back Bearing (BB)

 The bearings measured in opposite to the progress of surveying i.e. in
backward direction of survey line is known as Backward Bearing

 Observed Bearing
 The bearings taken in a field with an instrument is known as Observed
Bearing

 Calculated Bearing
 The bearings calculated from the field observation is known as
calculated bearing
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RECTANGULAR COORDINATE

47
POLAR COORDINATE

+P (r, θ)
P (x,y)

u
x
x

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 COORDINATE IN A PLANE
+

Cartesian coordinates
Perpendicular axes
Origin at (0,0)
- x +
(0,0) Coordinates increase
right & up of origin

Coordinates decrease
down & left of origin
-
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 COORDINATE IN A PLANE
x Cartesian coordinates
(3,4)
Coordinates of point
given by bracketed pairs
x
of numbers: (right,up)
(0,0)
(x,y)
x
(-3,-2) (Easting,Northing)
-depending on
coordinate system used

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 COORDINATE IN A PLANE
+
x Often easier to avoid
(1004,1006) negative values by
increasing origin
coordinates
x
NOTE:
(1001,1002) Some countries (incl. Sweden) use on
maps:
x + y=East x=North
x
(1000,1000)
Others use opposite (e.g. (England, USA)
(998,999)

We’ll use (Easting,Northing)

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 FINDING COORDINATE
x
Find coordinates of p1 in
p1 relation to p0
Northing

x
p0 Easting

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Reference FINDING COORDINATE
bearing (N)

x
p1
p1 has a unknown coordinates

p0 (instrument) has known coordinates

(0,0) for the moment

reference bearing is known (N)

Instrument
x
p0
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 FINDING COORDINATE
Reference
bearing (N)
x Use instrument to measure:
p1
Northing = d cos(ө)

d = (horizontal) distance p0-p1

ө = angle between North & bearing of p1
from p0

ө = bearing from
ө reference
d = distance from
p0 to p1

p0
Easting = d sin(ө) with trigonometry...

Polar Coordinates 54
 FINDING COORDINATE
Reference
bearing (N)
x
p1 Easting = d sin(ө)
Northing = d cos(ө)

= 10 sin(36.87)
= 10*0.6
d 10m = 6m

Northing = d cos(ө)
36.87°
= 10 cos(36.87)
ө
= 10*0.8
x = 8m
p0
Easting = d sin(ө)
ө also called the azimuth 55
 FINDING COORDINATE
Reference
bearing (N)
x
p1 (6,8)
Northing = d cos(ө)

p1(Easting) = p0(Easting) + (d sin(ө))

d 10m p1(Northing) = p0(Northing) + (d cos(ө))

So if p0=(1000,1000) then

36.87° p1(Easting,Northing) = (1006,1008)

ө
x
p0
Easting = d sin(ө)
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 SURVEYING COORDINATE
For surveying we use a slightly different form of notation, instead of x, y,
We use E, N (Easting, Northing)
N

+P ( E, N)

u
D

E 57
 SURVEYING COORDINATE
Note:

 Easting is always quoted first and then Northing

 Θ is always measured in a clockwise direction from North

 Θ is known as the whole circle bearing

 We must be able to convert from Rectangular to Polar and

from Polar to Rectangular very quickly

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 SURVEYING COORDINATE
Any line has two bearings:
N

N
Q

uPQ u QP

We consider that the line PQ is a different line to line QP

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 SURVEYING COORDINATE
Given the coordinates of two points, calculate the distance and bearing
between of the line joining them
Q Q(E, N) N
Point Easting (E) Northing (N)

a=189.69
c=526.77
P 1341.50 937.77
Q 850.04 1127.37 A
u
b=491.46 PQ P(E,N)
Q(1127.37) – P(937.77) =189.69
Q(850.04) – P(1341.50) = 491.46
c2 = a2 + b2 sin A = a/c
c2 = 189.602 + 491.462 sin A = 189.60/526.77
c (PQ) = 526.77 A = 21° 05’ 45”

Azimuth PQ = 270° + 21° 05’ 45” = 291° 05’ 45”

Bearing PQ = N 68° 54’ 15” W
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 LOCAL ATTRACTION
The deflection of a magnetic needle
from its true position due to the
presence of magnetic influencing
material such as iron rod, magnetic
rock, underground pipeline, electric
cables, iron pipes and electric pole in
its vicinity is called local attraction
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 METHOD OF CORRECTING
THE BEARING
There are two methods of correcting
the bearing affected by local
attraction:

 Included angle method

 Error computation method

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 METHOD OF CORRECTING
THE BEARING
Included angle method:

 The included angles of the traverse

are calculated first, then starting
from the line which is unaffected by
local attraction and using the
included angles, the corrected
bearings of the traverse are
computed
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 METHOD OF CORRECTING
THE BEARING
Error computation method:
 The direction and the amount of local attraction
at each survey station is determined
 Start from the line which is unaffected by local
attraction, the corrected bearing of the traverse
are computed
 More accurate than the included angle method
 It is adopted by most of the surveyors

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 Question
1. Give the comparison between Azimuth and Bearing
C
2. From the figure below, please N
give the bearings of lines AB and BC.

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 T h a n k Yo u &
Question And Answer

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