ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of

gratitude to our principal Prof. NITYANAND
PRADHAN, head of department Prof. V.K. KAKADIYA
as well as my guide Prof. J D MANDAL who gave me
the golden opportunity to do this wonderful
project, which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so many things,
I am really thankful to them. I would also express
my gratitude to lab assistant SANGEETA mam and
KARAN, library for their support during this project.

NOHAR SINGH

BSC BED VIII SEM

 OBJECTIVE
There are many plant growth harmones and
cytokine is one of them which affect plant growth
.Cytokinin- play central role during cell cycle and
leaf growth the basis for this project was to
determine leaf growth and this project give me
chance to know the effect of cytokinin on leaves
with different concentration.
 INRTODUCTION

Cytokinins (CK) are a class of plant growth

substances (phytohormones) that promote cell
division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.
They are involved primarily in cell growth and
differentiation, but also affect apical dominance,
axillary bud growth, and leaf senescence. Folke
Skoog discovered their effects using coconut milk in
the 1940s at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

There are two types of cytokinins: adenine-type

cytokinins represented by kinetin, zeatin, and 6-
benzylaminopurine, and phenylurea-type cytokinins
like diphenylurea and thidiazuron (TDZ). Most
adenine-type cytokinins are synthesized in roots.
Cambium and other actively dividing tissues also
synthesize cytokinins. No phenylurea cytokinins
have been found in plants.Cytokinins participate in
local and long-distance signalling, with the same
transport mechanism as purines and
nucleosides.Typically, cytokinins are transported in
the xylem.

Cytokinins act in concert with auxin, another plant

growth hormone. The two are complementary,
having generally opposite effects.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

Some organic chemical substances of varied

chemical nature affect growth and development of
plant. Organic chemical substances other than
nutrients which are active in low concentration in
promoting, inhibiting or otherwise modifying
growth and development may be called growth
regulators (Moore1974).These growth regulators
may be (a) naturally occurring (b) synthetic growth
promoters and (c) inhibitors or growth retardants.
Literatures regarding effects of growth regulators
on various physiological processes (viz- seed
germination, seedlin 6-benzyladenine is one of the
most important synthetic cytokinins which is very
active in some assays. Sarma and Neog (1981)
reported the highly stimulatory effect of 6-
benzyladenine on the extension growth of
hypocotyl segments. BA + GA3 combination became
more successful on the elongation of Arbor vitae
and Red pine redicles in 100 ppm. BA + KN also
show good result on elongation of Arbor vitae
seedlings. High concentration of 6-benzyladenine
enhanced axillary bud formation in the stem node
of Euphorbia lathyrus but the number of plantlets
was less (Tideman and Hawker 1982). Suttle (2004)
reported that dormancy of potato tuber was
effectively broken with 6-benzyladenine at a
concentration of 20 ppm used for 24 hours.
Narasimhareddy (1975) reported that BA was found
to be effective in breaking dormancy even in the
presence of seed coat. The dormancy breaking
effect of low temperature could be substituted for
by treated with BA or GA3 and germination could
be ascribed to the effects of these treatments on
the ability of the seeds to react to ethylene
(Whitehead and Sutcliffe 1995). Singh and Murti
(1987) studied the effect of BA on seed germination
and seedling growth of Cassia fistula L. Raja (1978)
recorded stimulatory effect of BA on seed
germination of Kalyansona wheat. In Cucumis
anguria BA at 25 to 100 mg/l (Castro et al. 1987)
and at 0.05, 0.5 or 5 μm in watermelon (Nelson et
al. 1985) as pre-sowing seed treatment promoted
germination. Yun-Kyong-Shin et al. (2011) studied
the effect of BA and ultrasonic pre-treatments on in
vitro germination and protocorm formation of
Calanthe hybrids.g growth, chlorophyll
development, metabolism and yield) are reviewed:
Strawberry plants developed into multiple shoots
from axillary buds on Ms medium containing 0.02 or
0.2 mg/l BA. Ms medium containing 6-
benzyladenine at 2mg/ l treatment at day 6
enhanced protein content and RNA without
significant influence of DNA and chlorophyll
content. Pretreatment of etiolated cucurbita
cotyledons (4-10 days old) with BA increased the
amount of chlorophyll produced in light (Fletcher et
al. 1971). Bang-Zhen et al. (2010) observed that BA
treatment significantly increased the seed yield of
the biofuel plant Jatropha curcas. Argall and
Stewart (1984) observed positive effects of
decapitation and BA on growth and yield of cow pea
(Vigna unguiculata L. Walp). produced multiple
plantlets (Lee and Park 1980). Das et al. (1995)
observed that benzyl amino purine (1.0-2.0μg/ml) in
combination with NAA (0.5-1.0μg/ml) caused high
frequency regeneration of shoot bud of Dalbergia
species using hypocotyl and cotyledon explants. The
growth promotion due to BA treatment may be a
consequence of enhanced nucleic acid and protein
metabolism which was observed by Fletcher and
Osborne (1965). Burger et al. (1985) suggested that
axillary buds elongate most rapidly on a medium
containing 1 mg/ 1BA and 0.1mg/ l NAA. BA
stimulation of chlorophyll synthesis has been
observed by Mansoor et al. (1994). Borelli et al.
(1996) also reported BA stimulation of chlorophyll
in potato plant. Yokoyama et al. (1980) observed
that BA treatment stimulated an increase in
chlorophyll content of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
leaves. They also observed that BA
 METHODOLOGY
Stock solution of BA is made,small quantity of HCl
and 50 ml of water are mixed with 11.25 mg BA
There are two stock solution are made, of 1mg/L
,and 0.5 mg/L
Three plants of mung are grown in different pots
One of them is used as control
Rest of two are treated with different stock
solution of 1mg/L and 0.5 mg/L respectvilly with
using cotton on leaves
After every three days the readings length and
diameter were taken
 OBSERVATION TABLE
Date- 05/03/19(day 3)

Concentration Length of leaf Diameter of

of sol. leaf

1mg/L 3.5 1.1

0.5mg/L 4.5 1.4

Control 4.2 2.6

Date- 09/03/19(day 6)

Concentration Length of leaf Diameter of

of solution leaf

1mg/L 3.7cm 1.3 cm

0.5mg/L 4.6cm 1.5cm

Control 4.21cm 2.65 cm

Date- 12/03/19 ( day 9)

Concentration Length of leaf Diameter of

of solution leaf

1mg/L 4cm 1.5cm

0.5MG/l 4.7cm 1.6cm

Control 4.3cm 2.7cm

 RESULT
According to the observation of 9 days after
applying stock solution on leaves , I conclude that
the leaf treated by the solution of1mg/L shows fater
growth than the leaf treated by the 0.5
mg/Lsolution And also the leaf treated by the
0.5mg/L shows faster growth than the control leaf.
 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

From the test the results showed that the control

plant show normal growth in leaf and the leaves
treated by the plant harmone cytokinin shows
faster growth than control plant.
So this is the fair test of cytokinin on leaves and the
cytokinin is essential for the faster growth of leaves.