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Al-Khwarzami was a founder of Analytical Algebra, Hisbul-jubur-wal-muqabla was his 1st book on this
subject.
Ibn-al-Haitham wrote complete book on optics and light ``Kitab-ul-Manazir`` . Gave laws of reflection and
refraction. Explained completely and 1st time Human Eye in history. He was the one who created Pin Hole
Camera.
Yaqoob Kindi wrote many books on mathematics, astronomy and other subjects.
Ibn e sina wrote Al-Shifa an another marvelous encyclopedia from Muslim scientist dealing with Logic,
Physics,maths, and specially meta-physics.
POINTS TO REMEMBER
Measurement of Mass:
The mass of atoms and molecules are expressed in the unified atomic mass unit (u).
1 Unified Atomic Mass Unit = 1.66 x 10-27kg.
Measurement of Time:
Cesium clock (or) atomic clock is based on the periodic vibrations of cesium atom.
Dimensions:
Dimensions are the powers to which the fundamental units are to be raised to get one
unit of the physical quantity.
Dimensional Formula:
Dimensional formula is an expression showing the relation between fundamental and
derived quantities.
Dimensional Constant:
Constants having dimensional formulae are called dimensional constants.
Ex:- Planck’s constant, universal gravitational constant.
Dimensionless Quantities:
Quantities having no dimensions are called dimensionless quantities.
Dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which fundamental quantities are to be raised to represent
the quantity.
1. Volume [M0L3T0] m3
Nm-2 or Pa
5. Pressure [ML-1T--2]
(pascal)
12 Votes
[M1L2T-2] = k ( [ML2T0])a([M0L0T-1])b
[M1L2T-2] = k [MaL2aT-b]
⇒ a = 1 and b = 2
⇒ K = kIω2 … (answer)
Q.17: What are the limitations of Dimensional Analysis?
Answer: Limitations of Dimensional Analysis are:
It cannot determine value of dimensionless constants.
We cannot use this method to equations involving exponential and trigonometric functions.
It cannot be applied to an equation involving more than three physical quantities.
It is a too not a solution i.e. It can check only if the equation is dimensionally correct or not. But cannot
say the equation is absolutely correct.
Q.18: Convert 1 Newton into dyne using method of dimensions.
Answer: Dimensions of Force = [M1L1T-2]
Considering dimensional unit conversion formula i.e. n1[M1aL1bT1c] = n2[M2aL2bT2c]
⇒ a = 1, b = 1 and c = -2
In SI system, M1 = 1kg, L1 = 1m and T1 = 1s
In cgs system, M2 = 1g, L2 = 1cm and T2 = 1s
Putting the values in the conversion formula,
n2 = n1(1Kg/1g)1.(1m/1cm)1(1s/1s)-2 = 1.(103/1g)(102cm) = 105dyne …(answer)
Q.19: The centripetal force (F) acting on a particle (moving uniformly in a circle) depends on the mass
(m) of the particle, its velocity (v) and radius (r) of the circle. Derive dimensionally formula for force (F).
Answer: Given, F ∝ ma.vb.rc
∴ F = kma.vb.rc (where k is constant)
Putting dimensions of each quantity in the equation,
[M1L1T-2] = [M1L0T0]a. [M0L1T-1]b. [M0L1T0]c = [MaLb+cT+cT-b]
⇒ a =1, b +c = 1, -b = -2
⇒ a= 1, b = 2, c = -1
∴ F = km1.v2.r-1 = kmv2/r
Q.20: If the velocity of light c, gravitational constant G and planks constant h be chosen as fundamental
units, find the value of a gram, a cm and a sec in term of new unit of mass, length and time respectively.
(Take c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec, G = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gram2 and h = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec)
Answer: Given,
c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec
G = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2
h = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec
Putting respective dimensions,
Dimension formula for c = [M0L1T-1] = 3 x 1010 cm/sec …. (I)
Dimensions of G = [M-1L3T-2] = 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2 …(II)
Dimensions of h = [M1L2T-1] = 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec …(III)
(Note: Applying newton’s law of gravitation, you can find dimensions of G i.e. G = Fr 2/(mM)
Similarly, Planck’s Constant (h) = Energy / frequency)
To get M, multiply eqn-I and III and divide by eqn.-II,
⇒ [M0L1T-1].[M1L2T-1].[M1L-3T2]
= ( 3 x 1010 cm/sec).( 6.6 x 10-27 erg sec)/ 6.67 x 108 dyn cm2/gm2
⇒[M2] = 2.968 x 10-9
⇒[M] = 0.5448 x 10-4 gm
or 1gm = [M]/0.5448 x 10-4 = 1.835 x 10-4 unit of mass
Measurement of time.
Solar day :- A solar day is define as the two successive appearance of sun twice overhead, solar day is the
length of time measured from noon to noon.
3. All the zeros to the right of the decimal point but to the left of the first non zero digit
are not significant.
E.g. Number of SF in 0.0203 is 3
4. All zeros to the right of the last non zero digit in a number after the decimal point are
significant.
E.g. Number of SF in 0.020 is 2.
5. All zeros to the right of the last non zero digit in a number having no decimal point
are not significant
E.g. Number of SF in 2030 is 3.