Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tan Luong VAN 1 , Thanh Dung NGUYEN 2 , Thanh Trang TRAN 2,3 , Huy Dung NGUYEN 4
1
Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Sai Gon University, 273 An Duong Vuong,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
2
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Van Hien University, 665-667-669 Dien Bien Phu,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
3
National Key Lab of Digital Control and System Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology,
268 Ly Thuong Kiet, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
4
Faculty of Electronics and Automatic Control Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City Electric Power College,
554 Ha Huy Giap, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
DOI: 10.15598/aeee.v13i2.1161
Abstract. This paper proposes a control scheme of such as no gearbox, high precision, high power density,
back-to-back PWM converters for the permanent mag- and simple control method, except initial installation
net synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine sys- costs [1], [2].
tem. The DC-link voltage can be controlled at the
As the scale of wind farms becomes larger and larger,
machine-side converter (MSC), while the grid-side con-
the condition of the grid-connected wind turbines is
verter (GSC) controls the grid active power for a max-
more important. Recently, some countries have issued
imum power point tracking (MPPT). At the grid fault
the dedicated grid codes for connecting the wind tur-
condition, the DC-link voltage controller is designed
bine system to the grid [3], [4]. Also, the smart-grid
using a feedback linearization (FL) theory. For the
and the micro-grid have been researched for the effi-
MPPT, a proportional control loop is added to the
ciency of the power management [5], [6]. However, the
torque control to reduce the influence of the inertia mo-
grid voltage in these systems is more fluctuated than
ment in the wind turbines, which can improve its dy-
that of the conventional grid. Therefore, an advanced
namic performance. The validity of this control algo-
control of the wind power generation system is required
rithm has been verified by the simulation of the 2-MW
for the grid abnormal conditions.
PMSG wind turbine system.
Several solutions have been proposed for the grid
faults in the variable-speed wind turbine systems. For
the low voltage ride-through (LVRT) purpose, a crow-
Keywords bar system consisting an external resistor is connected
in the rotor-side of the doubly-fed induction genera-
DC-link voltage, feedback linearization, MPPT, tor (DFIG) to absorb the active power during the grid
PMSG, sag, swell. fault [7], [8]. The wind turbine keeps operating to
produce the active power, whereas the reactive power
or the voltage at the grid connection is controlled by
the GSC. Nevertheless, during a grid fault and in the
1. Introduction case of a weak grid, the GSC cannot provide suffi-
cient reactive power or voltage support due to its small
In the recent years, the wind power generation has been power capacity and there is a risk of voltage instabil-
concerned as one of the most rapidly growing energy ity. Also, to guarantee the uninterrupted operation of a
sources in the world since the natural resources are DFIG wind turbine during the grid faults, a static syn-
becoming exhausted. In the variable-speed wind tur- chronous compensator (STATCOM) which is installed
bine (WT) systems, a direct-drive wind energy conver- at the point of common coupling (PCC) has been used
sion system based on PMSGs has a lot of advantages
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to inject the reactive power to the grid [9], [10], [11]. voltage, and the GSC controls the active power for the
However, it is not used alone for the DFIG ride-through MPPT.
capability since it cannot protect the rotor-side con-
In some cases, the DC-link voltage control is not
verter (RSC) during a grid fault. On the other words,
regarded as the nonlinear characteristics of the wind
it should be used in addition to the crowbar circuit
power system. By using feedback linearization (FL),
which protects the RSC from the rotor over-current
a linearized system is obtained and then the DC-link
when the grid fault happens.
voltage can be designed by the classical linear control
For the PMSG wind turbine systems, a brak- theory.
ing chopper (BC) with the low cost advantage
For MPPT, in the conventional optimal torque con-
and the simple control has been employed for the
trol method, the torque reference is proportional to
LVRT [12], [13], [14]. However, it is not so easy to
the square of the generator speed and the generator
improve the power quality at the output of the wind
torque is controlled to reach its optimal value which
turbine systems since the BC can just dissipate the
corresponds to the maximum power conversion coef-
power with no capability of returning the power to the
ficient [19], [20]. Due to the relatively low variation
system. Moreover, the STATCOM has been applied
of the generator speed in the large wind turbines, the
to maintain the wind turbine system connected to the
variation of the generator power is also narrow. The
grid during the grid faults [15]. By using this method,
shortcoming of the optimal torque control is the slow
the regulation of the voltage is considerably improved
response time for wind speed variations.
in both the transient state and the steady-state. How-
ever, the STATCOM can not be used alone without The aforementioned MPPT methods are based on
the BC. Another different solution which employs the the steady state characteristics where the effect of the
energy storage system (ESS) can not only offer a ride- turbine inertia is ignored. Thus, a new method has
through capability but also suppress the output power been proposed for the fast MPPT performance, in
fluctuation of the wind turbine systems [16]. In this which the large inertia effect of the wind turbine was
method, in order to reduce the ESS power capacity investigated. A proportional controller is added to the
that it can absorb the full differential power during the torque control to decrease the effect of the moment of
grid voltage fault, the generator speed can be increased inertia of the wind turbines. To verify the effectiveness
to store the kinetic energy in the system inertia. How- of the proposed algorithm, the simulation results for
ever, the ESS power capacity required for the LVRT is the 2-MW PMSG wind turbine system are provided.
still higher than the level of output power fluctuation
This paper is organized as follows. The modeling
in the wind turbine systems. So, the designed power
of the wind turbine systems is described in Section
capacity of the ESS will be fully utilized only under
2. Next, the PMSG control system consisting of
deep voltage sags for a short time, which occur rarely.
conventional method and proposed method for both
Therefore, this ESS system designed for the extreme
machine-side converter and grid-side converter is an-
case is too expensive.
alyzed in Section 3. Then, the simulation results
In the PMSG wind turbine system, the generator is for the PMSG wind turbine system are investigated in
connected to the grid through the full-scale back-to- Section 4. Finally, the conclusion is presented in
back PWM converters. Normally, DC-link voltage is Section 5.
controlled to be a constant at the grid-side converter,
while the machine-side converter controls the active
power. For grid voltage faults, the grid-side converter
(GSC) in the conventional control method may be out 2. Modeling of Wind Turbine
of control. When the grid fault happens, the DC-link
voltage is excessively increased due to the continuous
Systems
operation of WT and generator. However, the overall
generated power cannot deliver to the grid fully. 2.1. Modeling of Wind Turbines
A few researches have been presented that the DC-
link voltage control schemes are employed at the The output power of WT (Pt ) is determined as [20]:
machine-side converter instead of the grid-side con-
verter [17], [18]. By increasing the generator speed 1
Pt = ρπR2 Cp (λ, β)V 3 , (1)
during the grid voltage sag, the DC-link voltage can 2
be controlled to be constant. However, the response
of the DC-link voltage is still not good although a hy- where ρ is the air density [kg · m−3 ], R is the radius of
brid adaptive PI controller is applied, depending on blade [m], V is the wind speed [m · s−1 ], and Cp (λ, β)
the relationship between the power and energy [17]. In is the power conversion coefficient which is a function
the proposed method, the MSC controls the DC-link of the tip-speed ratio (T SR) and the pitch angle (β),
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dωt
Tt = Jt + Tg + Bt ωt , (10)
dt
where Jt is the combined inertia of the turbine and
generator, Bt is the damping coefficient of turbine, ωt is
the rotor speed of wind turbine, and Tg is the generator
torque.
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where C is the DC-link capacitance, Pin is the input where Pg is the generator power, Pgrid is the grid
power of the PWM inverter, which is obtained from power, Pg.loss is the generator loss, Pcap is the DC-
Eq. (9). link capacitor power, Vdc is the DC-link voltage, C is
the DC-link capacitor.
For the PMSG, to achieve maximum torque control
sensitivity, and improve dynamic machine response, From Eq. (18) and Eq. (19), a dynamic equation for
d−axis current (Ids ) in Eq. (9) is controlled to zero. the PMSG wind turbine system is expressed as:
Thus, Eq. (9), Eq. (11) and Eq. (12) are expressed as:
dωt dVdc
Pgrid = Pt −Jt ωt −Bt ωt2 −Pg.loss −CVdc . (20)
dt dt
2 Z
C dVdc ∗
= 1.5Vqs [−Kp Vdc + Ki (Vdc − Vdc )dt]. (13)
2 dt A nonlinear relation between Vdc and ωt is shown
in Eq. (19). This nonlinear equation can be linearized
Expanding Taylor series of the DC-link voltage at op- using a feedback linearization theory, which will be de-
erating point(Vdc0 ) and neglecting higher-order terms, scribed in the following section.
2 2
Vdc = Vdc0 + 2(Vdc − Vdc0 ). (14)
3) Feedback Linearization
From Eq. (13) and Eq. (14), the transfer function
of the DC-link voltage and its reference can be derived A single-input and single-output nonlinear system is
from power balance of the input and output of the DC- expressed as [27], [28]:
link as [26]:
ẋ = f (x) + g(x)u, (21)
1.5Vqs Ki
CVdc ∗
Vdc (s)
∗ = y = h(x), (22)
Vdc (s) 1.5Vqs Kp 1.5Vqs Kp
s2 + s +
CVdc ∗ ∗
CVdc (15) where x is the state vector, u is the control input, y
is the output, f and g are the smooth vector fields,
ωn2 respectively, and h is the smooth scalar function.
= 2 ,
s + 2ξωn s + ωn2 The nonlinear equations in Eq. (18) and Eq. (19) are
expressed in the form of Eq. (21) as follows:
where Vqs = Vmax is the q−axis generator output volt-
age, ωn is the undamped natural frequency and ξ is Pgrid
1
˙dc
V − CV
the damping ratio. From Eq. (15), the proportional dc CVdc
= +
·Pg . (23)
and integral gains are obtained as:
P 1
ω̇t P t
Jt ωt − B ω
t t
Jt − g.loss
Jt ωt
− Jωm
∗
CVdc
Kp = 2ξωn , (16)
1.5Vqs
In Eq. (23), the DC-link voltage is selected as an
∗ output. For the linearization, a relation between input
CVdc
Ki = ωn2 . (17) and output should be delivered. So, the output y in
1.5Vqs
Eq. (22) is differentiated as [29]:
In this research, the controller gains are selected as ẏ = Oh(f + g · u) = Lf h(x) + Lg h(x) · u, (24)
Kp = 14.21 and Ki = 803.87 by setting ξ = 0.707 and
ωn = 80 [rad/s], which are selected by experience. where Lf h(x) and Lg h(x) represent Lie derivatives of
h(x) with respect to f (x) and g(x), respectively. The
2) Nonlinear Modeling Lie derivative is defined as [29]:
∂h
To design the DC-link voltage controller, the dynamic Lf h = Ohf = · f. (25)
∂x
characteristics of wind turbines in the PMSG wind
power system are considered. Neglecting the converter
If Lf h and Lg h are replaced to A(x) and E(x), the
loss, the generator power and the DC-link capacitor
output of the system is obtained as:
power can be expressed as:
dωt ẏ = A(x) + E(x)u, (26)
P g = Pt − J t ω t − Bt ωt2 − Pg.loss , (18)
dt where
dVdc 1 1
Pcap = CVdc = Pg − Pgrid , (19) A(x) = − Pgrid and Ex = . (27)
dt CVdc CVdc
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If a control input u is chosen as: PMSG, the cascaded control structure of the machine-
side converter is composed of the outer generator power
u = E −1 (x)[−A(x) + v], (28) control loop and the inner current control loop. In or-
der to obtain maximum torque at a minimum current,
where v is the equivalent control input to be specified. the d−axis reference current component is set to zero
The resultant dynamics become linear as: and then the q−axis current is proportional to the ac-
tive generator power, which is determined by the DC-
ẏ = v. (29) link voltage controller.
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The generator torque reference from the turbine Fig. 4: Wind turbine modeling including the proposed torque
control.
speed is expressed as:
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From Eq. (20) and Eq. (42), the grid power reference
is given by:
∗ ∗ ωt dωt
Pgrid = Tg_n · ωt − Jt
dt
(43)
Vdc dVdc
−Bt ωt2 − Pg.loss − C .
dt
As shown in Fig. 5(b), the maximum power of the wind p(t) = P0 + Pc2 cos(2ωt) + Ps2 sin(2ωt), (46)
turbine is calculated as:
∗
Pt = Tg_n · ωt . (42) q(t) = Q0 + Qc2 cos(2ωt) + Qs2 sin(2ωt), (47)
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Fig. 8: Responses of optimal torque control in step-wise wind Fig. 9: Responses of proposed torque control in stepwise wind
speed variation: (a) wind speed, (b) power conversion speed variation: (a) wind speed, (b) power conversion
coefficient, (c) actual and maximum available turbine coefficient, (c) stator active power, (d) turbine torque,
power, (d) generator power, (e) generator torque and generator torque and generator torque reference, (e) ac-
generator torque reference, (f) turbine torque, (g) rotor tual and maximum available turbine power, (f) genera-
speed, (h) DC-link voltage. tor speed.
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About Authors
[25] VAN, T. L. Power quality control of variable-speed
wind turbines systems. Gyeongsan, Korea: Yeung- Tan Luong VAN was born in Vietnam. He received
nam University, 2012. Ph.D. thesis. the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering
from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, Ho
[26] SUL, S. Control of electric machine drive sys-
Chi Minh city, Vietnam, in 2003 and 2005, respec-
tem. New York: Wiley-IEEE Press, 2011.
tively, and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
ISBN 9780470876541.
Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea in
[27] LEE, D.-C., G.-M. LEE and K.-D. LEE. DC- 2013. His research interests include power converters,
bus voltage control of three-phase ac/dc PWM machine drives, wind power generation, power quality
converters using feedback linearization. IEEE and power system.
Transactions on Industry Applications. 2000,
vol. 36, iss. 3, pp. 826–833. ISSN 0093-9994. Thanh Dung NGUYEN born in Vietnam in
DOI: 10.1109/28.845058. 1979. He received Engineer degree in program Electri-
cal and electronic engineering from Ho Chi Minh City
[28] DELFINO, F., F. PAMPARARO, R. PROCOPIO University of Technology and Education, Vietnam,
and M. ROSSI. A feedback linearization control in 2002, Master degree of Science in Electrical and
scheme for the integration of wind energy conver- electronic engineering, University of Transport and
sion systems into distribution grids. IEEE Systems Communications, Vietnam, in 2007, and Ph.D. degree
Journal. 2012, vol. 6, iss. 1, pp. 85–93. ISSN 1932- in Technical Cybernetics and Informatics from Tomas
8184. DOI: 10.1109/JSYST.2011.2163002. Bata University in Zlin in 2012. His research interests
include secure encryption, optimization, chaos syn-
[29] SLOTINE, J.-J. E. and W. LI. Applied nonlinear
chronization, and wind power generation system.
control. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991.
ISBN 978-0130408907.
Thanh Trang TRAN was born in Vietnam in
[30] CHEN, C.-T. Linear system theory and design. 1979. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 978- electrical –electronics engineering from Ho Chi Minh
0199959570. city University of Technology, National University in
Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, in 2001 and 2004, respec-
[31] IBRAHIM, A. O., T. H. NGUYEN, D.-C. tively, and the Ph.D. degree in display engineering
LEE and S.-C. KIM. A fault ride-through from Yeungnam University, South Korea in 2012. His
technique of DFIG wind turbine systems research interests include modeling and simulation
using dynamic voltage restorers. IEEE of micro-nano electron devices, display engineering,
Transactions on Energy Conversion. 2011, photovoltaic systems, and renewable energy.
vol. 26, iss. 3, pp. 871–882. ISSN 0885-8969.
DOI: 10.1109/TEC.2011.2158102. Huy Dung NGUYEN was born in Vietnam.
He received B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering
[32] LEE, G.-M., D.-C. LEE and J.-K. SEOK. Con-
from Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology and
trol of series active power filters compensating
Education, Vietnam, in 1993. His research interests
for source voltage unbalance and current harmon-
include power converters and renewable energy.
ics. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.
2004, vol. 51, iss. 1, pp. 132–139. ISSN 0278-0046.
DOI: 10.1109/TIE.2003.822040.
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