Object Oriented Programming

Using C++
Const in OOP
Objects as Function Arguments
Road Map
▶ Const in OOP continued
▶ Objects as function Arguments

2
Lesson 1: const in OOP
4
Passing by pointer Vs Passing by
Reference in C++
Difference in Reference variable and
pointer
▶ A pointer can be re-assigned while reference cannot, and must
be assigned at initialization only.
▶ Pointer can be assigned NULL directly, whereas reference
cannot.
▶ A pointer is a variable that holds a memory address. A
reference has the same memory address as the item it
references.
▶ A pointer to a class/struct uses ‘->'(arrow operator) to access
it’s members whereas a reference uses a ‘.'(dot operator)
▶ A pointer needs to be dereferenced with * to access the
memory location it points to, whereas a reference can be used
directly.
7
References in C++

▶ When a variable is
declared as reference, it
becomes an alternative
name for an existing
variable. A variable can
be declared as reference
by putting ‘&’ in the
declaration.
9
10
passing an argument by reference
▶ Modification: used to allow a function to modify a
variable in the calling program.
▶ Efficiency: only an address is really passed, not the
entire variable.
▶ Suppose you want to pass an argument by reference
for efficiency, but not modification.
▶ This modification can be avoided by making the
argument const (constant)

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Output
107
12
const Function Argument
▶ This modification can be avoided by making the
argument const (constant)
▶ If you want to pass a const variable to a function as a
reference argument, you don’t have a choice: It must
be declared const in the function declaration.

▶
13
Error
Output
107
11
Lesson 2 :Objects as Function Arguments
 Objects as Function Arguments
▶ In C++ we can pass class’s objects as
function arguments and also return them
from a function the same way we pass and
return other variables.
▶ No special keyword or header file is
required to do so.
▶ To pass an object as an argument we write
the object name as the argument while
calling the function the same way we do it
for other variables.
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 Function definition
Return type function_name(data_type variable_name)
{
…………..
}

Return type function_name(class_name object_name)

{
…………..
}

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 Function Call

Object_name.function_name(variable_name)

Object_name.function_name(object_name)

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 Function definition and Call

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 Function Call

Object_name.function_name(variable_name)

Object_name.function_name(object_name)

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 Objects as Function Arguments

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 Objects as Function Arguments

Members functions of invoking

object can refer to its data directly
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 Objects as Function Arguments

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 Objects as Function Arguments
Class Distance
{
private:
int feet;
float inches
public:
Distance() : feet(0), inches(0.0)
{}
Distance(int ft, float in): feet(ft), inches(in)
{}

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 Objects as Function Arguments
void setdist ( ) {
cout <<“\n Enter feet : “;
cin >> feet;
cout <<“\nEnter inches : “; cin >>
inches;
}
void showdist ( ) {
cout <<feet << “ \ -” << inches <<“\n” ;
}
};

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 Objects as Function Arguments
void setdist ( ) {
cout <<“\n Enter feet : “;
cin >> feet;
cout <<“\nEnter inches : “; cin >>
inches;
}
void showdist ( ) {
cout <<feet << “ \ -” << inches <<“\n” ;
}
void add_dist(Distance, Distance);
};
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Objects as Function Arguments

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Objects as Function Arguments

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Objects as Function Arguments

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Weight Class Example

1. Create a class named weight that has

following data members
▶ Kilograms
▶ Grams

2. Provide getter to display data members

values
3. Provide default and Parameterized
constructors for the class
4. Provide a function to add two weight objects

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Class Definition

33
Defining Member Functions

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Testing Weight Class

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Weight Class

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