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Tourism

DEFINITION & CONCEPT


Tourism is a collection of activities, services and industries which
deliver a travel experience comprising transportation,
accommodation, eating and drinking establishments, retail
shops, entertainment businesses and other hospitality services
provided for individuals or groups traveling away from home.
Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and
staying in places outside their usual environment for not more
than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes. This includes goods and services the tourist pays for
personally or somebody pays for on his/her behalf, or which the
tourists receives without compensation for his/her own use or to
be given to someone else. Included are expenses paid before the
trip or after it.
Tourism may be international, or within the traveller's country.

CONTRIBUTION OF TOURISM
TOWARDS AN ECONOMY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: Tourism is one of the sectors
which plays an important role in development and also generates
foreign revenues. This sector is peaceful and reflects the nature
and beauty of the country.
For many countries tourism is seen as a main instrument for
regional development, as it stimulates new economic activities.
Tourism may have a positive economic impact on the balance of
payments, on employment, on gross income and production
Tourism's contribution to economic growth is highest in Africa,
Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. It is slightly negative
in Europe, North America and Oceania.
CULTURAL GROWTH: It establishes and reinforces identity, it
helps build image, it helps preserve the cultural and historical
heritage, with culture as an instrument it facilitates harmony and
understanding among people.
As cultural tourism is employment demanding, there is an
increase in employment in the area, as guests participate and
appreciate local culture. This helps keep people in the region,
which is a positive catalyst for regional development.
PROVIDES EMPLOYMENT & INCREASES REVENUE EARNING
Tourism is an important factor in combating unemployment. It
represents a high percentage use of labour force per invested
capital where labour is plentiful and unemployed and provides a
solution.
Tourism is a labour intensive industry. The provision of tourists’
services generates employment opportunities. It increases the
employment level by creating new employment in the sector and
by stimulating the creation of others, such as construction,
transport etc.
INTEGRITY: Tourism is an important factor in bringing about
integrity and unity in India. A special branch of tourism called
Community tourism .Community tourism is prevalent in almost
all countries of Asia .Many community tourism projects have
brought people together and strengthened the community.
ENTERTAINMENT: Festivals, events, International concerts,
Amusement parks or any International Sport leagues such as the
Olympics, FIFA, ICC World Cricket league, etc. attract tourist
.These fall under the Entertainment Industry of a country. This
industry gathers the largest number of tourists within a short
period of time. A huge amount of income is done by this industry.

GROWTH OF TOURISM IN India


Tourism in India is important for the country's economy and is
growing rapidly. The World Travel and Tourism Council
calculated that tourism generated ₹16.91 lakh crore (US$240
billion) or 9.2% of India's GDP in 2018 and supported 42.673
million jobs, 8.1% of its total employment

DOMESTIC
A total of 1.61 billion domestic tourism trips were registered by
India’s Ministry of Tourism in 2016, compared to 1.43bn in 2015,
marking year-on-year growth of 12.7%.
The most popular states in terms of number of domestic tourist
visits during 2016 were Tamil Nadu (343.8 million), Uttar
Pradesh (211.7m), Andhra Pradesh (153.2m), Madhya Pradesh
(150.5m) and Karnataka (129.8m). Maharashtra (116.5m),
Telangana (95.2m), West Bengal (74.5m), Gujarat (42.3m) and
Rajasthan (41.5m) completed the top 10.These 10 states
accounted for more than 84% of the total number of domestic
tourist visits within India in 2016.
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh have maintained
the top three rankings from 2015, while Madhya Pradesh
overtook Karnataka into fourth place, with year-on-year growth of
93%.Punjab (+50%) and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (+30%)
also experienced strong growth rates in 2016.

INTERNATIONAL
In India, international tourist arrivals grew from 14.57 million in
2016 to 15.54 million in 2017. International tourism receipts for
India grew from $22.42 billion in 2016 to $27.36 billion in 2017.
It said that international tourist arrivals grew 6.8% in 2017, the
highest increase since the 2009 global economic crisis and well
above UNWTO's long-term forecast of 3.8% per year for the period
2010 to 2020. Results were driven by sustained travel demand
for destinations across all world regions, including a firm
recovery of those suffering from security challenges in recent
years.

TYPES OF TOURISM IN INDIA


The types of tourism in India are:-
Adventure tourism
For adventure tourism in India, tourists prefer to go for trekking
to places like Ladakh, Sikkim, and Himalaya. Himachal Pradesh
and Jammu and Kashmir are popular for the skiing facilities they
offer. For White-water rafting tourists flock to places such as
Uttaranchal, Assam, and Arunachal Pradesh.

Wildlife tourism
India has a rich forest cover which has some beautiful and exotic
species of wildlife – some of which that are even endangered and
very rare. This has boosted wildlife tourism in India. The places
where a foreign tourist can go for wildlife tourism in India are the
Sariska Wildlife Sanctuary, Keoladeo Ghana National Park, and
Corbett National Park.

Medical tourism
Tourists from all over the world have been thronging India to
avail themselves of cost-effective but superior quality healthcare.
There are several medical institutes in the country that cater to
foreign patients and impart top-quality healthcare at a fraction of
what it would have cost in developed nations such as USA and
UK.

Pilgrimage tourism
India is famous for its temples and that is the reason that among
the different kinds of tourism in India, pilgrimage tourism is
increasing most rapidly. The various places for tourists to visit in
India for pilgrimage are Vaishno Devi, Golden temple, Char
Dham, and Mathura Vrindavan.

Eco tourism
Ecotourism entails the sustainable preservation of a naturally
endowed area or region. This is becoming more and more
significant for the ecological development of all regions that have
tourist value. For ecotourism in India, tourists can go to places
such as Kaziranga National Park, Gir National Park, and Kanha
National Park.

MICE tourism
MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and Exhibitions)
tourism is also one of the fastest growing in the global tourism
industry. It largely caters to business travellers, mostly corporate.

Cultural tourism
India is known for its rich cultural heritage and an element of
mysticism, which is why tourists come to India to experience it
for themselves. The various fairs and festivals that tourists can
visit in India are the Pushkar fair, Taj Mahotsav, and Suraj Kund
mela.

Types of Hotels or Classification of hotels by their type


Hotels are classified according to the hotel size, location, target
markets, levels of service, facilities provided, number of rooms,
ownership and affiliation etc.
1. Size - Or number of rooms
Under 200 rooms
200 to 399 rooms
400 to 700 rooms
More than 700 rooms
The above categories enable hotels of similar size to compare
operating procedures and statistical results.
2. Target Markets
Hotel targets many markets and can be classified according to
the markets they attempt to attract their guests. The common
type of markets includes business, airport, suites, residential,
resort, timeshare, casino, convention and conference hotels.
Business Hotels: These hotels are the largest group of hotel
types and they primarily cater to business travellers and usually
located in downtown or business districts. Although Business
hotels primarily serve business travellers, many tour groups,
individual tourists and small conference groups find these hotels
attractive. Guest amenities at business hotels may include
complimentary newspapers, morning coffee, free local telephone
calls, Breakfast etc.
Airport Hotels: These type of hotels typically target business
clientele, airline passengers with overnight travel layovers or
cancelled flights and airline crews or staff. Some hotels might
give free transport between hotel and airport. Some Airport hotels
also charge the guest by the hour instead of normal daily night
charges.
Suite Hotels: These kind of hotels are the latest trend and the
fastest growing segments of the hotel industry. Such hotels have
a living room and a separate bedroom. Professionals such as
accountants, lawyers, businessmen and executives find suite
hotels particularly attractive as they can work and also entertain
in an area beside the bedroom.
Extended Stay Hotels: Extended stay hotels are somewhat
similar to the suite hotels, but usually offers kitchen amenities in
the room. These kind of hotels are for long-stayers who want to
stay more than a week and does not want to spend on hotel
facilities.
Serviced Apartments: Serviced Apartment / Residential hotels
provide long-term or permanent accommodation for Guest.
Usually guest makes a lease agreement with the hotel for the
minimum of one month up to a year. Rooms generally include
living room, bedroom, kitchen, private balcony, washing
machines, kitchen utensils etc. Unlike normal hotels Serviced
apartment only provide weekly one housekeeping service.
Resort Hotels: Resort hotels are usually located in the
mountains, on an island, or in some other exotic locations away
from cities. These hotels have recreational facilities, scenery, and
golf, tennis, and sailing, skiing and swimming. Resort hotels
provide enjoyable and memorable guest experiences that
encourage guest to repeat to the resort.
Bed and Breakfast / Homestays: These are houses with rooms
converted into overnight facilities, this can size up to 1 to 10
guest rooms. They are also known as 'Home Stay's'. The owner of
the B&B usually stay on the premises and is responsible for
serving breakfast to the guest.
Timeshare / Vacation Rentals: Another new type or segment of
the hospitality industry is the timeshare hotels. These are
sometimes referred to as “Vacation-interval" hotels. Timeshare
hotels are where the guests who purchase the ownership of
accommodations for a specific period. These owners may also
have the unit rented out by the management company that
operates the hotel.
Casino Hotels: Hotels with gambling facilities are called Casino
Hotels. Although the food and beverage operations in the casino
are luxurious their functions are secondary to and supportive of
casino operations.
Conference and Convention Centres: These type of hotels focus
on meeting and conferences and overnight accommodation for
meeting attendees. They also provide video conferencing facility,
audio-visual equipment, business services, flexible seating
arrangements, flipchart etc. These hotels mostly located outside
the metropolitan areas and have facilities like golf, swimming
pools, tennis courts, fitness centres, spas etc.
3. Levels Of service
World class service: These are also called luxury / Five Start
hotels, they target top business executives, entertainment
celebrities, high- ranking political figures, and wealthy clientele
as their primary markets. They provide upscale restaurants and
lounges, Valet, concierge services and also private dining
facilities.
Mid-Range Service: Hotels offering mid-range or otherwise 3 to
4-star hotels service appeal the largest segment of the travelling
public. This kind of hotels does not provide elaborate service and
have an adequate staffing. They also provide uniformed service,
food and beverage room service, in-room entertainments and also
Wi-Fi etc.
Budget / Limited Service: These hotels provide clean,
comfortable, safe, inexpensive rooms and meet the basic need of
guests. Budget hotels appeal primarily to budget-minded
travellers who want a room with minimum services and amenities
required for the comfortable stay, without unnecessary paying
additional cost for costly services.
4. Ownership and Affiliations
Independent / Single Owner Hotels: They do not have
identifiable ownership or management affiliation with other
properties. Example of the same would be family owned and
operated hotel that is not following any corporate policies or
procedures.
Chain hotels: Hotels which are part of a hotel chain and these
kinds of ownership usually imposes certain minimum standards,
rules, policies and procedures to restrict affiliate activities. In
general the more centralised the organisation the stronger the
control over the individual property.

PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST

1 The Taj Mahal, Agra


2 The Holy City of Varanasi
3 The Golden Temple of Amritsar
4 The Golden City: Jaisalmer
5 The Red Fort, New Delhi
6 The Gateway of India, Mumbai
7 Mecca Masjid, Hyderabad
8 Amer Fort, Jaipur
9 The Beaches of Goa
10 Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary, Madurai
11 Agra Fort, Agra
12 The Ellora Caves, Aurangabad
13 Mehrangarh Fort, Jodhpur
14 Mysore Palace
15 Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

PROBLEMS
India’s share in the tourist arrival has been growing at a snail’s
pace from 0.23 per cent in 1975 to 0.28 per cent in 1980 and
0.42 per cent in 2004. This small percentage comes under sharp
focus when we see that in 2004, India received only 2.9 million
foreign tourists.
In India, tourism provides 5.6 per cent of the total jobs, China
that just pulled its iron curtain, is doing better with 7 per cent.
Tom apart by civil war Sri Lanka still has 7.4 per cent of its jobs
coming from the tourism sector.
Still there are large areas which are untapped from the tourist
point of view. Traditionally a popular destination, North India still
draws about 49 per cent of the tourists; whereas only 4 per cent
go to east.
Foreign tourists often fail to get suitable accommodation in hotels
and go back as a dissatisfied lot. At the beginning of the
millennium, India’s shortage was estimated at 30,000 rooms.
Today we need at least 90,000 more rooms (in five star segments)
which require a huge investment of Rs. 80,000 crore, just to fall
in line with the internationally-benchmarked tourism models.
Another problem of recent origin is that Indian tourists have
started travelling abroad rather than travelling within the
country. In 2004, as many as 6.2 million Indian tourists went
abroad in contrast to only 2.9 million foreign tourists visiting
India. With each outgoing Indian tourist spending an average of $
3 000 an estimated amount of Rs. 72,600 crore went out of the
country.

PROSPECT
With a view to improve tourism and at the same time taking care
of the environment, the central and state governments are
coming forward with new development plans. Although tourism is
the responsibility of the state governments, the Central
Government lends all help to develop tourism.
The central Department of Tourism is extending financial
assistance for improving tourism infrastructural facilities like
yatri niwas, tourist lodges, wayside facilities, restaurants,
cafeterias, tourist bungalows, etc. It also extends financial
assistance for adventure sports activities, tourist transport,
tented accommodation, etc.
Travel Trade and Tourist Service Division of the Department of
Tourism is helping the travel trade, both national and
international. Department of Tourism has simplified and
streamlined the rules from April 1992, regarding the grant of
approval to travel agents, tour operators and tourist transport
operators so that their services are standardised and are made
broad-based, both for domestic and foreign tourists.
Indian railways have also recognised its role in tourism
development. The launching of Rajdhani and Shatabdi trains is a
step in the right direction. ‘Palace on Wheels’ is already
operational in Rajasthan. Another special tourist train ‘Orient
Express’ has been introduced in Gujarat and one more covering
temple towns of Tamil Nadu will become operational soon.

Tourism and its adverse


effect on the environment
Carrying Capacity of Ecosystem: One of the most important
adverse effects of tourism on the environment is increased
pressure on the carrying capacity of the ecosystem in each
tourist locality.
Depletion of Local Resources: Tourism can create pressure on
local recourses like energy, food, and transport of these resources
exacerbates the physical impacts associated with their
exploitation.
Land degradation: Increased construction of tourism and
recreational facilities has increased the pressure on the recourses
and scenic landscapes. Direct impact on natural resources in the
provision of tourist facilities is caused by the use of land for
accommodation and other infrastructure provision, and the use
of building materials.
Water Pollution: The tourism industry generally overuses water
resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal
use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and
degradation of water supplies, as well as generating a greater
volume of wastewater.
Air Pollution: Tourism results in air pollution by tourist vehicles
in a particular area, especially at major attraction sites, that are
accessible only by road. In addition, pollution in the form of dust
and dirt in the air may be generated from open, devegetated area
if the tourism development is not properly planned or is in an
interim State of construction.
Noise Pollution: Noise generated by a concentration of tourist
road and certain types of tourist attractions such as amusement
parks or may reach uncomfortable and irritating levels for nearby
residents and other tourists. In addition to causing annoyance,
stress, and even hearing loss for humans, it causes distress to
wildlife, especially in sensitive areas.
Visual Pollution: These can be due to poorly- designed hotels,
poor maintenance of buildings, landscaping obstruction of scenic
views by development use of large and ugly advertising signs and
other facility buildings, which are not compatible with local
architectural style or not well integrated into the natural
environment.
Waste Disposal Problems: The most common problem in
tourism areas is the littering of debris on the landscape. This is
due to large number of people using the area of picnicking.
Improper disposal of solid waste from hotel restaurants, and
resorts generate both litter and environmental health problems
from vermin, disease and pollution.
Sewage: Construction of hotels, recreation and other facilities
often leads to increased sewage pollution. Wastewater has
polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist attractions,
damaging the flora and fauna. Changes in salinity and siltation
can threaten the health of humans and animals.
Deforestation and intensified or unsustainable use of land:
Construction of ski resort accommodation and facilities
frequently requires clearing forested land. Coastal wetlands are
often drained and filled due to lack of more suitable sites for
construction of tourism facilities and infrastructure. These
activities can cause severe disturbance in the local ecosystem.

PROGRAMS OF INDIAN
GOVERNMENT REGARDING
TOURISM
1) PRASAD scheme: Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual
Augmentation Drive (PRASAD) scheme was launched by
the Ministry for the development and beautification of
pilgrimage sites to tap the growth of domestic tourists
driven by spiritual or religious sentiments.

2) Swadesh Darshan scheme: It was launched by the


Ministry of Tourism for the development of world class
infrastructure to promote cultural and heritage value of
the country and enhance the tourist attractiveness.

3) Adarsh Smarak scheme: ASI has identified 100


monuments which would be provided necessary tourist
facilities including Wi-Fi, security, signage, encroachment
free area, interpretation centres showing short films
about the importance of monuments and signboards of
Swachh Bharat Abhiyan.

4) Multilingual Tourist Helpline: The Ministry of Tourism


launched the 24×7 Toll Free Multilingual Tourist Helpline
in 12 languages on February 8, 2016. It can be accessed
on Toll Free Number 1800-11-1363 or short code 1363.

ECO TOURISM
Ecotourism is a form of Tourism involving visiting fragile,
pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a
low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard
commercial mass tourism. It means responsible travel to natural
areas, conserving the environment, and improving the well-being
of the local people. Its purpose may be to educate the traveller, to
provide funds for ecological conservation, to directly benefit the
economic development and political empowerment of local
communities, or to foster respect for different cultures and for
human rights.
Generally, ecotourism deals with interaction with biotic
components of the natural environments.[4] Ecotourism focuses
on socially responsible travel, personal growth, and
environmental sustainability. Ecotourism typically involves travel
to destinations where flora, fauna, and cultural heritage are the
primary attractions.
Ecotourism is tourism which is conducted responsibly to
conserve the environment and sustain the well-being of local
people. It...
 Builds environmental awareness
 Provides direct financial benefits for conservation
 Provides financial benefits and empowerment for local
people
 Respects local culture
 Supports human rights and democratic movements such
as:
o conservation of biological diversity and cultural
diversity through ecosystem protection
o promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity, by
providing jobs to local populations
o sharing of all socio-economic benefits with local
communities and indigenous peoples by having
their informed consent and participation in the
management of ecotourism enterprises
o Tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with minimal
impact on the environment being a primary concern.
o minimization of tourism's own environmental impact
o affordability and lack of waste in the form of luxury
o local culture, flora, and fauna being the main
attractions
o Local people, who benefit from this form of tourism
economically, and often more than mass tourism.
CONCLUSION
Tourism commodifies cultures and their associated Businesses
and goods. Tourism can also overshadow or in the opposite
direction drastically change the indigenous cultures of a place. It
effects the environment in many harmful ways, including the
habitats of many endangered animals.
Tourism is not all bad. The education that can come about when
travelling and interacting can be greater than that gained from
any textbook. Travelling does have its' downfalls which need to
be made known so a solution can be found.
Tourists need to make sure they do everything in their power to
prevent these negative effects of tourism. They should get
vaccines, stay in designated areas, and respect and preserve the
culture put before them. With these simple measure travellers of
all ages can help reduce the footprints left behind by tourism.

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