Engineering Division

Mineral processing Engineering

3rd Year, Daily course

Subject: English V

INITIAL PROJECT PROPOSAL

A STUDY TO FIND OUT THE EFFECT OF ILLEGAL MINING ON SCHOOL

ATTENDANCE OF TEENAGERS OF THE DISTRICT OF SUSSUNDENGA IN THE
PROVINCE OF MANICA

Student:

Armando José Bila

Teacher:

MA. Raisi Dominic

Tete, 2017
 “I know what it is to be in need, and I know what it is to have plenty. I have learned the
secret of being content in any and every situation, whether well fed or hungry, whether living in
plenty or in want”
Philippians 4:12
 1. INTRODUCTION

The present work try to show the problem of the „The effect of illegal mining on school attendance of
teenagers of the district of Sussundenga in the province of Manica‟ and the effort that the government have
been done in the province of Manica, and the importance that is being given to this case because of the many
teenagers that are in the illegal mining‟s extracting gold. The problem is getting worse because nowadays in the
illegal mining there are almost people of all the ages‟ men, women, children, teenagers and even the aged in
the wining of gold (but in the past year it was patronized by all categories of persons who were physically
strong) The research as also have the propose of showing subject matter illegal mining in order to know the
problems of having lot of teenagers at the illegal mining and less at school.

2. BACKGROUND

According to the ITC ( Iniciativas para terras umidas ) The illegal mining in the province of Manica have
been done since the time of the empire of Muenemutapa and during colonial administration. During that time
the illegal mining was controlled and the number of the prospector was small but today the illegal mining
involve a greater number of people, local Peasants and strangers. In the past year the illegal mining was done
by old people, but today the illegal mining in district of Sussundenga it‟s patronized by all categories of
persons, men women, children, teenagers and even the aged in the wining of gold. They use manual and
traditional methods to practice the illegal mining, simple tools or materials like pick-axes, shovels, barrels,
head pans, sticks, sacks and nets. They usually dig holes along banks of rivers and streams colleting the soil
with sacks and put them into barrels and then use sticks and water to wash away the smooth sand from the
stones.

3. STATEMENT

The choice of this theme is due to the impact that the illegal mining is bringing to the teenagers of the
community of Sussundenga that are giving up of study and others don‟t even go there because of the illegal
mining‟s, which it would be good if they attend school in order to learn the skills to extract the natural
recourse‟s in a correct way helping the Province to develop. But recently number of students is reducing in
school attendance in the province of Manica some blame teachers for not putting in the require effort, other
thinks absenteeism on the part students is the problem. Another believes that both parents and students do
not pay particular attention to education and for that matter school performance is taken into consideration,
and it is believed as well that the people are not given opportunity to deal with financial constraints on the part
of parent, and other start to paying their own school fees at all tender age because they engage in illegal mining.
One can‟t understanding the great impart education would have brought to the mining sector but
notwithstanding it appears stakeholders have paid little attention the effect illegal mining activity has on school
attendance and academic performance of the teenagers of Sussundenga.
Research objectives

 To examine why parents push their young ones of school to go into the illegal mining activities.
 To determinate the factors discouraging the interest of children from schooling to illegal mining
 To ascertain if school environment encourage school attendance and academic performance

Research questions

 Why parents push their young ones to the illegal mining activities?
 What are the factors discouraging the interest of children from education to illegal mining activities?
 How does school environment encourage school attendance and the academic performance?

4. DEFINITION OF THE TERMS

4.1. Area of the study

Sussundenga is a district of the province of Manica in Mozambique with headquarters in the town of
Sussundega. It has a brother, to the north with the districts of Manica and Gondola, to the west with
Zimbabwe, to the south with the district of Mossurize, to the southeast and the east with the district of
Chibabava and also to the east with the district of Búzi, both of the province of Sofala.

4.2.Illegal mining

Illegal maiming is the extraction of minerals and precious metals from the earth, mining can be
considered in two forms large scale mining and small scale mining.

4.3.Large scale mine

Large scale mining generally employs large number of people and products huge tones, example of
these we have Vale Mozambique at Tete from Brazil that employed about over thousands of worker.
Operations of small scale mining usually done on the surface, near surface or near the deposits, relatively little
waste or overburden simple metallurgy and easy access. Most also involves the use of mercury for processing
(Hilson, 2001)

4.4.Small scale mining

Small Scale mining ( can be legal or illegal ) is form of mining that is done at small levels and mostly
employs a low number of people, it is generally engaged in by local people with the area where these activities
occur and comes along with it the influx of people from other areas.These illegal mining attract youngster into
the mining activities either as a means of offering a helping, the problem is getting aggravating because many
teens of the districts of Sussundenga, Barue and Macossa are a giving up of study and other are push bay their
parents to this activities because of the importance of Gold. The modern small scale mining a lucrative
business because of the high demand for gold and golden products both on the local and international markets
(Hilson, 2001).

A licensed operator may employ between five to twenty groups of tributes made up of between five to
ten workers. Each group excavates the ore to process the mineral. Usually the contributors keep two-thirds of
the profit and give the remaining one-third to the concessionaire (Appiah, 1998).

4.5.School attendance rate of students

The oxford dictionary defines “attendance” as the act of habitual practice of the attending or being
present The school attendance rate represent the number of children regardless of age in a given country that
are in attendance in a specific school level such as primary school or secondary school divided by total number
of children the country that are of official age that level of schooling

4.6.Society Attitude towards Education

Researches have established that parental attitudes encouragement has great deal of weight on student‟s
education on the high of success attained in education. The community and parents attitudes toward education
are largely influenced by traditional beliefs. Mozambican children continue to face barriers to access and
complete education that result in drop, whereby fail to complete their full cycle of basic education.

Canagarajah & Coulomb (1998) state the families have a role to play in a child‟s decision to school or
work. Father‟s education has a significant negative effect on child labour the effects is stronger for girls than
boy” to them estimations also show that father‟s with very high level of education are likely to have a negative
effect on the livelihood of working while mothers education seems to influence only schooling participations
than working.

4.7.Effects of illegal mining on school attendance

The prevalence of children in illegal mining is growing and it‟s have become e focus attention as it is
links many of the worst forms of child labour on African continents which has become very obvious. They are
there for several reasons, family disintegration through poverty, expectation of children as in come earns,
negligence and premature independence from parental control and the increasing in illegal mining‟s activities
brought a retrogressive in educational sector of the province of Manica Local communities at the fringes of
mines have suffered and continue to suffer various degrees of adverse impact of mining operations, some
communities are suffering others have their water source polluted, their land destroyed. Concerns as also been
expressed about inadequate housing, youth unemployment, family disorganization, school dropouts and drug
abuse associated with the mining boom, in most case these impacts affect people of different age groups and
gender difference.

The number of the children involved in mining and quarrying activities is difficult to measure. However
ITC Estimates that 1 hundred children under the age of 5 to 17 year of age work in the mines and quarries in
the district of Sousudenga. ITC (2012) in his study of junior high students stipulates that there is a positive
correlation between achievement and attendance.

5. Timeline.

Tasks Duration Start Finish August September October November December

Weeks 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Chapter 1
14 days 8-Jan 15/8
Introduction
Chapter 2
28 days 16/8 14/9
Literature review
Chapter 3
14 days 15/9 29/9
Methodology
Chapter 4
Analysis and 21 days 30/9 20/10
evaluation
Chapter 5
Conclusion and 20 days 21/10 11-Nov
recommendations
Reference and
3 days 11-Dec 15/11
bibliography
Correction and
13 days 16/11 29/11
submission

Bibliographic references

 Acquah, P. C. (1995). Natural Resources Management and Sustainable Development: The Case of the
Gold Sector in Ghana. UNCTAD New York and Geneva.

 APPIAH, (1998). Garimpeiros de Poxoréo. Brasília: Centro Gráfico do Senado, 1988.

 Canagarajah & Coulomb (1998). Exploração artesanal do ouro no distrito de Manica: Degradação
ambiental versus desenvolvimento; congresso de geoquímica dos PALOPs.

 Dodeyne S., Ndunguru E., Rafael P., Bannerman J. (2008), Artisanal Mining in Central Mozambique:
Policy and Environmental issues of concern, Elsevier in Resource Policy34, 45 – 50.

 Hilson, G. (2001). A contextual review of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry (Reportno. 76).
International Institute for Environment and Development, England.

 Portal educação, Google analytics.

Disponívelem:http://www.google.co.mz/search?q=iligal+mining+pdf&btnG=&client=ms-opera-mini-
android&channel=new acesso em 4 de abril 2017

 Portal educação, Google, disponível: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/attendance, acesso em 6

de abril de 2017
 Portal educação,Google analytics. Disponível em:< https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_mining> acesso
em 4 de Abril 2017