Major Thesis Print PDF

Department of Civil Engineering ,Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology 1
Master of Technology thesis Work
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Use of materials and binders has been always a essential requirement in any kind of
construction process since the start of early civilisations. Since the early ages Romans , Greeks
, Egyptians or any ancient civilisation there has been use of various kind of binding materials
such as burned gypsum , limestone etc.
Coming to the recent times , cement(product manufactured industrially with use of limestone
and clay and mortar (mix of cement sand and water in certain proportion; ref page:) are
leading products providing binding property as well as strength capability in construction
and infrastructure field to a whole structures or to a particular unit of a structure. Major fields
of uses of these products are :
1. Basic construction material for preparation of concrete.
2. Mortar used for masonry units like bricks ,stones etc.
3. Floor , wall and roof finishes for examples plastering etc.
4. Grouting or pumping into fissures and cracks etc to seal and strengthen.
while in application cement paste(mixture of cement and water) and mortar go through certain
process like spraying , transporting, moulding, pumping, pouring, compaction, injection, self
levelling, slurry placement, slurry mix ability, pump ability, self compaction etc. These process
involves flow of matter that is cement paste and mortar hence study of flow of cement paste
and mortar becomes really important for achieving required and satisfactory performance of
material. Therefore these flow properties of fluid and paste depends on rheology(ref page:) of
fluid(in present case it is cement paste and mortar).
Hence our aim of this research and study to review and understand the present technological
advances & scientific approaches available which helps in modelling and studying the
rheological properties of cement paste and mortar. Study starts with reviewing theoretically
the meaning of rheoloy of fluids and paste and principle behind it then study of cement and
mortar production with their classification and fresh properties related to rheology and flow .
To understand rheology let us first understand the types of fluid. Depending on the relationship
between shear stress, and the rate of strain and its derivatives, fluids can be characterized as
the following.
1.1 a) NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:

Sir issac newton described the flow behaviour of fluids with simple linear relation
between shear stress and strain. This relation between shear stress and strain is known as
Newton's law of viscosity which says strain in fluid or rate in deformation in fluid is directly
proportional to shear stress applied. Mathematically it can be written as :
SHEAR STRESS( ζ ) = COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY( և)X SHEAR STRAIN RATE(),

where, ζ in newton per metre square units ; և in newton seconds per metre ;
 is rate of change of velocity of fluid across the depth of flow;
Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar
1.1.b. NON - NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:
In contrast to Newtonian fluids Non Newtonian fluids exhibit non linear relationship
between shear stress and shear strain rate.
"Rheology is the study of Non Newtonian fluid and behaviour of these fluid subjected to change in
flow and time."
Rheology is the physical study of deformation or flow of substance when subjected to shear.
The word rheology was invented in 1929 to represent the study of how materials deform in
response to forces. It was inspired by a quote by Heraclitus: “παντα ρει” translated as
“everything flows”. Indeed everything does flow, but to different extents depending on how
much force is applied, in what direction, and for how long. Now, rheology is a branch of
physics that deals with the deformation and flow of matter, especially the non-Newtonian
flow of liquids and the plastic flow of solids.

1.2 BASIC STUDY OF RHEOLOGY:

Main objective of rheological studies of fluid is to determine the response of fluid when
subjected to applied stress . This response can be further studied in two stages as explained
below:
1.2.a. INITIATION OF FLOW :
This stage accounts and measures the amount of stress required for the fluid to start to flow.
Basically how much of stress to be applied to make fluid to flow. Physically the stress
applied is shear stress in general in case of fluids. Sometimes in studies we call this stress
required as yield stress represented as( Yo ) symbolically (Please refer the figure below):
1.2.b.-RESISTANCE TO FLOW WHICH IS PLASTIC FLOW KNOWN AS

VISCOSITY(և).
Viscosity(և) is the fluid property which resists the fluid flow either between two surface or
on a single surface. At the molecular level ,it is friction between molecules of fluid and for
some fluids this resistance to flow is large and for some this resistance is low.
In rheological studies, viscosity measurement and variation with time , temperature and flow
conditions classify varies rhelogical model of studies of fluids.
Based on above two parameters and their variation during flow , study of fluid is done
according to various models.
1. Newtonian model
2. Bingham model
3. Hershel Bulkley model
4. Robertson Stiff mode
5. Modified Bingham model
6. Casson model
7. De Kee model
8. Shear thickening and Shear thinning Behaviour.

Out of all these , Most simples mathematical model is Bingham model because it is linear
model and can be written as:
ζ = ζo + μγ
where ζ (in Pascals) is the shear stress, ζo is the yield stress, μ (Pascal second) is the plastic
viscosity, and γ (in s-1) is the shear strain rate. Shear yield stress (y-axis intercept), ζo,
indirectly measures inter-particle friction, while the viscosity µ (slope of the line) depends
on the rheology of the paste and the volume fraction of aggregates.
Figure 1: Graphical relationship between yield stress and shear strain rate
All model except newtonian and Bingham model are non-linear and difficult to analyse.

1.2.c.WHY TO STUDY RHEOLOGY OF CEMENT PASTE AND MORTAR:

Concrete properties in fresh state particularly workability; is very much dependent on
fresh properties of cement paste phase and mortar phase therefore significant research
efforts are put in to understand fresh properties of cement paste and mortar.
There is a need to study the ease of mixing ,placing ,compaction and finishing of cement
paste ,mortar and concrete.
However workability is generally is used to measure but it only gives consistency or

fluidity of mix by measuring slump.
We should note that at same water content but different proportion of materials in mix
will generally end up giving same slump values. Hence rheology may be more important
for flow able concretes like the self compacting concrete and useful in mix design
Fresh properties of cement paste and mortar such as workability, flow ability, and
cohesiveness governs the concrete characteristics. Therefore, measurement of fresh
properties of cement paste and mortar is the area of the interest to many researchers. A
complete understanding of cement paste and mortar workability, therefore, must include a
thorough understanding of rheology of cement paste that holds and bind the aggregate
Cement paste and mortar in its fresh state can be considered a fluid and therefore the basic
principles of rheology can be applied to this material. In the case of rheology of fresh
paste, parameters that are to be considered are stability, mobility and compactability.
These are the main factors which measure the suitability of a concrete mix which have
cement paste its basic ingredients.
Rheology may be more important for flowable concretes like the self consolidating
concrete and useful in mix design.Genarally cement paste and mortar system are thixotropic
materials which have a yield stress and varying rheological properties over time and even
in some case non linear behavior.Thus cement paste and mortar are yield stress system
where yield stress is the result of interparticle forces

1.3. COMMON TECHNIQUES AND TESTING METHODS OF RHEOLOGY OF

CEMENT PASTE AND MORTAR
According to Mehta and Monteiro(2013 edition), Rheology is the science of the
deformation and flow of matter, and the emphasis on flow means that it is concerned with
the relationships between stress, strain, rate of strain, and time.
An indication of yield stress can be obtained from controlled stress rotational rheometers
where shear stress required to initiate the flow measured and also from capillary tube
measurements.
Basic two geometries are used by rheologists ,they are :
1.3.a. CONCENTRIC CYLINDER GEOMETRY:

The concentric cylinders geometry (coaxial cylinders or Couette cell) often consists of a
static cylindrical cup and a concentric rotatable cylinder The cylinder isimmersed in the
partially filled cup so that the paste levels at least with the top surface of the cylinder.
Over the gap width and over the length, there now appears tangential velocity field.
Depending on the system settings, either stress or shear rate can be applied. To that end,
one of the two cylinders also needs connection with atorque sensor that will deliver the
input for stress calculations. Often, both rotation and torque measurement are integrated
in the motor to which the inner cylinder is .attached
Figure 2: Elevation and side view of concentric type rheometer

1.3.b. PARALLEL PLATE GEOMETRY:

The parallel plate geometry typically consists of two parallel circular plates with radius
separated by a gap width in which the sample is contained by surface tension.Usually the
upper plate is lowered upon the deposited.
Figure 3: parallel plate viscometer
Most of the rheometers for mortar and cement paste consists of these geometries

1.4. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY:

1. Use of simplest approach available for the calculation of rheological parameters of
cement paste.
2. Study of variation of rheological parameters of cement paste according to various

water cement ratio using the above approach.
3. Study of variation of rheological parameters of cement paste according to various

doses of plasticizers and super plasticizers

1.5. ORGANISATION OF THEISIS:
The dissertation is presented in the chapters.
Chapter 1 includes brief introduction of thesis.
Chapter 2 includes literature review of thesis.
Chapter 3 includes research methodology adopted for thesis..
Chapter 4 includes result & discussions
Chapter 5 includes conclusions and future scope of work..

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Tattersall and Banfill(1983) were the first to bring the rheology of fresh concrete to the attention of
concrete technologists, offering benefits in understanding of properties, production and quality
control, linked to the availability of a commercial apparatus. Tattersall showed the advantages of
two-point testing of fresh concrete workability over the single point empirical test methods, such
as slump test, that are employed till date. Banfill, of Heriot−Watt University, Edinburgh, (1987,
1991 &1994) may be the first to use a coaxial cylinders apparatus for mortar and he subsequently
used the ViscoCorder and the Viskomat, to determine the rheology of mortar. Other equipments to
the measure fresh concrete rheology are IBB rheometer, the BML rheometer, and the BTRHEOM.
Mortar(binder,sand and water) , its rheological properties measured from coaxial cylinders and
viscometers. Banfill developed a viskomat as a small calibrated mixer for mortar testing.
Figure 4: some types of digital rheometers

Approaches mentioned above are widely used however these methods are experimentally
challenging and costly hence more quantitavtive and inexpensive methods are necesary which are
small enough to be used at construction sites and thus a new understanding being developed
bewteen rheoloy and other simple tests .One of these tests is slump test.
Slump test is most widely used method to evaluate the fluid properties of fresh concrete.The
simplicity of the measurement and low cost are the among the reasons why the slump remains the
most common method for quality control evaluations of fresh concrete in field.
It was approved as an ASTM standard in 1922 and being used all over the world widely.
With more advancement in concretes like self compacting concretes, slump flow or diameter of
base of slumped material being used and correlated to the rheological properties of cement paste
and concrete.

From the literature survey , it is understandable that Tattershall developed the "two point method”.
Scullion and Morinaga dependence of yield stress on slump seperately.
Murata confirmed the many results of morianaga and further suggested that slump is not influenced
by viscosity. Christensen developed the model inspired from Murata into a dimensionless quantity
and further concluded that the model is independent of particular model and size of slump cone.
Later Pashias et al adopted dimensionless model and concluded that the final slump of material is
largely indpendent of the lifting rate and surface on which the slump test performed .
More recently Aaron W.Saak , Hamlin M Jennings and Surendra P Shah using the Murata
dimensionless model reached to a conclusion that slump-yield stress relationship material
independent and further more suggested that the size and geometry of slump cone are not critical
to the basic slump-yield stress relationship.
Figure 5: slump test of concrete and direction of forces
Further study in literature survey , With the advancement in development of self compacting
concrete and from slump flow test relationship between diameter of flow and yield stress
developed.
Several recently published studies have shown a strong correlation for the both cement paste
and concrete between final spread and the mixtures yield stress. These relationships have been
developed empirically ,theoretically,numerically and fluid dynamics models and typically include
effect of density , gravity and geometry , in addition to yield stress and spread.
Figure 6: slump flow tests of concrete
With slump flow and diameter of flow many researchers developed relationship between diameter
of flow and yield stress, also experimental method was investigated of determining yield stress
and viscosity of paste using Marsh cone test. More recently from the past findings of several
studies that the slump flow and yield stress relationship is independent of size of slump cone ,
many adopted smaller size cone reducing the volume of paste required for study.

This study will be using the mini slump approach which was used to develop relationship between
yield stress and viscosity to the diameter of mini slump flow and final time of spread respectively
.
Figure 7: mini slump apparatus used
From the findings of mini slump approach of in identifying viscosity of cement paste by Nathan
Tregger, Liberato Ferrara and Surendra P Shah, following relations are available as
Relationship yield stress(τ0in pascals )and diameter of spread(Df in cm) is given below:
A theoretical relationship given by Okado et al. and refined by Roussel et al incorporating effect
of surface tension is given as:
τ0 – yield stress; Df - diameter of spread ; ρ – density of fluid ;g – gravity acceleration ;

V – volume of specimen ; λ – is a constant depends on fluid and surface
Relationship between viscosity of fluid(μ in pa-s) ,yield stress(τ0 in pascal) and time to final
spread (Tf [in seconds]) is given :

CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1. MATERIALS USED:
1) Ultra tech Portland pozzolona cement with fly ash (30%)
2) Fine aggregate(Zone 3)
3) Water confirming Ph between 6.5 to 7.

4) Plasticizers.
CEMENT FINE AGGREGATE
3.2. BASIC APPARATUS USED FOR WORK:
1) Mini slump cone:
Top Diameter:70mm;Bottom Diameter :100mm; Height:50mm
2) Dry glass plate.

3.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM:

In this study, Mini slump test used for calculating yield stress and viscosity of blend. Mini
slump test performed similarly to slump test as per ASTM C1611.
Initially cement paste prepared with water to binder ratio as 0.45. water binder paste
prepared with help of proper mixing with the help of mechanical Mixer for 10 minutes of
time. Then the paste poured inside the mini cone up to the top level of cone and at the same
time bulk density of paste measured and noted down. Just after filling the cone , it was
gradually lifted up leaving the paste to spread in radial directions equally and stops
eventually forming a circle with certain diameter. Diameter of spread measured with help
of physical scale in four directions and noted down. Whole procedure of lifting cone and
spread of paste was recorded with the help of digital camera and later after the tests, time
taken to reach maximum spread noted down by playing the recording in ultra slow motion
on media player. Same procedure of measuring the diameter of flow and time to flow
measured for other samples prepared by mixing plasticizer as different percentages(as 0.1%
; 0.3% ; 0.5% ; 0.8%)of binder used in terms of weight keeping water binder ratio constant
as 0.45. Two trials performed for each percentage of plasticizer and diameter of spread and
time of flow recorded and noted down separately.
Whole procedure of test was repeated for next water cement ratio as 0.40 with percentage
of plasticizer(as 0.1% ; 0.3% ; 0.5% ; 0.8%)of binder used in terms of weight and each
value recorded and noted separately and similar procedure followed for water binder ratio
as 0.35 and varying percentage of plasticizer(as 0.1% ; 0.3% ; 0.5% ; 0.8%)of binder used
in terms of weight.
with all the data in terms of diameter of spread for each percentage of plasticzer as well
total time of flow , following relationships were used to calculate yield stress and viscosity
of paste.
yield stress(τ0in pascals )and diameter of spread(Df in cm)
viscosity of fluid(μ in pa-s) ,yield stress(τ0 in pascal) and time to final spread (Tf [in seconds]).

3.4. MATERIAL TESTING RESULTS :

Certain confirmatory test have been succesfully performed on the materials procured for
work and their test results are as follows :
Table 1:
MATERIALS CEMENT
SOURCE ULTRATECH PORTLAND POZZOLONACEMENT(FLYASH=25%)
TYPE OF TESTS FINENESS STANDARD SETTING TIME COMPRESSIVE(MPa)

(BYDRYSEIVING) CONSISTENCY (minutes) STRENGTH
(INITIAL) ( 7 DAYS)
VALUES 9.0% 33.0% 35 36

*All the tests performed meets the result as per Indian standard 1489:1191 part 1.
TABLE 2:
MATERIALS FINE AGGREGATE(SAND)
SOURCE SON RIVER
TYPE OF TESTS FINENESS ZONE OF GRADATION SPECIFIC GRAVITY

MODULUS
VALUES 2.20 ZONE III 2. 66

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS :

Case I - Water cement ratio = 0.35
Trial 1
DIAMETER OF SPREAD(cms)
PERCENTAGE DESNITY OF
WATER DIAMETER TIME OF VICOSITY
OF CEMENT YIELD STRESS
CEMENT Mean(in SPREAD (in pascal-
PLASTICIZER PASTE D1 D2 D3 D4 ( τ0 in pascal)
RATIO cms) ( in seconds) seconds)
(%) (gm/cc)
0 1.951 11 12 11 10.5 11.125 2292.606818 0.578 4.046405

0.3 1.933 19.5 19.2 18.9 19.2 19.2 96.23932207 1.177 0.53938
0.35
0.5 1.908 22.8 22 22.9 22.4 22.525 38.04960984 3.225 0.712755
0.8 1.870 30.6 31 30 30.5 30.525 6.50853487 6.743 0.268689
Trial 2
(%) (gm/cc)
0 1.945 11.86 12.3 10.8 10.3 11.315 2077.780711 0.578 3.667241

0.3 1.920 20 19.6 18.5 19.5 19.4 90.61594897 1.177 0.507863
0.35
0.5 1.890 23 21.6 23.1 22.3 22.5 38.29589852 3.225 0.717368
0.8 1.860 30.5 31.3 29.8 30.3 30.475 6.57082217 6.743 0.271261

W/B = 0.35: Plasticizer % v/s Diameter of spread

35
DIAMTER OF SPREAD (in cms)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 11.125 19.2 22.525 30.525
TRIAL 2 11.315 19.4 22.5 30.475
PLASTICIZER PERCENTAGE(in terms weight of cement)
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/B = 0.35: Plasticizer % v/s Density of paste

1.96
1.94
DENSITY OF PASTE(gm/cc)
1.92
1.9
1.88
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.8
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 1.951 1.933 1.908 1.87
TRIAL 2 1.945 1.92 1.89 1.86
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/B = 0.35: Plasticizer % v/s Time of Max Spread

8
TIME OF MAX SPPREAD(in seconds)
6.743
6.700
7
6
5
4 3.237
3.225
3
2 1.2
1.177
0.578
0.56
1
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 0.578 1.177 3.225 6.743
TRIAL 2 0.56 1.2 3.237 6.700
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/B = 0.35: Plasticizer % v/s Yield Stress

2500 2292.606818
2077.780711
2000
YIELD STRESS(in pascals)
1500
1000
500
96.23932207
90.61594897 38.29589852
38.04960984 6.50853487
6.57082217
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 2292.606818 96.23932207 38.04960984 6.50853487
TRIAL 2 2077.780711 90.61594897 38.29589852 6.57082217
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/B = 0.35: Plasticizer % v/s Viscosity of Paste

4.5
VISCOSITY OF PASTE(in pascal-seconds)
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.35: Diameter of spread v/s Yield Stress

35
DIAMETER OF SPREAD(in cms)
30
25
20
15
10
0
2292.607 96.239 38.050 6.509
YIELD STRESS(in pascals))
TRIAL 1


35
30
25
20
15
10
0
2077.781 90.616 38.296 6.571
TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.35: Time of spread v/s Yield Stess

8
6
TIME OF SPREAD(s)
0
2292.607 96.239 38.050 6.509
TRIAL 1


8
6
TIME OF SPREAD(s)
0
2077.781 90.616 38.296 6.571
TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.35:Diameter of spread v/s Viscosity

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
4.046 0.539 0.713 0.269
VISCOSITY(in pascals-seconds)
TRIAL 1


35
30
25
20
15
10
0
3.667 0.508 0.717 0.271
TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.35: Time of spread v/s Viscosity

8
6
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
0
4.046 0.539 0.713 0.269
VISCOSITY(in pascals seconds)
TRIAL 1


8.00
7.00
6.00
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
3.667 0.508 0.717 0.271
TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.35: Yield stress v/s Viscosity

2500 2292.606818
2000
1500
1000 y = 8815.9e-1.852x
R² = 0.9466
500
96.23932207 38.04960984 6.50853487
0
4.046405182 0.539380017 0.712754804 0.268689437
TRIAL 1 Expon. (TRIAL 1)


2500
2077.780711
2000
1500
1000 y = 7716e-1.813x
R² = 0.9441
500
90.61594897 38.29589852 6.57082217
0
3.667241399 0.507863429 0.717368345 0.27126082

Case II - Water cement ratio = 0.40
Trial 1
(%) (gm/cc)
0 2.099 14.4 15.5 15 15.1 15 403.8708224 0.698 1.023481

0.3 2.043 21.2 20.8 19.9 20.4 20.575 64.39144941 0.929 0.258525
0.4
0.5 2.018 31.6 30.5 31.5 31.3 31.225 5.705234194 7.523 0.264052
0.8 2.008 40.5 41 41.2 40.92 40.905 1.188260956 29.701 0.223920
Trial 2
(%) (gm/cc)
0 2.12 14.9 15.8 14.9 14.8 15.1 388.5765876 0.7 0.989705

0.3 2.046 20.8 20.1 20.5 20.7 20.525 65.3081679 0.898 0.249228
0.4
0.5 2.017 31.7 30.6 31.3 31.5 31.275 5.652444075 8.1 0.282515
0.8 2.010 40.8 41.5 41.3 40.1 40.925 1.184891042 30.1 0.226315

W/B = 0.40: Plasticizer % v/s Diameter of spread

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 15 20.575 31.225 40.905
TRIAL 2 15.1 20.525 31.275 40.925
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/B = 0.40: Plasticizer % v/s Density of paste

2.14
2.12
2.1
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.02
2
1.98
1.96
1.94
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 2.099 2.043 2.018 2.008
TRIAL 2 2.12 2.046 2.017 2.010
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/B = 0.40: Plasticizer % v/s Time of Max Spread

35
30
25
20
15
10
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/B = 0.40: Plasticizer % v/s Yield Stress

450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/B = 0.40: Plasticizer % v/s Viscosity of Paste

1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2


45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
403.871 64.391 5.705 1.188
TRIAL 1

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
388.577 65.308 5.652 1.185
TRIAL 2


35
30
TIME OF SPREAD(s)
25
20
15
10
0
110.458 45.710 3.792 0.786
TRIAL 1

35
30
TIME OF SPREAD(s)
25
20
15
10
0
388.577 65.308 5.652 1.185
TRIAL 2


45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1.023 0.259 0.264 0.224
TRIAL 1

45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.990 0.249 0.283 0.226
TRIAL 2


35
30
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
25
20
15
10
0
1.023 0.259 0.264 0.224
TRIAL 1

35.00
30.00
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.990 0.249 0.283 0.226
TRIAL 2


450 403.8708224
400
350
300
250
200
y = 2973e-1.991x
150 R² = 0.9939
100 64.39144941
50 5.705234194 1.188260956
0
1.023481361 0.258524586 0.264052102 0.223919947

450
388.5765876
400
350
300
250
200
y = 2884.8e-1.983x
150 R² = 0.9933
100 65.3081679
50 5.652444075 1.184891042
0
0.989704569 0.249227724 0.282514807 0.226315374

Case III - Water cement ratio = 0.45
Trial 1
(%) (gm/cc)
0 1.8618 18 19 20 18 18.75 110.4575238 0.735 0.306116

0.3 1.8426 22 22.7 21.4 21.2 21.825 45.70971227 0.860 0.163303
0.45
0.5 1.8265 33 34.2 33.4 33.4 33.5 3.791598693 6.56 0.152080
0.8 1.80882 43.5 44.1 43.9 44.2 43.925 0.785556288 25.87 0.128742
Trial 2
(%) (gm/cc)
0 1.8553 18.5 18.8 19.8 18.4 18.875 106.274594 0.71 0.277494

0.3 1.8382 23.4 23.2 22.8 22.3 22.925 34.3506851 0.890 0.129327
0.45
0.5 1.8324 33.6 34 33.8 34.4 33.95 3.508759327 7.81 0.168849
0.8 1.81618 44.2 44.5 46 44.6 44.825 0.69823202 26.24 0.116087

W/C = 0.45: Plasticizer % v/s Diameter of spread

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 18.75 21.825 33.5 43.925
TRIAL 2 18.875 22.925 33.95 44.825
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.45: Plasticizer % v/s Density of paste

1.87
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.8
1.79
1.78
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 1.861764706 1.842647059 1.826470588 1.809
TRIAL 2 1.855294118 1.838235294 1.832352941 1.816
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/C = 0.45: Plasticizer % v/s Time of Max Spread

30
25
20
15
10
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2
W/C = 0.45: Plasticizer % v/s Yield Stress

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

W/C = 0.45: Plasticizer % v/s Viscosity of Paste

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0% 0.30% 0.50% 0.80%
TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
110.458 45.710 3.792 0.786
TRIAL 1


50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
106.275 34.351 3.509 0.698
TRIAL 2

30
25
TIME OF SPREAD(s)
20
15
10
0
110.458 45.710 3.792 0.786
TRIAL 1


30
25
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
20
15
10
0
106.275 34.351 3.509 0.698
TRIAL 2

50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.306 0.163 0.152 0.129
TRIAL 1


50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0.277 0.129 0.169 0.116
TRIAL 2

30
25
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
20
15
10
0
0.306 0.163 0.152 0.129
TRIAL 1


30
25
TIME OF SPREAD(S)
20
15
10
0
0.277 0.129 0.169 0.116
TRIAL 2

160
140
120 110.4575238
100
80
60 y = 842.58e-1.733x
45.70971227
R² = 0.9717
40
20 3.791598693 0.785556288
0
0.306116459 0.163302518 0.152079507 0.128742228


140
120 106.274594
100
80
60
y = 745.41e-1.736x
34.3506851 R² = 0.9853
40
20
3.508759327 0.69823202
0
0.277493592 0.129326894 0.168848867 0.116086938

CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
5.1. CONCLUSION :
• Experimental results are as per show conclusive relation between water cement ratio,
percentage of plasticizer and other fluid properties of paste.
• General trend of results show that with increase in percentage of plasticizer density of
paste decreases.
• With the help of experimental data and relationship results from ACI technical paper
105-M63 by S P Shah[8] it can be concluded that diameter of spread of flow of cement
paste increases with increase in percentage of plasticizer as well as time taken by paste to
reach the maximum spread also increase with increase in percentage of plasticizer.
• Available results shows that yield stress(τ0) is maximum for minimum percentage of
plasticizer and decreses exponentially from maximum to minimum with increase in
percentage of plastizer.
• However time of maximum spread in seconds is minimum with lowest plasticizer

percentage and increases to high values with increase in diameter of spread and plasticizer
percentage.
5.2. FUTURE SCOPE OF STUDY :
• This study relates the rheological properties of cement paste, since cement paste is one of
the main constituent of concrete hence this study can also applied for concrete.
• With rheological properties of concrete, these properties will be very useful in classifying
the property of self compacting concrete
• With rheological properties, it becomes more convenient to certain the amount of pressure
required for pumping concrete.

ANNEXURE A : PICTURE

REFERENCES
[1] Concrete Technology: Theory and Practice,M S shetty , S chand 2008 edition
[2] Metha, P.K. and Paulo J. M. Monteiro, Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and
Materials, McGraw-Hill Education, 4th edition, 2013.
[3] Tattersall, G H and Banfill, P F G (2006) “The rheology of fresh concrete”, Pitman,
London page 61-130
[4] Banfill, P F G, (1987) “Feasibility study of a coaxial cylinders viscometer for mortar”,
Cement and Concrete Research, 17, page 329-33. Banfill, P F G,(1991) “The rheology of
fresh mortar”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 43, page13-21. Banfill, P F G (1994),
“Rheological methods for assessing the flow properties of mortar and related materials”,
[5] Measuring rheological properties of cement paste : Most common techniques ,

procedure and challenges; Dmitri Feys, Rolands Cepuritis, Stefan Jacobsen , Karel Lesage
, Egor Secrieru, Ammar Yahia.
[6] A generalized approach for the determination of yield stress by slump and slump flow;
by Aaron W Saak.,Hamlin M Jennings, Surendra P shah; cement and concrete research
34(2004) 363-371.
[8] ACI MATERIALS Journal Technical Paper Title no. 105-M63 “identifying viscosity
of cement paste from Mini Slump – Flow Test “ by Nathan Tregger , Liberato Ferrara , and
Surendra P Shah.
[9] Murata, J., and Kikukawa, H., “Viscosity Equations for Fresh Concrete,”ACI Materials
Journal, V. 89, No. 3, May-June 1992, pp. 230-237.
[10] Roussel, N.; Stefani, C.; and Leroy, R., “From Mini-Cone Test toAbrams Cone Test:
Measurement of Cement-Based Materials Yield StressUsing Slump Flow,” Cement and
Concrete Research, V. 35, 2005, pp. 817-822.
[11] Saak, A. W., “Characterization and Modeling of the Rheology of Cement Paste: With
Applications toward Self-Flowing Materials,” PhDthesis, Northwestern University,
Evanston, IL, 2000.




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Department of Civil Engineering ,Madan Mohan Malviya University of Technology 1

Master of Technology thesis Work

1.1 a) NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:

SHEAR STRESS( ζ ) = COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY( և)X SHEAR STRAIN RATE(),

1.1.b. NON - NEWTONIAN FLUIDS:

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.2 BASIC STUDY OF RHEOLOGY:

1.2.a. INITIATION OF FLOW :

1.2.b.-RESISTANCE TO FLOW WHICH IS PLASTIC FLOW KNOWN AS

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.2.c.WHY TO STUDY RHEOLOGY OF CEMENT PASTE AND MORTAR:

However workability is generally is used to measure but it only gives consistency or

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.3. COMMON TECHNIQUES AND TESTING METHODS OF RHEOLOGY OF

Basic two geometries are used by rheologists ,they are :

1.3.a. CONCENTRIC CYLINDER GEOMETRY:

Figure 2: Elevation and side view of concentric type rheometer

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.3.b. PARALLEL PLATE GEOMETRY:

Figure 3: parallel plate viscometer

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.4. SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY:

2. Study of variation of rheological parameters of cement paste according to various

3. Study of variation of rheological parameters of cement paste according to various

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

1.5. ORGANISATION OF THEISIS:

The dissertation is presented in the chapters.

Chapter 1 includes brief introduction of thesis.

Chapter 2 includes literature review of thesis.

Chapter 3 includes research methodology adopted for thesis..

Chapter 4 includes result & discussions

Chapter 5 includes conclusions and future scope of work..

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

Figure 4: some types of digital rheometers

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

Figure 5: slump test of concrete and direction of forces

Figure 6: slump flow tests of concrete

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

Figure 7: mini slump apparatus used

τ0 – yield stress; Df - diameter of spread ; ρ – density of fluid ;g – gravity acceleration ;

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

3.1. MATERIALS USED:

1) Ultra tech Portland pozzolona cement with fly ash (30%)

3) Water confirming Ph between 6.5 to 7.

CEMENT FINE AGGREGATE

3.2. BASIC APPARATUS USED FOR WORK:

1) Mini slump cone:

Top Diameter:70mm;Bottom Diameter :100mm; Height:50mm

2) Dry glass plate.

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

3.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM:

yield stress(τ0in pascals )and diameter of spread(Df in cm)

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

3.4. MATERIAL TESTING RESULTS :

SOURCE ULTRATECH PORTLAND POZZOLONACEMENT(FLYASH=25%)

TYPE OF TESTS FINENESS STANDARD SETTING TIME COMPRESSIVE(MPa)

VALUES 9.0% 33.0% 35 36

SOURCE SON RIVER

TYPE OF TESTS FINENESS ZONE OF GRADATION SPECIFIC GRAVITY

VALUES 2.20 ZONE III 2. 66

Study of rheology of cement paste and mortar

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS