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A TRAINING REPORT AT

ASSAM GAS BASED POWER PLANT, BOKULONI, ASSAM


SUBMITTED BY :-
1. SOUBAM BIPIN LUWANG [ENROL. NO. :-10UEC024]

2. DHARMENDRA KUMAR YADAV [ENROL. NO. :-10UEE006]

3. RAIPING TANGVAH [ENROL. NO. :-10UEE014]

4. KAPUIPII PAUL [ENROL. NO. :-10UEE008]

5. MD. W. SHAH [ENROL. NO. :-10UEE011]

6th SEMESTER

B.TECH (ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANIPUR


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the students of Electrical & Electronics Engineering branch,


National Institute of Technology, Manipur are extremely grateful to Mr.
Diganta Goswami & Mr. Dibyajyoti Das, (PEM) for their valuable
guidance during the course of our industrial training and in the preparation
of the report based on the project. We are also thankful to all those
technicians and workmen who shared their knowledge and technical
expertise with us. Their efforts have helped us to understand the working
principle of a power plant. This report deals with the intricate working of
the plant and technical specifications of various equipments of a power
plant.

6th semester students


B.Tech (EEE)
NIT, MANIPUR
CONTENTS

PLANT ELECTRICAL MAINTAINANCE

 Introduction
 Working of the plant
 Study of electrical division of AGBPP
 Generation units
 Gas Turbine Generator (GTG)
 Steam Turbine Generator (STG)
 Transformers
 Switchyard
 Protection and Maintenance Systems
 Gas Booster Station
 Auxiliaries
 Working of DC System
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
The gas booster station at the ASSAM GAS BASED POWER PLANT (AGBPP), Bokulani,
Dibrugarh in Assam is an integral component of the generation facilities which pressurize and
supplies fuel gas to the turbine generators. The gas is supplied by messres OIL INDIA LIMITED
from their oil fields and transported to the power station by messress ASSAM GAS COMPANY
through a 22/20 inch pipeline approximately 7.5 kms long. The agreed supplied gas pressure by
messres OIL INDIA LTD. was to be at 5.5 kg/cm2 +/-10% and was to be dry and contain no
impurities.

Subsequent to construction of the pipeline messres ASSAM GAS COMPANY carried out all
the necessary cleaning procedures and prepared to supply the project gas on the 15 th of March 1995
as scheduled.

Preliminary trials ran under local control were carried out on the gas boosters unit as follows:

Unit number 1: 11th July 1995

Unit number 2: 3rd March 1995

Unit number 3: 10th March 1995

Unit number 4: 13th March 1995

Unit number 5: 2nd March 1996

Unit number 6: 15th October 1996

The gas boosters station consists of 4 nos. of AT25GL gas engines manufactured at
WAUKESHA of USA which individually drive 4 nos. of reciprocating compressors manufactured by
messres DRESSER RAND, USA. The station has its own master control room. Each compressor has
the capability to drive the gas turbines with 4 compressors being able to run 6 gas turbines.

PROJECT OUTLINE

LOCATION:

District and State: Location number 3, Bokulani village, Dibrugarh district, Assam.
Height from main sea level: 123.73 metres.
FEATURES:
1) Requirement and source fuel gas: 1.4 MM SCMD +/-15% from OIL.
2) Requirement and source of water: 1600 cubic metre/hr from river Burhidihing.
3) UNIT size:
a) Requirement Unit size: 4 gas turbine generator(GTG) from MHI of capacity 33.6
MW
b) 2 GTG from BHEL of capacity 35.01MW
c) 3 STG
4) Steam parameters of waste heat recovery boilers(WHRB):
45.5 ATA, 473 degrees, 60T/ hr
5) Water conductor length: 20-86 kms
6) Total installed capacity: 291MW
FUEL SYSTEM:
1) Type: Natural gas
2) Source: OIL at oil take-off tube located 7kms away from the project.

View of AGBPP

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AGBPP


WORKING OF THE PLANT
The AGBPP is a combined cycle plant which uses both gas and steam turbines for the
generation of power. It has 3 modules each consists of 2 GTGs and 1 STG thus, increasing the
overall plant efficiency and reducing energy wastage. The water required for the boiler is
demineralized in the demineralization plant(DM plant). The water from DM plant is pumped through
the boiler feed pump(BFP). A voltage output of 11kV is obtained from the generator terminal and this
is fed to the generator transformer via bus duct where it is stepped up to 220 kV to provide HV
transmission to reduce the transmission loss.

The station transformers step down the 220kV to 6.6 kV which is used to run the several
auxiliary motors like BFP, CWP etc. The 6.6kV is further stepped down to 415V by 2MVA
transformers and this voltage is supplied to various distribution boards.

The gas required to run the GTGs is available at 2kg/cm2 from OIL which is boosted upto 21
kg/cm2 in the Gas Booster Station.

GENERATOR RATINGS

GENERATOR UNIT RATING MAKER MODULE OUTPUT

Gas turbine 1 33.6MW MHI

Gas turbine 2 33.6MW MHI 97.20 MW

Steam turbine 1 30.0MW BHEL

Gas turbine 3 33.6MW MHI

Gas turbine 4 33.6MW MHI 97 .20MW

Steam turbine 2 30.0MW BHEL

ELECTRICAL DIVISION OF AGBPP


The electrtical division of the AGBPP can be broadly classified into five units:

 Generation unit
 Transformers
 Switchyard
 Auxiliary unit
 Protection System

SCHEMATIC LAYOUT:

GENERATION UNITS
 GAS TURBINE GENERATOR(GTG):

A gas turbine is a rotary machine, similar in principle to a steam turbine. It consists of three main
components - a compressor, a combustion chamber and a turbine. The air after being compressed into
the compressor is heated either by directly burning fuel in it or by burning fuel externally in a heat
exchanger. The heated air with or without products of combustion is expanded in a turbine resulting
in work output, a substantial part, about two-thirds, of which is used to drive the shaft of the
compressor. The rest, about one-third, is available as useful work output. The efficiency is about 30
-35%.

CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF GTG

A gas turbine extracts energy from a flow of hot gas produced by combustion of gas or fuel
oil in a stream of compressed air. It has an upstream air compressor (radial or axial flow)
mechanically coupled to a downstream turbine and a combustion chamber in between. "Gas turbine"
may also refer to just the turbine element.

Energy is released when compressed air is mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustor. The
resulting gases are directed over the turbine's blades, spinning the turbine, and mechanically
powering the compressor. Finally, the gases are passed through a nozzle, generating additional thrust
by accelerating the hot exhaust gases by expansion back to atmospheric pressure.

Energy is extracted in the form of shaft power, compressed air and thrust, in any combination,
and is used to power aircraft, trains, ships, electrical generators, and even tanks.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:

 DIESEL STARTER:

The starting diesel motor is first made to run with the help of a starter and then by pushing
the START button in the LCR. A solenoid valve is energized ( 0% or 100%) which allows the
fuel to flow into the starting diesel motor. This fuel on burning produces the required mechanical
torque to rotate the main shaft. Further rotational acceleration of the shaft is obtained by the
gradual burning of the inflowing fuel. The starting diesel motor shaft and the rest of the machine
shaft are mechanically coupled by using a hydraulic coupling torque converter.The torque
converter is a system which amplifies and transmits the torque of the starting diesel motor to the
turbine side. It consists of an impeller and a guide wheel. There is also an auxiliary pump (AOP)
which is connected to the torque converter through a solenoid valve which when opened releases
oil that the surrounds the impeller. The impeller mounted on the starting diesel motor side shaft
rotates and provides kinetic energy to the oil. The kinetic energy is transmitted to the guide wheel
in the form of centrifugal force, thus rotating it. The torque produced on the turbine side shaft due
to the rotation of the guide wheel which rotates the turbine. The turbine used here is a 3 stage
turbine. On reaching 20% of the rated speed a certain amount of time called the PURGING time
is allowed during which the unburnt fuel in the combustion chamber is burnt or exhausted. After
the purging period, air is forced into the compressor through inlet guide vent and gas to the
ignition chamber.

 COMPRESSOR:

The compressor is a 17 stage chamber for BHEL GTs and 18 stage chamber for MHI GTs .
It compresses the air step by step in different stages. The initial air at atmospheric pressure is
obtained through the air filters. The high pressure air coming out of the compressor is forced into
the ignition chamber.

 COMBUSTION CHAMBER:

There are 10 combustion chambers located in a circular manner. Each combustion chamber has a
liner inside and a nozzle is located at one end of each chamber through which 21kg/m2 natural
gas is forced inside. Compressed air enters into the liner from all sides through the holes situated
on the body. Here the high pressure air from the compressor is burnt with the fuel(gas) obtained
from the GBS with the help of two spark ignition plugs inside the combustion chamber. The
necessary thermal energy for the continuation of turbine rotation is thereby produced. However,
if the air or fuel mixture flame is not produced within 6secs, the machine as a whole trips. After
the firing has occurred, a warm up time of 60secs is allowed for the machine.

 TURBINE:

The turbine is used to rotate the generator rotor which is connected to the same shaft as
that of the turbine. The fuel-air mixture from the combustion chamber exerts pressure on the
turbine blades which consists of three stages and generates enough torque to rotate the shaft. The
exhaust air coming out from the low pressure side of the turbine is propelled to the Waste heat
Recovery Boiler(WHRB).

Meanwhile the starting diesel motor continues to give motion to the shaft which in addition
to the motion due to the air fuel mixture provides the necessary acceleration to the shaft. After
reaching 70% of the rated speed, the starting diesel is cut off by de-energising the solenoid valve.
The rotation of the shaft is continued by the air-fuel mixture to 100% of the rated speed (5100
rpm).

Gas Turbine

 LOAD REDUCTION GEAR:

The maximum speed of the generator is only 3000rpm which is much less than the turbine
speed. Hence, the reduction of speed is done by the reduction gear which reduces the turbine
speed to 3000rpm to suit the generator.

 EXCITATION SYSTEM:

Magnetic flux is generated in the rotor by means of dc excitation. The DC required for
excitation is obtained by an arrangement called Brush less excitation system. The basic
components of a brush less excitation system are:

1. AC exciter

2. Rotating Rectifier

3. Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG)

4. Electronic Voltage Regulator.


AC Exciter Rotor

AC Exciter is an AC generator with a rotating armature. The stator of the exciter is fed with
3ph AC which comes from the Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) via AVR (Automatic Voltage
Regulator) . The armature is rotated by the common shaft of the main generator. The revolving flux
generated by the stator links the rotating armature and emf is generated in the armature windings
which is further fed into the rotating rectifier wheel.

Name plate details of AC exciter:


Rotating rectifier is a wheel like arrangement comprising of 3ph full wave bridge rectifier
circuit.The rectifier uses sillicon diodes.It rectifies the ac o/p of the AC exciter into DC and the DC
obtained is fed into the rotor field windings of the main generator by radial and axial leads.

Circuit diagram of 3ph bridge rectifier


Rotating Rectifier

Permanent Magnet Generator is a salient pole rotor type AC generator with permanent magnet
poles at the rotor, the rotor being coupled to the common shaft of the main generator.When the shaft
rotates the flux generated by the permanent magnet poles cut the sator windings and 3ph emf is
induced at the stator which is further fed into the stator field windings of the AC exciter via AVR.The
PMG is also known as the Pilot Exciter.

Name Plate Details of PMG:


Block diagram showing the operation of PMG & AC exciter

Permanent Magnet Generator

Electronic Voltage Regulator has two units viz. Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR) and
Manual Voltage Regulator(MVR).A generation unit always has both AVR and MVR. Whenever the
AVR fails the system automatically switches over to MVR which is manually operated.The need of
an electronic votage regulator arises because with variation in load the o/p of a generator gets
affected. Hence, in oder to regulate the o/p we make use of voltage regulating units.

Automatic Voltage Regulator


Generation unit of a Gas Turbine Power Plant

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF GTG:

Mitsubishi Generators:

BHEL Generators:
 COOLING SYSTEM OF THE GENERATOR:

The heat losses arising in the generator interior part are dissipated to the secondary
coolant through air. Cooling fans are required to cool the water which in turn cools the air inside
the generator. Direct cooling of the rotor essentially eliminates the hot spots and differential
temperature between adjacent components which would result in mechanical stresses particularly
to the Cu conductors, insulators and the rotor body. Indirect cooling is used for cooling the stator.

Cooling fan
 STEAM TURBINE GENERATORS:
Steam Turbine Generators uses steam as its medium for generation of voltages. Here the
exhaust gas from Gas turbine goes to the boiler, where it is used to heat the water in the boiler. The
water used in the boiler is first demineralised in the DM water treatment plant so as to prevent the
formation of scales in the pipelines. Then this water is sent to the boiler drum by the boiler feed
pump(BFP).

In the generator, 11KV output is obtained which through the bus duct is fed to the generator
transformer where it is stepped up to 220 KV and then fed to the switchyard

 WASTE HEAT RECOVERY BOILER(WHRB):

Steam is produced by heating the DM water in the WHRB by the hot exhaust gases from the
GT. WHRB has three parts:

1) Economiser.

2) Evaporator.

3) Superheater.

The steam first enters the economizer where it is preheated and then it goes to the
evaporator where water is converted to steam. Then the steam enters the super heater where its
temperature is made 473 degree at a pressure 4119 kg/cm^2. The dryness fraction of the steam is as
high as 99%. This superheated steam then comes out of the WHRB at a rate of 110 ton/hr.

Waste heat recovery Boilers


 TURBINE:

The superheated steam from the WHRB is then pushed into the steam turbine where it is used
to rotate the blades of the turbine. The shaft of the turbine is connected to the generator. Thus when
the shaft rotates, it provides the torque to the generator. On the other side of the generator, an exciter
is connected which provides the required excitation to the generator. The operation of the generator is
same as that of the GTG.

Steam Turbine

 CONDENSER:

The remaining steam from the steam turbine is taken out and it goes to the condenser where
clarified water from the cooling tower is used to condense the steam. The condensed steam is then
pumped out with the help of CEP(Condensate extraction pump). EJECT is connected to the CET
which is used to maintain the vacuums in the steam turbine. To EJECT, a gland steam condenser
(GSC) is connected so that steam follows its path and does not come out of the turbine, which is
further connected to the deaerator.
Condenser

 DEAERATOR:

In the deaerator, unwanted gases (mainly oxygen) are removed from the condensed steam.
Then with the help of BFP, this is fed to the boiler and the process is repeated. The deaerator is
situated at the highest level of the plant so that if the BFP trips , the deaerated steam is passed on to
the boiler because of its high specific gravity as compared to air.

Deaerator

 BOILER FEED PUMP:

It is mainly used to pump the steam from the deaerator to the WHRB.
 COOLING SYSTEM:

The system includes cooling fans, radiators in eight cooling towers. It is a closed system.
The water used to condense the steam in the condenser gets heated up in the process (about 10
degrees). This heated water is then passed to the cooling towers where the water is cooled with
the help of fans with large blades and radiators where the temperature is brought down to the
same level as that used to condense the steam.

The water drops fall from a height of 8 to 10 metres to the bottom of the cooling towers.
The splitting of water into small droplets, the draught provided by the tower and the large
evaporating surface help to cool the water very quickly practically during the time when it is
descending.Water from the base of the cooling tower(the mouth open cemented tower) is pumped
to the condenser and the cycle is repeated.

Cooling Towers

Cooling Fan
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE COMBINED CYCLE:
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF THE STEAM TURBINE:

Exciter BL exciter

DC Generator type-ELR44/22 30/6-3 minimum-210V, 706A, 149KW continuous

Speed 3000 rpm

Excitation 8KVA, 220V, 26A

Range 0-2.5 kg/cm2

Turbine BHEL

Output 3MW

Temperature Range 0-120 degree

Power factor 0.8

Frequency 50 Hz

Insulation type class B

Reactive power 44625KVA

Phase 3

STATOR

Volts 11KV

Winding Star / Y connected

AMP 2392

Coolant Air

ROTOR

Volts 191

AMP 642
SYNCHRONISATION OF GENERATORS:

SYNCHRONISING DEVICE:

To connect a synchronizing generator to a system already in operation the voltage of


the system must be same at all instants. Two voltmeters indicate whether the frequency is same or
not, two frequency meters indicate whether the frequency is same or not. Besides another important
device is synchroscope.

SYNCHROSCOPE:

The synchroscope is nothing but a simple motor whose field is energized from the bus
bar and the stator is connected from the generator. There is a pointer which is connected to the rotor
shaft. When the frequency of the incoming alternator is more than the bus bar frequency then the
pointer moves towards anticlockwise direction. And when the frequency of the generated voltage is
more, then the shaft rotates in the clockwise direction. When the pointer points towards 12’O clock
then frequency of the generated voltage is same as the bus bar frequency. Under this condition the
generator is safely connected to the bus bar.

SYNCHRONISING CHECK RELAY:

It recognizes the condition of synchronism between two systems and provides a


contact closer for manual synchronization. The relay is connected in series with the breaker control
switch to prevent the faulty synchronizing operation.

AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZER:

It is used to synchronize automatically the generator and system voltage and to close
the circuit breaker automatically that ties the generator with the system
TRANSFORMERS

The Transformer unit consists of 9 generator transformers, 2 station transformers, 6 unit


Auxiliary Transformers and 10 Auxiliary Distribution Transformers.

GENERATOR TRANSFORMER:
The generator transformers are 11kV/220 kV step up transformers which are used to step up
the generated 11KV to 22K V. The LV side of the transformer is connected to the BUS duct of the
generator and the HV side is fed into the grid. The LV side is delta connected and the HV side is star
connected. The name plate details of the generator transformer is as tabulated below:

Name Plate Details:


Capacity----------50 MVA

Ratio: -------------11/220KV

Vector group---------- dYn11

Oil capacity-----------30000lt

Cooling--------------ONAF

Generator
Transformer
COMPONENTS OF THE TRANSFORMER:

Core and windings:

The core of the transformer is made up of thin laminated(insulated) metal sheets of soft iron
pressed together. The 3ph primary and secondary is wound over the core. The generator transformers
used in AGBP are delta connected at the LV side and star connected at the HV side.

Conservator:

The conservator is a tank containing the oil used for cooling and proper insulation of the core.
A level gauge is attached with the conservator to indicate the oil level.

Radiator:

The radiators are made up of metal sheets projected out side the transformer enclosure to
release the heat generated inside the core to the atmosphere.

Cooling fans:

These are situated below the radiators for forced air cooling of the oil passing through it and
thereby cool the transformer windings.

Sillica Gel Dehydrating Breather:

The breather is a container containing sillica gel in it. The purpose of a breather is to remove
the moisture from the cooling oil and the core.

Bushings:

Bushings are the insulated leads via which the output of the transformer is taken. They are
made up of ceramic ,porcelain or epoxy insulating materials. They penetrate inside the enclosure of
the transformer and are connected to the R,Y and B phases.
Buchholz Relay:

Buchholz relay is a protecting relay mounted at the top of the transformer enclosure. A
buchholz relay can detect the rise in gaseous pressure inside the core. Whenever some electrical fault
occurs in the core of the transformer the temperature rises in the core and consequently the gas
pressure rises, which is detected by the relay .

Lightning arrestor:

Lightning arrestors are connected to each of the phases coming out of the trasformer. Whenever
lightning occurs the lightning arrestors act as low resistance path and high voltage charge available in
the conductors due to lighting is grounded . Thus it protects the transformer windings from the high
current produced due to lightning.

Bus ducts:

The voltage generated by the generator is transmitted through the bus ducts to the
generator transformer. Bus ducts are used because the voltage is to be transmitted is very high and as
such bar conductors cannot be used for this purpose. There are three such ducts from each generator
to the transformer, one for each phase. There are two types of ducts, isolated and segregated. In
isolated type each phase is taken out separately through three different phases. In the segregated type,
all the three phases are taken out through a single pipe.

STATION TRANSFORMERS:
Station transformers are 220kV/6.6kV step down transformers. The HV side of the
transformer is connected to the grid and the LV side is connected to the 6.6kV panel. Here the LV
side is delta conected and the HV side is star connected.

Name Plate Details:


Capacity--------15MVA

Ratio------------220/6.6KV

Cooling---------ONAN

Vector group---Ynlld
Station Transformer

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS:


The Unit Auxiliary transfromers are 11kV/415V step down transformers. They are directly
connected to the bus duct of each GTG unit. The 415 V o/p of these transformers is utilised to run the
own auxiliaries of each unit.

Name Plate Details:


Capacity--------500kVA

Ratio------------11kV/415V

Cooling---------ONAN

Vector group---Dynll
Unit Auxiliary Transformer

AUXILARY DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS:


The Auxiliary Distribution Transformers are 6.6kV/415 V step down transformers.The HV
side is connected to the 6.6 kV panel and the o/p from the LV side is fed to the 415 V panel to run the
415 V auxiliary drives.

Name Plate Details:


Capacity--------2000kVA

Ratio------------6.6kV/415V

Cooling---------ONAN

vector group---Dynll
Auxiliary Distribution Transformer
SWITCHYARD

Single line diagram of switchyard

Switchyard is that part of the power plant where the power generated by the plant is
transmitted to various other receiving stations through transmission lines. In this plant, 220KV is
generated and delivered to the switchyard buses, which is further synchronized and transmitted
through various control signals. The main parts of the switchyard are- switching, protection and
metering equipments such as circuit breakers, isolators, CT, PT, buses etc. It has 16 bays, 9 generator
bays, 2 Station Transformer bays, 4 line bays, 1 bus-coupler bay. The 220KV voltages from the
generator transformer are fed to the 3-phases of the switchyard. Each phase is first connected with an
isolator by a JACK BUS(16.5m from the gravel level) and to the CT. The CT is further connected to
the circuit breaker. The CB is connected through 2 isolators to the two buses. By closing any one of
these isolators, the power can be supplied to that particular bus. The bus coupler bay is used to take
load from anyone of the two buses as required by the station. The bus coupler bay consists of PT,
isolators, CB etc. The primary of the station transformer is connected to the isolator of the bay and
takes load through the isolator.

The brief explanation of the 220KV switchyard of Assam Gas Based Power Plant is given
below-

SITE DATA:-

Ambient temperature-

Max 45 degree

Min 4.4 degree

Design temperature 45 degree

Max.Relative humidity 87%

Average rainfall per annum 2759.4mm

Max. Height above MSL 123.7mm

Max. Wind speed 3.4km/hr

Seismic co-efficient zone no. Of frequency as per

25-1983/1975

Soil resistivity 670 ohm/metre

SYSTEM DATA:

Main system 220kv

Normal service voltage 220kv

Frequency 50Hz

LIWL(Lightning impulse withstand level)


except for transformers in kV peak 1050kv

LIWL for transformer kV peak 900 kv

Power frequency withstand

(1 min wet)in kv r.m.s 460

System fault level 31.5ka/min

Min.total creep age distance 6125mm

Min.line part to earth clearance 2082mm

Min.phase to phase clearance 2400mm

Min section clearance 4500mm

Min.ground clearance 2500mm

System earthing -effectively earth end

A. LVAC system:

415 volts,3-phase,4 wire,50 Hz,neutral efficiency earth end system.


Variation in voltage +/-10%

Variation in frequency +/-5%

Combined variation of voltage and frequency +/-10%

B. 220V dc 2 wire system normal voltage 220V

System nominal voltage 220V


Maximum service voltage 242V
Minimum service voltage 198V

SWITCHING SCHEME:

The main buses, bus1 and bus2 for 220kV are “TWIN ZEBRA” ACSR spanning 3 bays of
18m in each span of 54m. The last span is of 36m which has only 2 bays. There are total 14 bays of
which 6 are of gas turbine generators, 3 are of steam turbine generators, 2 are of station auxiliary
transformers, 1 coupler and 2 time feeders.

Sequence of the bays are as follows, stationary from the north end (GT 1)
Number:

i) Line II
ii) Line I
iii) Station auxiliary transformer I
iv) GTG 1
v) GTG 2
vi) GTG 3
vii) GTG 4
viii) GTG 5
ix) GTG 6
x) Station auxiliary transformer II
xi) Steam turbine generator (STG) 1
xii) Bus coupler
xiii) STG 2
xiv) STG 3

INSULATOR:

For 220kV tension and suspension strings, 16 nos. of disks have been used for single and twin
“ ZEBRA” ACSR to protect the flow of leakage voltage through the conductor support to the ground.

Insulators

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:

Breakers are used to break the circuit under loaded condition.They are mechanical devices
which breaks the circuit whenever some fault occurs in the circuit. The fault is detected by some
relay arrangement and the signal is sent to the breaker to break the circuit. For low voltage
applications we have air circuit breakers. But for high voltage applications we need to use vacuum
circuit breakers or breakers filled with fire extinguishing medium like SF6. The breakers used in the
AGBP switchyard is 220 kV SF6 type breaker.

Technical Data of the SF6 breaker :


Type designation-------3AVI

Number of poles---------3

Class------------------------outdoor

Rated voltage------------245kV

Rated insulation level: Class F

Impulse withstand voltage----kVp=1050

PF withstand voltage-----------460kV

Rated Frequency----------------50Hz

Rated normal current-----------2000A

Rated short circuit breaking current--40kA

SF6 Circuit Breaker

ISOLATORS:

They are mechanical devices which breaks or isolates the circuit under no load condition.
They are manually operated devices made into use whenever some repairing work is to be done.
Technical Data of the Isolator used in AGBP:

Standerd applicable-------IS:9921

Type of Installation----------Outdoor

Mounting-----------------------Horizontal upright

Type of operation mechanism---Motor, with manual handle for emergency operation

Number of poles--------------3

Rated voltage-----------------245kV

Rated Frequency-------------50Hz

Rated Continuous Current---1250A

Rated SC Current---------------80kA

Isolator

EARTHING SWITCHES:

Earthing Switches are used to ground the charges available in any conductor when some
repairing work is to be done. After isolating the conductor from the power source the earthing
switch is closed and the repairing work is done.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER(CT):

Current transformers are used for both protection and metering purpose.The high current flowing
through 11kV or 220 kV conductors can't be directly measured by any Ammeter nor this can be fed
to any relay.That's why the high current is reduced to some lower value by using CTs.

Current Transformer(CT)

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER(PT):

Potential transformer is a step down transformer which steps down the high voltage to some
lower value so that it can be used for some metering and protection purposes as well as feeds into
relays
.

Potential transformer

AUTO RECLOSER:

Auto recloser is an automatic error detection and protecting device. Sometimes there occurs
some momentary minor faults in the circuit. On detction of errors auto recloser breaks the circuit and
waits for a few seconds and automatically gets closed.If the problem persists then it recognises the
fault to be a major one and the breaker gets permanently opened.In this case manual repairing work
is required.

LIGHTNING ARRESTER:

For protecting the transformer high voltage winding, line and bus bars, 216kV surge arresters
have been provided. It consists of a spark gap in series with a non linear resistor. One end of the
diverter is connected to the terminal of the equipment to be protected and the other end is effectively
grounded. The length of the gap is so set that the normal line voltage is not enough to cause an arc
across the gap but a dangerously high voltage will break down the air insulation and form an arc. The
property of the non linear resistance is that its resistance decreases as the voltage or current increases
and vice versa.Thus, during lightning when overvoltage occurs in the line, this overvoltage is
sufficient to cause the breakdown of the insulator string and it directly flows to the earth.
Lightning Arrester

WAVE TRAP:

Wave trap or line trap is a device used to exclude unwanted frequency components such as
noise or other interference of a wave. A wave trap traps the high frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/teleprotection panel in
the substation control room(through coupling capacitor and LMU).

This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication(PLCC) systems for communication


among various substations. The signals are primarily teleprotection, voice and data communication
signals. The wave trap offers high impedence to the high frequency communication signals and thus
obstructs the flow of these signals into the substation busbars.
Wave Trap

CAPACITIVE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER(CVT):

Capacitive Voltage Transformers are used to measure potential apart from being used for
PLCC. They can block the low frequency current and only allow the high frequency current to pass
through as capacitance acts as a high impedence for low frequency currents and vice versa. It is in
kHz range.

Technical Specification:

1) Name of manufacturer: BHEL

2) Type and model: Outdoor

3) No of secondary windings: 3

4) Rated voltage: 220/√3 kV

5) Capacitance:

a) Primary capacitance C1 7334 PF

b) Intermediate capacitance C2 66000 PF

c) Equivalent capacitance Cn 6600 PF

6) Pass Band 40 to 500 kHz


7) Natural frequency of coupling capacitance >= 1MHz

8) No of secondary windings 3

9) Rated secondary voltages

a) Winding 1 110/√3 V

b) Winding 2 110/√3V

c) Winding 3 110/√3V

10) Rated secondary burden

a) Winding 1 200VA

b) Winding 2 200VA

c) Winding 3 100VA

11) Accuracy class of each secondary:-

a) Winding 1: 3P

b) Winding 2: 3P

c) Winding 3: 0.5

Capacitive Voltage transformer


SUBSTATION GROUNDING:

Substation grounding is provided by means of earth mat consisting of black mild steel rods of
40mm diameter buried in ground at a depth of 1000mm below finished surface of gravel. Substation
earthing mat is interconnected with power station earth mat at few locations by 40mm diameter rod.

The cable reaches in the main trenches and branch trenches are connected to the earth at the
few points where 40mm diameter rods have been used.

LIGHTNING MASTS:

Lightning masts are also used at places which are not protected by lightning arresters. These
are the tallest towers in the switchyard. They provide the shortest path for the lightning to strike thus
protecting the nearby equipments. There are in all 9 lightning masts in the switchyard.

GUARD WIRES:

They are connected to the topmost part of the transmission tower. They protect from
lightning and also the resulting travelling wave. The lightning is discharged to the ground through the
ground wires. They are constructed at a certain angle with the ground wire called the protective
angle;

CABLE RACK:

The cable rack consists of :

1) Power cables

2) Instrument cables

3) Control cables

4) Communication cables

They connect the switchyard with the main plant and CCR. They are arranged in stacks to avoid
interference.
Cable Rack

SWITCHYARD EQUIPMENT DETAILS:

Circuit Breaker---------------------245kV,Type 3AVI,BHEL

Isolator--------------------------------245kV,3pole, Horizontal uprightmounting,

centre break type.

Current Transformer---------------245kV,Turns ratio(150/1 for gen,50/1 for station;800/1 for lines)

Potential transformer--------------220kV,110V,2core ,BHEL

CVT------------------------------------220kV,/B/110V/3, 3core, BHEL

Lightning Arrestor------------------216kV, 10kA nominal discharge

Wave Trap----------------------------220kV
GRID
Grid is an inter connection of system catering to the demand for large block of power and it provides
increased reliability. It has many advantages:

1. Exchange of peak load:


If the load of a load curve of a power station shows a peak demand i.e. greater than the
rated capacity of the plant, then the excess load can be shared by other station interconnected
with it.
2. Reduced plant reserved capacity:
Every power station is required to have a standby unit for emergency. However, when
several power stations are connected in parallel, the reserved capacity of the system is much
reduced.
3. To increase the reliability of the system:
The continuous service of the system depending on the water power for a large part of
their generation is possible in times of water storage, because of the power obtained from the
other system through interconnection of the grid.
4. Ensures economical operation:
Sharing of load among the station is arranged in such a way that more efficiently station
works continuously throughout the year at a high load factor and a less efficient plant work
for peak load hour only.

Interconnection of grid my give problems. The grid can collapse in the event of overvoltage
and under frequency.

Overvoltage occurs when there is a lack of demand and as such there is excess of power on
the grid. these results in increasing the frequency of the voltage on the grid which trips the different
machines connected to it. Thus resulting in its collapse.

Under frequency condition, when there is excess of demand on the grid. The lack of power to
cater this demand result in decreased frequency of the voltage on the grid which trips the different
machines connected to it. Thus resulting in its collapse.

Again interconnection of grid increase the current when a short circuit occurs on the system
and requires the installation of breakers which able to interrupt a large current. The disturbance
caused by short circuit on a system may spread to interconnected system unless proper system must
have the same nominal frequency.

As well the synchronous generators of one system must remain in step with synchronous
generator of all the interconnected systems.

PROTECTION & MAINTENANCE SYSTEM


The protection system mainly involves the protection of:

 Generator
 Transformer
 Busbar
 Transmission Line

The primary protection device used for the protection of above articles is relay. A relay is an
electromechanical, static, numerical or digital device which detects the faults occuring in any
electrical device or network and sends a signal to take protective action.

Working of a relay:
An electromechanical relay basically has a coil which acts as an electromagnet and is used to
pull a metal plate(armature).Whenever some fault occurs in the system the coil gets energised and
pulls the metal plate towards it. The plate is connected to some contact points. With the movement of
the plate the contact changes their positions from N/O(Normally open) to N/C(Normally close) or
vice versa and the required signal is sent to the protection device like circuit breaker etc.

Working of a relay

The most common types of relays used are:

 Undervoltage and overvoltage detection relays


 Overcurrent detection relays
 Overfrequency and underfrequency detection relay
GENERATOR PROTECTION:
Generators are the vital parts of the power system.Therefore it is desirable and necessary to provide
protection to the generators for different types of faults.Some of the important faults which may
occur in a generator are:

1) Failure of prime mover.

2) Failure of field.

3) Overcurrent

4) Overspeed

5) Overvoltage

6) Unbalanced loading

7) Stator winding faults

Protection of generator involves:

 Generator undervoltage protection

 Overall differential protection

 Generator loss of field

 Stator earth fault protection

 Rotor earth fault protection

 Voltage balace relay protection

 Generator back up protection

 Under frequency protection

 Reverse power protection

 Negative Phase sequence protection

 Generator overload protection

 Generator Overcurrent protection


 Generator Overvoltage protection

 Generator Differential Protection

 Over fluxing protection

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:
Transformers are static devices, totally enclosed and generally oil immersed. Therefore
chances of faults occurring in them are very rare.

Common transformer faults are:

1) Opencircuit

2) Overheating

3) Winding short circuit(eg., earth faults, phase to phase faults and inter faults)

Transformer Protection system consists of the following relays:

 Differential relays : It provides protection against both earth and phase faults.

 Buchholz relay: It provides protection against all kinds of incipient faults i.e. slow
developing faults such as insulation failure of windings, core heating, fall of oil level due to
leaky joints etc.

 Pressure relieve valve: It releases the pressure when it increases beyond the set point.

 Winding temperature relay: In order to detect the winding temperature a CT is provided


along each winding of the transformer which measures the current through it and the
corresponding temperature is displayed by a meter which is controlled by means of the relay.
 Earth fault relay: It provides protection against earth faults only.

 Overcurrent relay: It provides protection mainly against phase to phase faults and
overloading.

Shown below is the Circuit diagram of the differential protection system of


generator and transformer:
Generator & Transformer Differential Protection

Relay Control Panel


BUSBAR PROTECTION:
Busbars in generating stations form important link between the incoming and outgoing circuits,
so a fault should be cleared as fast as possible. A bus bar must have its own protection against
external faults. The bus bar zone, for the purpose of protection, includes not only the bus bars
themselves but also the isolating switches, circuit breakers and associated connections. In the event
of fault on any section of the busbar, all the circuit equipments connected to that section must be
tripped out to give complete isolation.The most common fault is phase to ground which usually
results from human error.

The two most commonly used schemes for bus bar protection are :

1) Differential protection

2) Fault bus protection

The main relays used for this purpose are:

1) Transmission line tripping high speed relays

2) Bus coupler tripping high speed relays

3) GTG and STG transformer high speed tripping relays

4) Station transformer high speed tripping relays.

PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES:


The main protection for line used here is distance protection relay. The voltage element of the
relay is excited through a PT from the line to be protected. The current element of the relay is excited
through a CT in series with the line. The relay is so designed that it closes its contacts whenever
impedence of the protected section falls below the predetermined value. It also has an element called
DFL(Distance Fault Line) which can determine the fault location. Distance relay has 3 zones of
protection and for each zone there is a definite time of operation.

A. Zone1: 80% of the line: instant trip

B. Zone2: 100% of the line+20% of adjoining line: trip after 500ms

C. Zone3: 100% of the line+100% of the adjoining longer line: trip after 1000ms

Following are the relays used for the protection of transmission lines:
 Instantaneous overcurrent relays

 Directional Overcurrent relays

 Impedance rely

 Admittance relay

 Reactance relay

 Tripping relays

 Auxiliary relay for carrier healthy indication

 Fuse failure relay

 DC supply supervision relay

 Distance protection scheme.

TURBINE PROTECTION:

Protection of turbines mainly involves the protection against:

1) High vibration due to excess pressure(shaft vibration and casing vibration)

2) Overspeed

3) Underspeed

4) Differntial pressure

5) Turbine exhaust pressure

6) Lube oil level sensed by pressure switch


TRANSFORMER TESTS:
For proper maintenance of the transformer, following tests are performed:

1. Breakdown voltage tests:


A part of the oil is taken in the test kit where two electrodes are fitted with a voltage source.
For 60 KV voltage sparking should occur after one minute, which is a standard one.

2. Parts per millon tests:


It is a test for moisture content as with the increase with the moisture insulation of the oil
decreases, it should be less than 20 ppm .

3. Dissolved gas analysis:


We can determine fault from it as for incipient faults gases occur with CO.CO2 occurs. It
indicates insulation paper breakdown.

4. Insulation resistance test :

It is measured between LV and HV and earth and with an instrument called MEGGAR. It
should be greater than 12 mega ohm for 11 KV and 222mega ohm for 220KV

GAS BOOSTER STATION


It is the vital and integral installation of AGBPP, which pressurises gas received from OIL

India Ltd at 4 kg/cm2 to the required pressure of 21 kg/cm2 for injection into the gas turbine
combustor.

The main equipments in the GBS includes 4 nos. Of gas engines (2587 HP, Waukesha make)
driven gas compressors(27000m3/hr capacity, Dresser Rand make) each meeting 33 1/3 % of total
requirement for gas turbine units, inlet gas pressure control valves ,inlet scrubbers, fuel gas filters for
gas engines, filters separators, air compressors and emergency diesel generating set.

Gas booster units are heavy-duty reciprocating type and generation from the plant is directly
related to operating performance of the GBS units as outage of the units results in corresponding
outage of the gas turbines.

The gas obtained from AGCL at 4-6 kg/cm2 flows through the Pressure Control Valves(PCV)
located in the GBS which then enters the scrubber. The scrubber seperates the foreign particles and
makes the gas dry. 3.8 kg/cm2 gas flows though the main header where 2 tappings are provided to
each of the 4 sets of gas engines and compressors. This gas is required to run the gas engines which
in turn drives the compressors.

The 3.8 kg/cm2 gas is compressed to 9 kg/cm2 in the first stage and is sent for cooling.
Cooling is required as the gas heats up after being compressed. This gas is again compressed to 21
kg/cm2 in the Pulsating Drum- compressor piston system and it goes for further cooling. This gas is
then filtered and sent to the GTs. For 2 GTs one compressor is required.
Pulsating drum and compressor piston arrangement inside the GBS

Scrubber Filtering Unit


AUXILIARIES
Apart from the generators, trasformers, turbines etc we need many other auxiliary drives to run
the power plant. They include the various pumps,cooling fans, lights etc.All these accessories are run
by electricity.We need various motors to run the pumps.In AGBP there are different types of
motors ,some of which are 415 V and some are 6.6kV motors.The power supply required to run the
auxiliaries is tapped from the power generated in the plant itself.The power is tapped in two different
ways.

1)11kV Power tapped from the Bus duct and stepped down to 415V using the UAT(Unit Auxiliary
Transformer). This Power is utilised to run the individual auxiliaries of each GT unit.

2) Power tapped from the 220kV grid which is stepped down to 6.6kV using the Station
Transformer.This power is used to run all other auxiliaries in the plant.

Following are few of the main auxiliary drives:

1) Boiler Feed Pump(BFP) ----------------------------6.6kV,550kW,BHEL

2) Condensate Extraction Pump(CEP)-------------415V,75kW,KEC

3) CWP motor--------------------------------------------415V,9.3kW,CG

4) Auxiliary Oil Pump-----------------------------------415V,55kW.Mitshubishi

5) Lube Oil Tank Vapour Extractor-------------------415V,1.5kW,Mitshubishi\

6) Isolator Motors-----------------------------------------415V,0.75kW,REMI
WATER SYSTEM OF THE PLANT:
In the plant for storing of water a Raw Water Reservoir is present.

Raw water reservoir

AERATOR:

It is used for killing the germs and to separate mud from the water by using sunlight and also
by adding some chemicals. The water obtained from the aerator is known as clarified water in the
plant which is used for all cooling purposes. Water from the reservoir is aerated to convert the
ferrous salts to ferric salts.

Aerator

CLARIFLOCCULATOR:

The water from the aerator is transferred to the clariflocculator where alum is added to the
water to settle down the solid impurities by forming lumps.
Clariflocculator

DEMINERALISED (DM) WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

A DM plant is used for providing demineralised water for the boiler which is used to run the
steam turbine. The water from the clariflocculator enters the DM plant where it is demineralised to
remove the dissolved minerals which may cause formation of scales along the pipes. Then the water
without any minerals is obtained and stored in a large reservoir.

DM Water Reservoir
AIR COMPRESSOR:

An air compressor system is present in the plant to provide compressed air for pneumatic
valves used in the machines. Here air from atmosphere is taken and compressed, then cooled, and
dried and the processed air is stored in reservoirs at a pressure of 6.6 kg. Four units are present but
only two are used, other two being standby.
Air compressors are also present in the GBS in the standby mode in case the air compressor
system in the main building fails.

Air Compressor

Air Drier Air Reservoir


EFFLUENT TREATMENT PLANT:

The waste materials of the plant are drained to the effluent treatment plant, where they are
separated into water soluble and water insoluble products. The products that are hazardous to nature
are separated and stored whereas the eco-friendly products are released to the atmosphere.

WORKING OF DC SYSTEM
The DC system consists of one main float cum booster charger. Each charger is housed in an
individual cabinet. It has one set of 220 V, 700amp hr batteries i.e. 110 cells. Each charger has an ac
incoming switch and one voltmeter with selector switch. DC output of both the charger is connected
to the 110 cells battery through MCCB and float/ boost selector switch. A portion of the battery
voltage from the 84th cell of the battery is connected to the load circuit through battery tap diodes and
sheet.

OPERATING SCHEME:

Float mode:

1. When station supply is available only one charger will be working and the other will remain
idle by making MCCB main ON in one charger and OFF in another.
2. If the main charger is failed due to some fault, trouble condition will be accompanied on the
panel. In this condition MCCB of standby charger is made ON manually.

Boost mode:

1. When ac supply is available after discharging of the battery, standby charger will be kept on
boost mode to boost charge the battery and main charger will be kept in float mode to supply
DC mode.
2. In the above condition if the main charger fails which is in float mode, battery contactor will
be energized opening its contact. Thus load current available at DCDB draws through battery
tap diodes from the 84th cell.
3. In case there is a total ac failure the contactor will open contacts of battery and full voltage
will be available at DCDB bus from the battery bank.
CONCLUSION
Electric power is the energy house of a country and the economic development
is mainly dependent on its availability. It is a must for industrial growth and besides it
has also become the basic necessity of our lives. Hence the demand of electric power
for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes is day by day.
The Assam Gas Based Power Plant (AGBP), NEEPCO , Bokuloni is one of
those suitable power producing units which helps in meeting the ever increasing
demand of electric power. With a capacity of 291 MW this gas based power project is
a major source of electricity for the state of Assam and for the entire North Eastern
region. After its commissioning the NEEPCO has been providing electricity for the
last 15 years to different regions of the north-east thus playing a significant role in
illuminating the region.

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