Hilti Webinar - Anchor Design Influencing Factors PDF

Anchor design
Influencing factors
Hilti webinars
www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 1

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Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
5. Factors influencing design specification
6. Anchor types
7. Working principles
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors
10. Hilti Engineering Support

Selection criteria for anchors
Materials involved
Fixture
Anchor Steel
• Steel failure in tension, shear and
bending
Concrete structure
• Cone failure in tension
• Pull out (bond failure) or pull through Concrete
• Edge failure in shear
• Pry out failure
• Splitting due to installation and/or loading
When selecting and designing anchors it is important to consider the ways that
they can fail

Base material
• Anchors need to be selected, designed and approved according to the base material.
Concrete is the root of all the design considerations and analysis and, as such, it will be
studied in more detail.
Concrete Lightweight Hollow Hollow

concrete concrete blocks concrete slabs
Solid clay bricks Hollow clay bricks Timber Natural stone

Base material - Concrete
• The base material needs to be clearly defined by strength and geometry.
• Most concrete members have certain geometric limits (edges and material thickness).
Dependent on the anchor location, this may affect the resistance.
N V

• Any positive contribution from the concrete reinforcement is hard to quantify.
• It’s almost certain that in a concrete member you’ll find reinforcement bars – “rebar”.
Concrete’s main asset is the compressive strength and so typically the tensile resistance
is left to the rebar.
• However the fact that the positioning of the rebar is virtually unknown after the pouring of
the concrete we cannot make a definite assumption of any positive contribution from
them.

• Concrete also needs to be defined as cracked or uncracked for an accurate design of
anchors.
• For certain load combinations concrete will crack in the tension zones. Concrete
members are designed for 0.3mm maximum crack width as per most codes (e.g.
Eurocode.) for quasi permanent loads (dead loads plus fraction of live loads).
Crack plane
Stress distribution in Stress distribution in

non-cracked concrete cracked concrete

• Naturally anchors are not installed in cracks, however, it has been observed that when
cracks form in a concrete member, there is a relatively high likelihood that they will
intersect the anchor location.
• This happens mainly because of the following reasons:
1. Stresses associated with the pre-stressing and loading of the anchor
2. Stress concentration caused by the anchor hole (notch effect)

• If the concrete is in tension it should be assumed to be cracked!
• Non-cracked concrete consideration must be shown by calculation for the different load
combinations.
What is reasonably easy for a simple …can be fairly complex for real
beam or cantilever… structure load scenarios.
Single
Distributed loads
load
Wind load Single load

• For seismic actions the concrete shall be always considered cracked!
• Earthquake shaking leads tension and compression in the concrete members to change
compared to static loads.
For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or
non-cracked concrete!

• Only some anchors are suitable (approved) to perform in cracked concrete
• Drop-in anchors should be avoided in tension zones of the concrete members

considering their very low performance in cracked concrete. They are unable to re-
expand when a crack occurs.
Hilti HDA Hilti HSA

Undercut anchor Stud anchor
Hilti HST Hilti HDA Hilti HUS screw

• Direct consideration of cracked concrete can be avoided with redundant fastening
• It’s very common to find HKD anchors used in false ceiling and pipe hanging systems.
These anchors are applied in the bottom of beams or slabs, locations which are
expected to develop cracks, so how is it a non-cracked concrete anchor can be used in
tension zones?
For all cases, the designer is always responsible to define if the anchor is set in cracked or
non-cracked concrete!

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Modes of failure
• Concrete cone failure – you can’t get better than that. The deeper the cone the
stronger the fixing.

Modes of failure
• Resin anchors fail by either rod breakage or by shear of the resin between the
concrete and the rod. This pattern is typical on small diameters (up to M24)
• This mode of failure is commonly referred to as “Combined bond and cone failure”
• Other failure modes
Concrete cone Anchor pull-out Anchor steel Concrete edge

failure failure failure failure

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Anchor layout
• Design resistance for a single anchor and a group of two anchors
Concrete breakout area for two anchors Concrete breakout area for two anchors
far away from each other close to each other
• Steel resistance doubled • Steel resistance doubled
• Concrete cone resistance doubled • Concrete cone resistance increased, but
less than doubled
• In case of shear loadings the result is similar.

Anchor layout
• Spacing between the anchors, edge distance and thickness of the base material.
V c
C2,1
Sn-1
S2 S1 h
C2,2

Anchor layout
REDUCED CORRECT
SPACING SPACING
Reduced efficiency 100% Efficiency
• Using the correct anchor spacing given in the design data for the anchor allows the
anchor to achieve its full capacity.
• If the anchor spacing is reduced then it must be noted that the anchor efficiency will
be reduced.
• The same process should be applied when looking at anchor edge distances.

Anchor layout
• Spacing between the anchors, edge distance and thickness of the base material.
SPACING EDGE DISTANCE
Insufficient spacing
Edge distance too short
between the anchors
Insufficient Wrong
thickness of the embedment
Ideal case
base material depth
Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Load range
A convenient way to group and select anchors is by their capacities
Load required Shutter, lamp,

Light duty electrical
< 1 kN installations, ...
1 kN <
Medium duty Installation channels,
Load required
sprinklers, ...
< 5 kN
Load required
Heavy duty Steel construction, ...
> 5 kN

Load type
static
monotonic
fatigue Traffic loads, cyclic

dynamic loads
104 < N < 108 machine loads
low cycle
fatigue /seismic Earthquakes
101 < N < 104
shock
Explosions, crashes
1 < N < 20

Direction of the force
Combined Tensile
Tensile load Shear load
and Shear load
N N
V V
Stud anchor

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Factors influencing the anchor specification
It is not possible to design the anchor by only considering the acting loads and the nature
of them.
Durability
For all the Hilti products with ETA documentation

the approval is based on an assumed working life
of the anchor of 50 years. .
Freeze/thaw
This is a problem that mainly affects

mechanical anchors, this is due to the fact
that water can penetrate the annular
gap between the anchor and the borehole.

Fire resistance
Temperature T (°C)
1000°C
500°C
Tensile load [kN]
0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Time t (min)
Length of the test [min]
Test according to ISO834, DIN4102 T.2

Environmental conditions (according to EC2)
• Hot dipped
Galvanised Galvanised A2 Steel A4 Steel HCR
5-20µ
• Sherardised
• Inside rooms • Damp inside rooms • Inside rooms • Inside rooms • Highly corrosive
without humidity with heavy with heavy surroundings
• Slightly corrosive condensation condensation like road tunnels,
• Outside only for outside atmosphere indoor
temporary • Outside without • Outside with
applications • Occasional exposure to chlorides moderate
swimming pools
condensation chlorides
Low Corrosion resistance High

Stray Current
This occurs mainly in rail tunnel, bridges and

stations particularly in the following
applications:
• Catenary fixings
• Mechanical and electrical fixings
• Track fixings
Installation
Inadequately cleaned holes during

the installation process can reduce
the overall performance
of conventional injection
mortar systems significantly.

The Hilti HIT-HY 200 SAFEset™ system eliminates the most load-affecting and time-consuming
steps in the installation process.

Compressed air Using Hilti
No cleaning
(manual cleaning) hollow drill bits
Drill Drill Drill

Installation procedure per fixing*
Blow x 2 Install Install
Brush x 2
Blow x 2
Install
Following the correct setting procedure

takes time and ultimately costs money

system offers two ETA approved options to overcome hole
cleaning challenges
Hollow drill bit:
HIT-Z rod: no need to clean the hole hole is automatically cleaned
Concrete HIT-Z
HY200
Dust is removed through the opening at the tip

The helix is pressing the cured HY200 against
of the drill bit that is connected to a vacuum
dust and borehole wall, creating friction that
resulting in an automatic cleaning of the
holds the anchor in place.
borehole.

Design flow
Substrate Influence of type and consistency of the substrate
Load Influence of type, intensity and direction of the load
Geometry Influence of the substrate dimensions, edge

distances and spacing
Environmental Influence of temperature and corrosivity of the
conditions environment
Application Influence of special features, restrictions and

specifications conditions of anchor types
Anchor product line
Reliable and durable Fastening solution

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Anchor types
Cast-in place Post-installed systems

parts Mechanical anchors Adhesive anchor
Undercut anchor Expansion anchor
Load transfer by Load transfer by Load transfer by

direct compression contact friction produced adhesive bond
in the bottom of drill hole with expansion along entire
forces length

Anchor types
Mechanical anchors Adhesive anchors
• Less sensitive to • No torque

moisture in the necessary for
bore hole setting
• Less sensitive to • No gap between

environmental rod and concrete
temperature at the fastening
surface
• No curing time
necessary • Small / No
expansion forces
• Less influence of
drilling system

Anchor types – Mechanical anchors
• Advantages
• Immediate design load capacity after installation process
(drill, install, torque)
• Different steel qualities available for levels of corrosion
protection
• Typically very simple installation procedure
• Less sensitivity to borehole cleaning
• Virtually unlimited time of storage
• Disadvantages
• In case of water filled holes corrosion and freeze/thaw
cycles can be an issue
• Embedment depths are fixed for most mechanical
anchors
• Bigger spacing and edge distances compared to
chemical anchors

Anchor types – Chemical anchors
• Advantages
• Possibility to install anchors with short edge distances and
anchor spacing
• Hole completely filled prevents water penetration and
protects the element from corrosion
• Flexible use of different elements (threaded rods, rebar,
special rods)
• Deep embedment and large anchor sizes possible
• Usable for applications in several different base materials
(HIT system)
• Disadvantages
• Impossible to immediately load the fixture
• Limited time of storage (expire date)
• Health legal restrictions in some countries

Anchor types
• Difference in pull-out resistance between mechanical anchors and bonded anchors
Expansion anchors
Concrete screws
Bonded anchors (or HDA type undercut
anchors)
Pull-out resistance Constant value Pull-out resistance

proportional to for pull-out varies with
embedment depth resistance embedment depth

Anchor types
• A sound understanding of the differences between mechanical and chemical anchors can
be grasped by looking at way the anchors transfer the load to the base material.
• As a general rule, compared to chemical anchors, mechanical anchors require

approximately 50% bigger edge distances and anchor spacing.
Example of a mechanical Example of a regular

expansion anchor chemical anchor

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Working principles
Mechanical Anchors
Concentrated load introduction by friction or keying, or in the case of the screw
anchor, distributed load introduction by friction and keying
Displacement controlled expansion Torque controlled expansion

anchor anchor
Friction Friction

Working principles
Mechanical Anchors
Concentrated load introduction by friction or keying, or in the case of the screw
anchor, distributed load introduction by friction and keying
Self-cutting undercut anchor Screw anchor
Keying
Keying & Friction

Working principles
Adhesive Anchors
Distributed load introduction by bond,

keying & friction
Standard adhesive Combined adhesive

anchor and wedge anchor

Working principles
Main features for different working principles:
● Mechanical Anchors
� Concentrated load introduction by friction or

keying (Screw anchor excepted)
● Adhesive Anchors
� Distributed load introduction by bond, keying and

friction

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Load transfer
• Follow up expansion
● Follow up expansion allows anchors to maintain their pre-tensioning force in cracked

concrete where the crack can open up and potentially reduce the frictional “holding”
force.
● The shape of the cone and sleeve (tapered in the direction of the applied load) allows
follow up expansion.
● The more it is loaded - the more it expands - the more it holds.
● A loosening of the element shows that the anchor has been overloaded.

Load transfer
Edge
failure
section

Load transfer
• Sleeved anchors have superior resistance due to the sleeve section adding a benefit of
increased shear capacity
Combined tensile
and shear load
Sleeve anchor,
HSL-3

Load transfer
• All anchors, mechanical and chemical, require the installation torque in order to promote
a pre-stress force.
No tightening torque Tightening torque: 120Nm
Design load = 33.6kN
7mm ~0mm
HSL-3 HSL-3
M16 M16

Load transfer
• Re-torqueing of an anchor will precipitate a repetition of the relaxation process but
the residual pre-stress will increase.
Pre-stress forces for 5 HSL anchors over a 5 year period

Initial pre-stress = 36kN
Re-torqueing of 2 anchors after 140days
Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Safety factors Mean ultimate
Resistance FRu,m
Partial safety factor concept
Characteristic
Environmental resistance (ETA)
conditions FRk (5% fractile)
γ2
Sd ≤ Rd (temperature
durability)
For tension and shear and for all
Partial safety factor
failure modes. γM = 1.5 for concrete
and γ 2 = 1 / 1.2 / 1.4
γM for results of
environmental /
installation tests.
Design
FRd resistance
Design FSd
action Partial safety factor
for action γF Recommended
Characteristic load Frec
value of action
FSk
Action Resistance

Agenda
1. Base Material
2. Modes of failure
3. Anchor layout
4. Loadings
6. Anchor types
8. Load transfer
9. Safety factors

Hilti Engineering Support
• Field Based Engineering
Nationwide in-person coverage providing support from design to on-site
construction.
• Technical Advisory Services

Dedicated engineering line to an office based team of qualified and
experienced engineers providing technical advice and calculation support.
GB & IE
Tel: 0800886100
Email: gbtas@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.co.uk/engineering
Finland
Tel: 0207 999 350
Email: tekninenosasto@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.fi/engineering
Sweden
Tel: 020-555 999
E-post: tc@hilti.com
Web: www.hilti.se
www.hilti.co.uk/engineering 57

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• Please feel free to submit your text

Note: Today’s presentation is being

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI

5. Factors influencing design specification

10. Hilti Engineering Support

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 4

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 5

Concrete Lightweight Hollow Hollow

Solid clay bricks Hollow clay bricks Timber Natural stone

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 6

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 7

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 8

Stress distribution in Stress distribution in

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 9

• This happens mainly because of the following reasons:

1. Stresses associated with the pre-stressing and loading of the anchor

2. Stress concentration caused by the anchor hole (notch effect)

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 10

Wind load Single load

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• Drop-in anchors should be avoided in tension zones of the concrete members

Hilti HDA Hilti HSA

Hilti HST Hilti HDA Hilti HUS screw

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 13

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 14

5. Factors influencing design specification

10. Hilti Engineering Support

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 15

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Concrete cone Anchor pull-out Anchor steel Concrete edge

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5. Factors influencing design specification

10. Hilti Engineering Support

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 18

• In case of shear loadings the result is similar.

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 19

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 20

Reduced efficiency 100% Efficiency

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 21

5. Factors influencing design specification

10. Hilti Engineering Support

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 23

A convenient way to group and select anchors is by their capacities

Load required Shutter, lamp,

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 24

fatigue Traffic loads, cyclic

104 < N < 108 machine loads

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 25

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 26

5. Factors influencing design specification

10. Hilti Engineering Support

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 27

For all the Hilti products with ETA documentation

This is a problem that mainly affects

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 28

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Length of the test [min]

Test according to ISO834, DIN4102 T.2

www.hilti.co.uk/engineering Anchor 1|HILTI 29

Low Corrosion resistance High