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Solution: The charge that moves past the cross section is ΔQ = I( Δt) , and the
number of electrons is
ΔQ I( Δt)
n= =
e e
=
( 80.0 × 10 −3
)
C s ⎡⎣(10.0 m in) ( 60.0 s m in) ⎤⎦
= 3.00 × 1020 electrons
1.60 × 10-19 C
I
The negatively charged electrons move in the direction v –
opposite to the conventional current flow.
Problem 2. A small sphere that carries a charge q is whirled in a circle at the end of an
insulating string. The angular frequency of rotation is ω. What average current does this
rotating charge represent?
Solution: The period of revolution for the sphere is T = 2π ω , and the average
q qω
current represented by this revolving charge is I= =
T 2π
Problem 3. In a particular television picture tube, the measured beam current is 60.0 μA.
How many electrons strike the screen every second?
Problem 4. A total charge of 6.0 mC passes through a cross-sectional area of a wire in 2.0
s. What is the current in the wire?
ΔQ 6.0 × 10−3 C
Solution: The current is I= = = 3.0 × 10−3 A = 3.0 m A
Δt 2.0 s
Problem 5. In the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom, an electron in the lowest energy state
moves at a speed of 2.19 × 106 m/s in a circular path having a radius of 5.29 × 10–11 m. What
is the effective current associated with this orbiting electron?
Solution: The period of the electron in its orbit is T = 2π r v , and the current
represented by the orbiting electron is
ΔQ e ve
I= = =
Δt T 2π r
=
( 2.19 × 10 m s)(1.60 × 10
6 −19
C ) = 1.05 × 10
−3
C s = 1.05 m A
2π ( 5.29 × 10 m )
−11
M 197 g m ol
m atom = = = 3.27 × 10-22 g = 3.27 × 10-25 kg
N A 6.02 × 1023 atom s m ol
The number of atoms deposited, and hence the number of ions moving to the
negative electrode, is
m 3.25 × 10−3 kg
n= = = 9.93 × 1021
m atom 3.27 × 10 kg
-25
I= = =
21
(
ΔQ ne 9.93 × 10 1.60 × 10 C
−19
)(
= 0.159 A = 159 m A
)
Δt Δt ( 2.78 h) ( 3600 s 1 h)
Problem 7. A 200-km-long high-voltage transmission line 2.0 cm in diameter carries a
steady current of 1 000 A. If the conductor is copper with a free charge density of 8.5 × 1028
electrons per cubic meter, how long (in years) does it take one electron to travel the full
length of the cable?
I I
Solution: The drift speed of electrons in the line is vd = = , or
nqA n e ( π d2 4)
4(1000 A )
vd = = 2.3 × 10-4 m s
( 8.5 × 10
28
m 3
)(1.60 × 10 −19
)
C π ( 0.020 m )2
L 200 × 103 m ⎛ 1 yr ⎞
Δt= = ⎜⎝ 7 ⎟
= 27 yr
vd 2.34 × 10 m s 3.156 × 10 s⎠
-4
Problem 8.An aluminum wire with a cross-sectional area of 4.0 x 10–6 m2 carries a current
of 5.0 A. Find the drift speed of the electrons in the wire. The density of aluminum is 2.7
g/cm3. (Assume that one electron is supplied by each atom.)
Solution:Assuming that, on average, each aluminum atom contributes one
electron, the density of charge carriers is the same as the number of atoms per
cubic meter. This is
density ρ N ρ
n= = = A ,
m assper atom M N A M
or n=
( 6.02 × 10 23
)(
m ol ⎡⎣ 2.7 g cm 3
)(106
cm 3
1m 3
) ⎤⎦ = 6.0 × 10 28
m 3
26.98 g m ol
I 5.0 C s
vd = = =
n e A ( 6.0 × 1028 m 3
)(1.60 × 10 −19
)(
C 4.0 × 10−6 m 2
)
1.3 × 10− 4 m s
Problem 9. If the current carried by a conductor is doubled, what happens to the (a)
charge carrier density and (b) electron drift velocity?
Solution: (a) The carrier density is determined by the physical
characteristics of the wire, not the current in the wire. Hence, n is
unaffected .
(b) The drift velocity of the electrons is vd = I nqA . Thus, the drift velocity is
doubled when the current is doubled.
Problem 10. A lightbulb has a resistance of 240 Ω when operating at a voltage of 120 V.
What is the current through the lightbulb?
ΔV 120 V
Solution: I= = = 0.500 A = 500 m A
R 240 Ω
Problem 11. A person notices a mild shock if the current along a path through the
thumb and index finger exceeds 80 μA. Compare the maximum allowable
voltage without shock across the thumb and index finger with a dry-skin
resistance of 4.0 × 105 Ω and a wet-skin resistance of 2 000 Ω.
Problem 12. Suppose that you wish to fabricate a uniform wire out of 1.00 g of copper. If
the wire is to have a resistance of R = 0.500 Ω, and if all of the copper is to be used, what will
be (a) the length and (b) the diameter of this wire?
Solution: The volume of the copper is
m 1.00 × 10−3 kg
V= = = 1.12 × 10−7 m 3
density 8.92 × 10 kg m
3 3
ρL
(a) From R = , we find that
A
ρ ⎛ 1.70 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m ⎞
A = ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ L = ⎜ (
L = 3.40 × 10−8 m L . )
⎝ R⎠ ⎝ 0.500 Ω ⎠⎟
( 3.40 × 10 −8
)
m L2 = 1.12 × 10−7 m 3 , which yields L = 1.82 m
π d2 1.12 × 10−7 m 3
(b) From equation (1), A = = , or
4 L
d=
(
4 1.12 × 10−7 m 3
) = 4(1.12 × 10 −7
m 3
)
πL π (1.82 m )
d=
4ρ L
=
(
4 5.6 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m )( 2.0 × 10
−2
m ) = 1.7 × 10
−4
m = 0.17 m m
πR π ( 0.050 Ω )
Problem 14. Eighteen-gauge wire has a diameter of 1.024 mm. Calculate the resistance of
15 m of 18-gauge copper wire at 20°C.
ρL
Solution: R = = 2 =
ρL ( )
4 1.7 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m (15 m )
= 0.31 Ω
A πd 4 ( )
2
π 1.024 × 10−3 m
ρL
(b) From, R = ,
A
R ⋅ A ( 30 Ω ) ⎣π ( 0.40 × 10 m ) ⎦
⎡ −2 2
⎤
−4
ρ= = = 4.7 × 10 Ω ⋅ m
L 3.2 m
Problem 16. A length L0 of copper wire has a resistance R0. The wire is cut into three
pieces of equal length. The pieces are then connected as parallel lengths between points A and
B. What resistance will this new “wire” of length L0/3 have between points A and B?
Solution: The new “wire” has length L = L0 3 and cross-section A = 3A 0 . Thus, its
resistance is
ρL ρ ( L0 3) 1 ⎛ ρL0 ⎞ R 0
R= = = ⎜ =
A 3A 0 9 ⎝ A 0 ⎟⎠ 9
Problem 17. A wire 50.0 m long and 2.00 mm in diameter is connected to a source with a
potential difference of 9.11 V, and the current is found to be 36.0 A. identify the metal of the
wire.
ΔV 9.11 V
Solution: The resistance is R = = = 0.253 Ω , so the resistivity of the
I 36.0 A
metal is
R ⋅ A R ⋅ ( π d 4) ( 0.253 Ω ) π ( 2.00 × 10 m )
2 −3 2
ρ= = = = 1.59 × 10−8 Ω ⋅ m
L L 4( 50.0 m )
ΔV 24 V
I= = = 1.0 A
R eq 24 Ω
−1 −1
⎛ 1 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
R eq = ⎜ + + ⎟ =⎜ + + = 2.18 Ω
⎝ R1 R 2 R 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4.0 Ω 8.0 Ω 12 Ω ⎟⎠
ΔV 24 V 24 V 24 V
I4 = = = 6.0 A , I8 = = 3.0 A , and I12 = = 2.0 A
R4 4.0 Ω 8.0 Ω 12 Ω
Problem 19. A 9.0-Ω resistor and a 6.0-Ω resistor are connected in series with a power
supply. (a) The voltage drop across the 6.0-Ω resistor is measured to be 12 V. Find the
voltage output of the power supply. (b) The two resistors are connected in parallel across a
power supply, and the current through the 9.0-Ω resistor is found to be 0.25 A. Find the
voltage setting of the power supply.
9.0 Ω 6.0 Ω
( ΔV )bc 12 V
I= = = 2.0 A
R bc 6.0 Ω
(b) When connected in parallel, the potential difference across either resistor
is the voltage setting of the power supply. Thus,
−1
R p = ⎛⎜
1 1 ⎞
+ = 4.12 Ω 10.0 Ω
⎝ 7.00 Ω 10.0 Ω ⎟⎠
a b
Thus,
( ΔV ) ab 34.0 V
(b) Iab = = = 1.99 A , so I4 = I9 = 1.99 A
R ab 17.1 Ω
( ΔV ) p 8.18 V
Then, I7 = = = 1.17 A
R7 7.00 Ω
( ΔV ) p 8.18 V
and I10 = = = 0.818 A
R10 10.0 Ω
Problem 21. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit in figure shown.
R eq = R12 + R p = 12 Ω + 3.0 Ω = 15 Ω
Problem 22. Find the equivalent resistance of the circuit in the figure shown
Solution: The rules for combining resistors in series and parallel are used to
reduce the circuit to an equivalent resistance in the stages shown below. The
result is R eq = 9.8 Ω .
10
5.0 Ω 5.0 Ω 10 Ω —
3 Ω 9.8 Ω
Solution: Turn the circuit given in Figure 90° counterclockwise to observe that it
is equivalent to that shown in Figure 1 below. This reduces, in stages, as
shown in the following figures.
b b
I20 I20
25.0 5.00 25.0
V Ω V 5.00
10.0 5.00 c 10.0 Ω 25.0
Ω Ω Ω Ω
10.0 20.0 10.0
Ω Ω Ω
a a
Figure 1 Figure 2
b
I I
25.0 25.0
V V
2.94 12.9
Ω Ω
10.0
Ω
a
Figure 3 Figure 4
From Figure 4,
ΔV 25.0 V
I= = = 1.93 A
R 12.9 Ω
( ΔV )ba = IR ba
(a) From Figures 1 and 2, the current through the 20.0 Ω resistor is
( ΔV ) ba 5.68 V
I20 = = = 0.227 A
R bca 25.0 Ω
Problem 24. Two resistors, A and B, are connected in parallel across a 6.0-V battery. The
current through B is found to be 2.0 A. When the two resistors are connected in series to the
6.0-V battery, a voltmeter connected across resistor A measures a voltage of 4.0 V. Find the
resistances of A and B.
( ΔV ) B 6.0 V
RB = = = 3.0 Ω
IB 2.0 A
( ΔV ) B 2.0 V 2
Is = = = A,
RB 3.0 Ω 3
( ΔV ) A 4.0 V
and the resistance of resistor A is R A = = = 6.0 Ω
Is 23A
Problem 25. The resistance between terminals a and b in the following figure is 75 Ω. If
the resistors labeled R have the same value, determine R.
−1 −1
( 30 Ω)( R + 5.0 Ω)
R p = ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
1 1 1 1
+ + =⎜ + =
⎝ 120 Ω 40 Ω R + 5.0 Ω ⎟⎠ ⎝ 30 Ω R + 5.0 Ω ⎟⎠ R + 35 Ω
Solution: The resistors in the circuit can be combined in the stages shown below
to yield an equivalent resistance of R ad = ( 63 11) Ω .
6.0 Ω
3.0 Ω
c d
3.0 Ω 3.0 Ω
c
a 3.0 Ω 6.0 Ω 3.0 Ω
I1 a I1
b 4.0 Ω b d
I2 I2 e
2.0 Ω
12 Ω e I 3.0 Ω 2.0 Ω
I12
18 V 18 V
Figure 1 Figure 2
6.0 Ω
30 63
3.0 Ω I1 3Ω
—
11 Ω —
11 Ω
a a b d a d
b d
I2
I I I
5.0 Ω
18 V 18 V
18 V
Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5
( ΔV ) ad 18 V
From Figure 5, I= = = 3.14 A .
R ad ( 63 11) Ω
Then, from Figure 4, ( ΔV )bd = IR bd = ( 3.14 A ) ( 30 11 Ω) = 8.57 V .
( ΔV )bd 8.57 V
I2 = = = 1.71 A ,
3.0 Ω + 2.0 Ω 5.0 Ω
( ΔV )be 5.14 V
Finally, from Figure 1, I12 = = = 0.43 A
R12 12 Ω