Parts of speech

Rama is a good boy and he goes to school daily, but

he is absent today. Oh! He has lost his wallet
a
Noun/verb/article/adjective/noun/conjunction/
Rama/ is /a/ good/ boy / and/
Pronoun/verb/ preposition /noun /adverb
he / goes to/ school daily,/
Conjunction/ noun/ pronoun/ h v/ adverb/

Interjection
but/ today/ he/ is/ absent/. Oh/
Pronoun HV verb possessive noun Noun
he/ has/ lost/ his wallet
1. Noun: it is a name of a person or an animal or a
bird or a thing or a place
2. Pronoun
3. Verbs
4. Adverbs
5. Adjective
6. Conjunction
7. Preposition
8. Interjection
Articles; a/an; the
TENSES

NOUN
It is a name of a person or an animal or a place or a
thing or a bird.
Types of Nouns:
Proper Noun
Common Noun
Collective Noun
Possessive Noun
Abstract Noun.
Material Noun
Proper Noun: it is a particular name given to a
person or an animal or a bird or a thing or a place.
It starts with a capital letter.
Lalit, Murali, Rajasthan, Jaipur.
Nokia phone
Samsung phone

Common Noun:
It is a common name given to a person or an animal
or a bird or a place or a thing .It has both singular
and plural forms.
Singular plural
Boy boys
Girl girls
Man men
Woman women( we men)
Child children
Mother mothers
Sister sisters
Brother brothers
Father fathers
Mother- in law mothers-in-law
Mother in laws
(Wife’s or husband’s mother)
 Father-in – law fathers –in- law
Father in laws
(Wife’s or husband’s father)
Brother-in-law brothers- in- law
(Sister’s husband)
Sister –in law sisters- in- law
(Brother’s wife)
Daughter-in-law daughters-in-law
(Son’s wife)
Son-in-law sons-in-law
(Daughter’s husband)
Father’s side is called paternal
Paternal aunt paternal aunts
(father’s sister)
Paternal uncle paternal uncles
(Father’s brother)
 Mother’s side is called maternal
Maternal aunt maternal aunts
Mother’s sister
Maternal Uncle maternal uncles
(Mother’s brother)
Cousin cousins
Cousin Brother or cousin sister

He is my cousin she is my cousin

He is my cousin brother
She is my cousin
She is my cousin sister
They are my cousin brothers
Sibling Siblings
Nephew Nephews.
Niece Nieces
Collective nouns: it is a name given to a group of
persons or animals or birds or places or things. It
has no singular forms except in animals.
People, crowd, public, family family member
Peoples, crowds, publics, families
I have a family (wife/husband and children)
Extended family (Parents, sisters and brothers)
The peoples of India are good
The people of India are good
He is the member of my family
He is my family member
Member of family
Staff member
Member of staff
Our staff member
He is the member of our staff
To the members of staff,
To the staff members
He is our staff member
He is the member of our staff
Police,
Place:
Parliament, auditorium, assembly
Parliaments, auditoriums, assemblies
Animals:
Cattle, sheep, fish, deer
Cattles, sheeps, fishes, deers
I have a cattle (one cattle)
I have cattle (more than one)
There are many cattle
There are many cattles
Fishes
I have fish (more than one fish)
I have a fish (one fish)
I ate fish ( more than one fish)
I ate a fish (one fish)
I ate fishes
I have a lot of fish (fishes – wrong)
I have fishes
Pack of wolves
Pack of dogs
Bunch of sticks,
Bunch of flowers
Bouquet
Birds: flock, bevy
Flock of birds
PRONOUN
Pronoun is used in place of another noun in a given
sentence and a paragraph.
Ex: Rama is a good boy and he goes to school daily.
Sita is a good girl and she cooks well

Singular plural
1st person: I/ME WE/US
2nd person: YOU YOU
3rd person: HE/SHE/IT THEY/THEM
Him/her/it
Who is it?
Who is at the door?
Rules of pronoun
Subject verb object
Rama killed Ravana
He killed him.
Him killed he
English is a good language

1. Subject is doer of the action

2. About whom we are talking is subject
3. Receiver of the action is called object
1. Subject pronouns: I, we, you, he, she, it, they,
who
Who is there?
Whom is there?
Object Pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, it, them,
whom.
I take her
I take she
Me take her
He helps me
He helps I
He beats them
He beats they
He is taller than I
He is taller than me
I am better than she
I am better than her
Let us go to a movie, you and I
Let us go to a movie, you and me
He is better than she
He is better than her
He is not as good as me
He is not as good as I
Rule 2:
Order of presentation:
2ND person> 3rd person> 1st person singular
You >he/she/it/they > I
You>he>I
You>she>I
You>it>I
You>they>I
You>I
YOU>He
I > you
I > he> you
Let us go to a movie, you, he and I
Let us go to movie, I, you and he
Let us go you and I
Let us go I and you
We go to a movie, he and I
We go to a movie I and he
Let us go I and you
You and me go to a movie
You and I go to a movie
You and I work together.
He and I are sharing the work
I and he are sharing the work
Sanjay and I go to a movie
I and Sanjay go to a movie
Note:
A) If the 1st person is in plural i.e. we, it should
come first.
Let us go to a movie, we, you and he
You, he and we
Let us play, we and you
Let us play you and we
Let us play you and I
Let us play you and we
Let us play I and you
B). In case of penalties and punishments, I, 1st
person should come first
Ex: he is going to punish us, I and you
You and I
Rule 3
Note: never start a sentence with reflective
pronoun
Myself kaushal did the work
I myself did it.
I did it
Myself bala kumar
I am bala
Reflective pronouns
I --- myself
We---ourselves
You--- yourself
He--- himself
She—herself
It------ itself
They—themselves
One----oneself
One should help oneself
One should help himself
We must support ourselves
We must support myself
I am Bala kumar
Myself Rambabu
Myself completed the work
I completed the work with the help of others
I myself completed the work. (without the help of
others)
I completed the work myself.
I myself completed the work.
We our self did it.
I did it
I myself did it

Rule 4:
When subject of the verbs is the receiver of the
action, the action is said to be reflected. Such verbs
are used reflectively.
Acquire, absent, avail, reconcile, amuse, resign,
average, revenge, enjoy, exert, apply, adopt, adjust,
pride,
I gave him money
I applied for the job
I applied myself to the situation
I applied to the situation
I have resigned from the job
I have resigned myself to my fate
I resigned to my fate
I adopted him
I adopted myself to the situation.
I adopted to the situation
I enjoyed at the party
I enjoyed myself at the party
We enjoyed ourselves at the party
We enjoyed myself at the party
You enjoyed yourself at the party
He enjoyed himself at the party
She enjoyed herself at the party
It enjoyed itself at the party
They enjoyed themselves at the party
One enjoyed oneself at the party
I reconciled myself to the situation
I reconciled to the situation.
You should avail the opportunity
You should avail yourself every opportunity in life.
I acquire myself the things
I acquired the things
I resigned from the job means I left the job
He averaged himself 90%
What is his average?
He must adjust to the situation.
he must adjust himself to the situation
one should respects his or her parents
one should respect one’s parents
Rule 5 :
The following verbs are not used reflexively.
‘Keep, stop, turn, quality, bathe, move, rest, hide’
You should keep yourself away from bad habits.
You should keep away from bad habits.
He stopped himself at the red light
He stopped at the red light
She turned herself from it
She turned away from it
Its quality itself speaks
Its quality speaks
You should keep away from the bad habits.
I must stop myself from going there.
I must stop from going there.
He moved himself away from it
He moved away from it
Rule 6:
Subjunctive sentences: suppose, if, wish, and think
should be followed by were
I was there yesterday
Suppose I were there
Suppose I was there
If I were there
If I was there
I think I was there
I think I were there
I wish he were here
I wish he was here
Rule 7 :
The verb ‘it is’ should be followed by subjective
pronoun and the verb should be in the past form.
(It is + {subject pronoun I, we, you, he, she, it} + V2
form of the verb.)
It is me who brought you home.
It is I who brought you home
It is I who bring you home
It is I who went there
It is I who go there.
It is he who did it.
It is he who do it
It is I who went there
It was I who went there.
It is me who went there
It is me who did it
It is I who do it
It is I who did it
It is they who played with us
It is them who played with us
It is we who completed it
It is us who completed it
It is time we started.
It is time we start
It is time we went there
It time we go there
It is time we finished it
It is time we finish it
It is time we started the meeting
It is time we start the meeting
Rule 8:
When preposition is there, we should have one
subject pronoun and another object pronoun
(At, on, in, with, to, from, into, by, beside, besides,
among, about,)
Between he and me, he is intelligent.
Between he and I, he is intelligent
Between him and me
Between You and I, You are intelligent
There is nothing between you and I
There is nothing between you and me
Among us, she is intelligent
Among we, she is intelligent
She talks about you and me
She talks about you and i
It is for he and me to decide
It is for he and I to decide
Between you and I
Let they go.
Let them go
Let’s--- let us
Rule 9:

A) When two nouns are joined by ----

‘As well as, together with, along with, and not, in
addition to, like, unlike with, rather than, except, no
longer, both nouns should be subject pronouns
You as well as I go there.
You as well as me go there.
I together with her go to a movie.
I together with she go to a movie
I along with him complete the work.
I along with he complete the work.
I and not him who completed the work
I and not he who completed the work
In addition to me, he also came.
In addition to I, he also came
Except me everyone went there
Except I everyone went there

Rule 10.
.When two subjects are joined by---
Either-or, neither/nor, not only- but also, none-but.
Each and every.
Either he or she is coming.
Either he or her is coming.
Not only you, but her is also attending party
Not only you, but she is also attending party
Rule 11
Reciprocal pronouns: words used to point out.
Mutual relationship-.
‘Each other, one another.
Both the brothers love each other.
(For two people)
Both the brothers love one another
Brothers love one another
You should know each other well (two persons)
You should know one another well (more than two
people)
They should not fight with each other (two persons)
They should not fight with one another (more than
2 people)
Indians should not fight with one another
Indians should not fight with each other.
My brothers and I should not fight with one another
My brother and I should not fight with each other
Rule 12:
A noun or pronoun in the possessive case should
not be used sometimes with the nouns such as (my,
our, your, his, her, its, their)
‘Separation, leave, excuse, mention, report, pardon,
sight, favour’
1. Your separation is very painful to me.
Separation from you is very painful to me.
2. At his sight the robbers fled
At the sight of him, the robbers fled.
At the sight of her he ran away.
At her sight he ran away
3. I beg your favour, please.
I beg favour from you, please.
4. She did make mention of your name
She did make mention of you.
Your report is wrong
The report submitted by you is wrong,
He is waiting for your pardon.
He is waiting so that you could pardon him.
Rule 12:
‘Either, neither, each other’ is used in speaking of
two persons or things:
Helping verbs ‘is or was’, should be used
Are and were should not be used
‘S’ form of the verb should be used.
Either this one is good or that one is good
Either this one are good or that one are good
Either these one is good or those one is good

Either Rama or Krishna plays the match

Either Rama or Krishna play the match
Either Rama or Krishna does the work.
Either Rama or Krishna do the work
Either you do or she does the work
Either you or she do the work
Neither Rama does nor Krishna does the work.
Neither Rama nor Krishna do the work
‘Any one, none, one another’ are used while
referring to more than two persons or things
Indians should never fight with each other.
Indians should never fight with one another
Any one of his eyes is defective.
Either of his eyes is defective
None of his arms was wounded in the accident.
Neither of his arms was wounded in the accident.
Either of his four sons has sold his property after his
death.
Any one of his four sons has sold his property after
his death.