A

PROJECT REPORT
ON
ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
(CIVIL ENGINEERING)

Under the Guidance of Submitted by:

Shubhendu Amit Surya Prakash Singh (1528200098)
Assistant professor Sonu Kumar (1528200092)
Department of Civil Engineering Vicky Kumar (1528200103)
Arvind Kumar Singh (1528200015)
Suraj Kumar (1528200096)
Ramendra Kumar (1628200801)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERIN

JP INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY MEERUT,

(UP)
(AICTE Approved & Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. A. K. T. U, Lucknow)
2018-19
JP INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , MEERUT (U.P.)
AICTE Approved & Affiliated to Dr. A.P.J. A. K. T. U, Lucknow

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “ZERO ENERGY BUILDING”

submitted in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering of Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University , Luck now
at JP Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut Submitted by Surya Prakash
Singh (1528200097); Sonu Kumar (1528200092); Vicky Kumar(1528200103) ; Arvind
Kumar Singh (1528200015) ; Suraj Kumar (1528200096) ; Ramendra Kumar
(1628200801) ; is carried out by them under our supervision.
The matter embodied in this project is used for the study purpose only and the work has
not been submitted earlier for award of any degree or diploma in any
university/institution to the best our knowledge and belief.

Shashi Bhushan Suman Shubhendu Amit ( Internal

Examiner) Professor and Head Assistant Professor
Department Of Civil Engineering Department Of Civil Engineering
JPIET,Meerut (U.P.) JPIET, Meerut (U.P.)

Signature of External Examiner

i
 DECLARATION

We, hereby declare that the project work entitled “ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS”.
Which is being submitted by us in partial fulfilment of the require for the award of
Degree of Bachelor of technology in Civil Engineering to Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh is an athematic record of our own
work carried out under the guidance of Mr. SHUBHENDU AMIT, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, JP Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Meerut, (U.P.)
The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other University or
Institute for the award of any degree.

SURYA PRAKASH SINGH 1528200098 Signature …………………………

SONU KUMAR 1528200092 Signature……...………………….
VICKY KUMAR 1528200103 Signature………………………….
ARVIND KUMAR SINGH 1528200015 Signature………………………….
SURAJ KUMAR 1528200096 Signature……….………………….
RAMENDRA KUMAR 1628200801 Signature……….…………………

Place: Meerut (U.P.)

Date://

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Mr. Shashi Bhushan Suman,
Professor and head of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, JP Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Meerut for his variable guidance helpful suggestion and co-
operation which we received throughout the entire face of our project work.
We are thankful Mr. Shubhendu Amit (Guide ), Assistant professor, Department of
Civil Engineering , JP Institute Of Engineering and Technology, Meerut for his
continuous support as a guide and encouragement which be provided through the
entire project.
We express our thanks to all faculties of civil Department for their co-operation
during the course. The help rendered by all the facilities for their valuable support is
really appreciable.Let but not the least, we are thankful to our parents and colleagues
from the bottom of our heart for their continuous encouragement, our lasting love and
care and above all we bow before the almighty GOD who molly helped us to achieve our
targets.

SURYA PRAKASH SINGH

SONU KUMAR
VICKY KUMAR
ARVIND KUMAR SINGH
SURAJ KUMAR
RAMENDRA KUMAR

iii
 ABSTRACT

A zero-energy house is defined as a house where no fossil fuels are consumed, and
annual electricity consumption equals annual electricity production. In this paper,
simulations of heat demand and supply are used to investigate the feasibility of the zero
energy concept in Dutch low-rise row houses. Essential elements are a high energy end-
use efficiency, photovoltaic electricity production, and heat supply by an electrical heat
pump or by solar collectors. Using present techniques, the concept entails high costs and
an extra- large south facing roof area. More advanced techniques however may help to
overcome these problems.
A zero-energy building (ZEB) is a residential or commercial building with greatly
reduced energy needs through efficiency gains such that the balance of energy needs can
be supplied with renewable technologies. Despite the excitement over the phrase “zero
energy,” we lack a common definition, or even a common understanding, of what it
means. In this paper,
We use a sample of current generation low-energy buildings to explore the concept of
zero energy: what it means, why a clear and measurable definition is needed, and how we
have progressed toward the ZEB goal. The way the zero energy goal is defined affects the
choices designers make to achieve this goal and whether they can claim success. The
ZEB definition can emphasize demand-side or supply strategies and whether fuel
switching and conversion accounting are appropriate to meet a ZEB goal. Four well-
documented definitions net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, net-zero energy
costs, and net-zero energy emissions are studied; pluses and minuses of each are
discussed. These definitions are applied to a set of low-energy buildings for which
extensive energy data are available. This study shows the design impacts of the definition
used for ZEB and the large difference between definitions. It also looks at sample utility
rate structures and their impact on the zero energy scenarios.

iv
CONTENTS PAGE
NO
LIST OF TABLES v
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF GRAPHS vi
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 General 1
1.2 Historical Background 2
1.3 Need and Objective Background 3
1.3.1 Need 3
1.3.2Objective 4
1.3.3 Scope of present study 4-5
1.4Methodology 5-6
1.5 Advantages of zero energy building 6
1.6 Disadvantages of zero energy building 6
1.7 Uses of zero energy building 7
CHAPTER 2 8
LITERATURE REVIEW 8-9
2.1 General 9
2.2 Energy focus 10-11
2.3 Renewable energy options 11-13
2.4 Type of renewable source 13
2.4.1 Solar 14
2.4.2 Wind 14-15
2.4.3 Hydroelectric 15-16
2.4.4 Biomass 16-17
2.4.5 Bio Fuels 17-18
2.4.6 Tidal Energy 18-19
2.4.7 Wave Power 19-20
2.4.8 Radiant Energy 20-21
2.4.9 Hydrogen 21-22
2.5 Building type 22
2.5.1 Education 23
2.5.2 Food Sales 23
2.5.3 Food Service 23
2.5.4 Health Care (Outpatient) 23
2.5.5 Office 23
2.5.6 Lodging 23
2.5.7 Public Order and Safety 23
2.5.8 Vacant 24
2.5.9 Religious Worship 24
2.6 Single or Community 24

v
CHAPTER 3 25
NOMENCLATURE 25
3.1 General 25
3.2 Annual 25
3.3 Building 26
3.4 Building site 26
3.4 Building Energy 27
3.5 Campus 28
3.6 Delivered Energy 28-29
3.7 Energy 29
3.8 Exported Energy 29
3.9 Geothermal Energy 30
3.10 On-site Renewable Energy 30
3.11 Portfolio 31
3.12 Renewable Energy 32
3.13 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC) 32
3.14 Site Boundary 32
3.15 SiteEnergy 33
3.16 Source Energy 33
CHAPTER 4 34
Floor are Kept Warm for Zero Energy Buildings 34
Rain Water Harvesting System 35
Ventilation System in Zero Energy Buildings 36
Solar Panels on the Rooting 37
HAVC System in Zero Energy Buildings 38
Alternate Building Material for Zero Energy Buildings 39
Results and Discussion 40-41
Future Scope 42
(i) Market Synopsis 42
(ii) Impact on Workplace Productivity and Health 42
(iii)Sustainability, Emerging Economies & the Developing World 42
Conclusion 43
References 43-45

vi
CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Currently, there is almost no doubt about the processes of global warming on Earth in the
scientific community [1-5] partly, this is confirmed, including changes in regulatory
documentation. So in an updated version of the standard building climatology (SP
131.13330) compared with the previous edition of this standard (SNIP 23-01-99) for a
large number of settlements, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, the calculated
parameters of the climate were revised upwards the design temperature of outer air and
decrease the duration of the heating season.
In the history of our planet periodically climate change has happened before but for the
first time these changes associated with human activities [7-12]. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
that is emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels changes the composition of our
atmosphere. The uncontrolled use of fossil energy leads to the depletion of world reserves
of non-renewable energy sources.
The area, where it is possible to reduce the consumption of fuel and, consequently,
energy consumption and emissions into the atmosphere, is the housing stock, which
according to various estimates consumes 30 to 40 % of all energy [13-15]. It is enough to
increase regulatory requirements for insulation levels, to improve the degree of building
automation when adjusting the parameters of the coolant that enter the building, to install
systems heat recovery of exhaust air and a more efficient heating system.
In the future, to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of the planet and
protecting the environment, mankind will be forced to do a lot less energy for heating
than it uses it still. If we add to this that the stocks of non-renewable energy resources are
finite, it should be recognized that the main characteristic of the future buildings is ultra-
low energy consumption and even energy consumption close to zero. While the existing
old buildings spent from 200 to 400 kWh/m (year) thermal energy for heating,
The need for heating energy for buildings of the future generation will be from 20 to
50 kWh/m. And many countries establish similar standards of energy consumption

1
1.2 Historical Background
A zero energy building (ZEB) produces enough renewable energy to meet its own annual
energy consumption requirements, thereby reducing the use of non-renewable energy in
the building sector. ZEBs use all cost-effective measures to reduce energy usage through
energy efficiency and include renewable energy systems that produce enough energy to
meet remaining energy needs. There are a number of long-term advantages of moving
toward ZEBs, including lower environmental impacts, lower operating and maintenance
costs, better resiliency to power outages and natural disasters, and improved energy
security.
Reducing building energy consumption in new building construction or renovation can
be accomplished through various means, including integrated design, energy efficiency
retrofits, reduced plug loads and energy conservation programs. Reduced energy
consumption makes it
Simpler and less expensive to meet the building’s energy needs with renewable sources of
energy. ZEBs have a tremendous potential to transform the way buildings use energy and
there are an increasing number of building owners who want to meet this target. Private
commercial property owners are interested in developing ZEBs to meet their corporate
goals, and some have already constructed buildings designed to be zero energy. In
response to regulatory mandates, federal government agencies and many state and local
governments are beginning to move toward targets for ZEBs. However, definitions differ
from region to region and from organization to organization, leading to confusion and
uncertainty around what constitutes a ZEB.

2
1.3 Need and Objective Background
A broadly accepted definition of ZEB boundaries and metrics is foundational to efforts by
governments, utilities and private entities to recognize or incentivize ZEBs. A commonly
accepted definition and corresponding methods of measurement for ZEBs would also
have a significant impact on the development of design strategies for buildings and help
spur greater market uptake of such projects.
The definition of ZEBs needs to include clear and concise language to be effective and
accepted. Metrics and measurement guidelines are required to allow verification of the
achievement of the key elements of the definition. The definition, nomenclature and
measurement guidelines should address how energy consumption is measured and what
energy uses and types to include in its determination.
In practice, actual projects seeking to verify zero energy should work to ensure no harm is
done in the process of achieving zero energy performance across other, non-energy-
related considerations, such as water protection, optimized comfort for low-load
buildings, and comprehensive indoor air quality. While these considerations don’t affect
the definition of zero energy, it is important that in practice a design team ensures that
other important building considerations and values are not sacrificed in pursuit of zero
energy

1.3.1 Need
As technology continues to evolve every day, the emphasis placed on energy efficiency
has transformed from a possibility into a necessity. The vital need to reduce emissions
and regulate the environment has led to drastic changes in the building sector, from
management to integration. The concept of Zero Energy Buildings or Net Zero Energy
Buildings (NZEB) is quickly gaining momentum for environmentally conscious
consumers and companies such as Schneider Electric. Discover what it means to call a
building “Zero Energy” and how the game is changing for the better.

3
1.3.2 Objective
The objective of the Task is to study current net-zero, near net-zero and very low energy
buildings and to develop a common understanding, a harmonized international definitions
framework, tools, innovative solutions and industry guidelines. A primary means of
achieving this objective is to document and propose practical NZEB demonstration
projects, with convincing architectural quality. These exemplars and the supporting
sourcebook, guidelines and tools are viewed as keys to industry adoption. These projects
will aim to equalize their small annual energy needs, cost-effectively, through building
integrated heating/cooling systems, power generation and interactions with utilities.
The planned outcome of the Task is to support the conversion of the NZEB concept from
an idea into practical reality in the marketplace. The Task source book and the datasets
will provide realistic case studies of how NZEBs can be achieved. Demonstrating and
documenting real projects will also lower industry resistance to adoption of these
concepts.
The Task will build upon recent industry experiences with net-zero and low energy solar
buildings and the most recent developments in whole building integrated design and
operation. The joint international research and demonstration activity will address
concerns of comparability of performance calculations between building types and
communities for different climates in participating countries. The goal is solution sets that
are attractive for broad industry adoption.

1.3.3 Scope of present study

The scope includes major building types (residential and non-residential), new and
existing, for the climatic zones represented by the participating countries. The work will
be linked to national activities and will focus on individual buildings, clusters of buildings
and small settlements. The work will be based on analysis of existing examples that leads
to the development innovative solutions to be incorporated into national demonstration
buildings. Research about the affordability of ZEB-dwellings on Moradabad Institute of
Technology campus and also improving the building energy performance when compared
to the current norms.

4
1.4 Methodology
This work developed a methodology and an associated calculation platform in order to
identify the economic efficient design solutions for residential Zero Energy Building
(ZEB) design considering the influence of the local climate, the endogenous energy
resources and the local economic conditions. One case study of a detached house for 3
climates was analyzed with the tool developed in order to gain insights on the economic
space of ZEB solutions and the influence of the climatic context. A methodology for
assisting the choice of economically efficient ZEB solutions from the early design stage is
now available. Its use in practice may be of great relevance as the results showed that the
differences between an economically efficient and economically inefficient ZEB can be
over three times both in terms of initial and life cycle cost.

5
Al, aluminum; AFUE, Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency; BP, price of electricity bought
from the grid; CDD, Cooling Degree Days; COP, Coefficient of Performance; CS, central
scenario; DHW, domestic hot water ; EF, energy factor; HDDH, editing Degree Days;
IC, initial cost; LCC, life cycle cost; LIC, lowest initial cost; LLCC, lowest life cycle
cost; ZE, Zero Energy ; ZEB, Zero Energy Building, PB, payback; PV, photovoltaic;
RCHP, reversible cycle heat pump; RCHP class A, reversible cycle heat pump class A;
SC, solar collector; SP, price of electricity sold to the grid; TB, thermal break, TPO, total
power output.
Creating a broadly agreed upon and supported definition of ZEB should involve
participation from the many organizations that have a stake in the outcome. DOE selected
the National Institute of Building Sciences to facilitate this collaboration. A non-profit,
non-governmental organization, the Institute was established by the U.S. Congress in
1974 to bring together representatives of government, the professions, industry, labor and
consumer interests, and regulatory agencies to focus on the identification and resolution
of problems and potential problems that hamper the construction of safe, affordable,
efficient and effective structures throughout the United States.

1.5 Advantages of Zero Energy Building

 Reduces the menace of destruction of the nonrenewable conventional
energy resources.
 The cost of energy of a NZEB does not increase with time relative to the
similar non- renewable energy building.
 Future legislative restrictions and carbon emission taxes/penalties may
force expensive retrofits to inefficient buildings.
 It is an area contractionary technique which requires a less area for the
installation of setup.
 By improving the energy efficiency it reduces the total cost of ownership
as well as the total cost of living.

1.6 Disadvantages of Zero Energy Building

 Initial cost is much higher i.e. a money blockage technique which recovers after a
few years.
 Variation of weather plays a vital role for that the PV solar system is not sufficient
for all type of weather.
 High skilled labor is required of having necessary information for the installation
of setup.
 Solar energy system using the house envelope only works in locations
unobstructed from the South. The solar energy capture cannot be optimized in
facing shade or wooded surroundings.
6
1.7 Uses of Zero Energy Building
Zero energy buildings combine energy efficiency and renewable energy generation to
consume only as much energy as can be produced onsite through renewable resources
over a specified time period. Achieving zero energy is an ambitious yet increasingly
achievable goal that is gaining momentum across geographic regions and markets. Private
commercial property owners have a growing interest in developing zero energy buildings
to meet their corporate goals, and in response to regulatory mandates, federal government
agencies and many state and local governments are beginning to move toward zero
energy building targets.

7
CHAPTER 2

Literature Review
A literature review of zero energy buildings, take this idea from YouTube by First
experience in the construction of buildings with zero energy consumption
The German scholar Wolfgang feisty from the Institute for washmen und Unmelt
GmbH and the Swedish Professor Bo Adamson of Lund University are the first who
proposed the concept of building energy passive houses
In 1990, in Germany, in Darmstadt, the first house was constructed, it gave rise to the
development of new technology in the construction of energy-passive houses. The
experiment was a success, and to conduct further research, the Institute was founded by
Dr. Fasten in Darmstadt in 1996. For 17 years of the Institute working approximately 15
thousand buildings has been constructed that correspond the definition of a passive
buildings.
Developments in the field of energy saving and increase of energy efficiency of buildings
in our country are carried out, both at the Federal and at the regional level. Among
prominent experts in this field should be allocated Avery V.K., G.P., V.A., N.A., V.I. and
many others.
The programs and guidance documents has been also developed at the regional level.
There is developed regional methodological document (hereinafter - RMD) "Guidelines
on energy efficiency of residential and public buildings" in St. Petersburg by construction
Committee in conjunction with the relevant research and educational organizations in
which the basic architectural, spatial, urban planning, design and engineering activities
aimed at comprehensive energy savings.
However, construction of building with ultra-low power consumption, passive
consumption (type Passive House) or energy consumption close to zero is undeveloped in
Russia. There are several objects with low power consumption in this country, for
example energy efficient home that has built in Moscow, district Nikulino-2, and the
building that has built near Moscow. These buildings’ the annual level of energy intensity
is about (50kWh/m2.year).
The following is a review of literature related to ZEB definitions and research projects.
The reviewed literature is divided into a number of main important topics for the
discussion of ZEB definitions

8
2.2 Energy Focus
Total energy demand in the building is a sum of thermal and electricity demand; however,
many studies focus only on one demand neglecting the other. This issue is raised by Able,
(1994): “Many low-energy building projects seem to have been based on the idea
'decrease heat supply at any cost'. In some cases, this has resulted in 'zero-energy
buildings' which, it is true, do not need any heat supply but do, instead, indirectly need
electricity, e.g., to operate the heat pump included in the system.”
In the 1970’s and 80’s, when large part of energy use in the buildings was mostly due to
the heating (space heating and domestic hot water) in publications the zero energy
buildings were actually zero-heating buildings, since only heating demand was accounted
into a zero balance. Essenes, et al. (1977) describe an experimental ZEB house in
Denmark and point out: “With energy conservation arrangements, such as high-insulated
constructions, heat-recovery equipment and a solar heating system, the Zero Energy
House is dimensioned to be self-sufficient in space heating and hot-water supply during
normal climatic conditions in Denmark. Energy supply for the electric installations in the
house is taken from the municipal mains. “Satish, (1984) and Satish, et al. (1985) in their
studies present a Natural Energy Autonomous House in Japan. According to authors: “…
a multi-purpose natural energy autonomous house will meet almost all the energy
demands for space heating and cooling as well as supply of hot water for standard
Japanese house in 10-15 years. For this purpose, solar energy, the natural underground
coldness and sky radiation cooling are utilized.”

9
2.3 ENERGY SUPPLY SYSTEM
The scientific publications focus either on off-grid ZEBs or on-grid ZEB. The main
difference between those two approaches is that, the off-grid ZEB does not have any
connection to the energy infrastructure, thus it does not purchase energy from any
external sources, and the boundaries for the balance calculations are within the building.
The on-grid ZEB, in the literature also named “net zero” or “grid connected”, is the
energy producing building connected to one or more energy infrastructures; electricity
grid, district heating and cooling system, gas pipe network, biomass and biofuels
distribution networks. Therefore, it is has a possibility for both buying and selling energy
from/to the utility grid. This division is also well noticeable in the ZEB definitions.
The off-grid ZEB commonly also called “autonomous” or “self-sufficient” building has
been presented in many publications: Stahl, et al. (1994), Voss, et al. (1996), Kramer,
(2007), Plate, et al. (2007); however, there is no clear definition of off-grid ZEB in these
publications. The authors set the goals for the projects, which indirectly can be
understood as the ZEB definition, or give the definition which can be used exclusively for
described study case. Stahl, et al. (1994): “The goals of the project can be
summarized as follows:

 use of solar energy to replace other, environmentally damaging energy

carriers
 demonstration of new concepts of solar architecture integrated into an
energetically optimized structure
 utilization of advanced technologies for energy conservation
 demonstration of new solar energy systems
Voss, et al. (1996): “The Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems has built an
energy self-sufficient solar house (SSSH) in Freiburg, Germany. Its entire energy demand
for heating, domestic hot water, electricity and cooking is supplied solely by solar energy.
The combination of state-of-the-art energy-saving technologies with highly efficient solar
systems minimizes the mismatch between the solar radiation input and the building
energy demand in winter. The remaining seasonal energy storage is accomplished by
electrolysis of water during summer with electricity from a photovoltaic generator.”

10
Energy supply is the delivery of fuels or transformed fuels to point of consumption. It
potentially encompasses the extraction, transmission, generation, distribution and storage
of fuels. It is also sometimes called energy flow

2.4 Renewable energy options

In a ZEB definition it is necessary to define the supply-side of the renewable energy
sources. According to Tortellini, et al. (2006) there are two options: on-site supply or off-
site supply. Within the on-site supply authors distinguish building footprint and building
site. Within the off-site supply the building either uses RES available off-site to produce
energy on-site, or purchase off-site RES. To Cellini, et al. (2006) propose a ranking of
preferred application of renewable energy sources:

11
Table of Renewable energy supply options:

Option ZEB Supply-Side Options Examples

Number

1 Reduce site energy use through low-energy HVAC equipment, natural

building technologies Daylighting, high- ventilation, evaporative
efficiency cooling, etc.

On-Site Supply Options

2 Use renewable energy sources available within PV, solar hot water, and
the building’s footprint wind located on the building

3 Use renewable energy sources available at the PV, solar hot water, low-
site impact hydro, and wind
located on-site, but not on
the building.
off-Site Supply Options

4 Use renewable energy sources available off site Biomass, wood pellets,
to generate energy on site ethanol, or biodiesel that
can be imported from off
site, or waste streams from
on-site processes that can be
used on-site to generate
electricity and heat
5 Purchase off-site renewable energy sources Utility-based wind, PV,
emissions credits, or other
“green” purchasing options.
Hydroelectric is sometimes
considered

12
2.5 Type of renewable source
Renewable energy refers to a type of energy that is natural and inexhaustible. This type of
energy has gained prominence in recent years due to dwindling coal, oil and natural gas
(the world’s main sources of energy) reserves and continued environmental degradation
caused by these energy sources. Renewable energy can be reproduced, reducing or
eliminating carbon emissions – which are responsible for global warming.
 13
 Solar
 Wind
 Hydroelectric
 Biomass
 Bio Fuels
 Tidal Energy
 Wave Power
 Hydrogen

2.4.1 Solar
The sun is probably the most popular type of renewable energy source. This is because
the sun’s radiation is completely free and occurs everywhere except in the arctic regions.
You don’t have to pay any money in order to harvest solar energy. All you need is to
invest in a quality photovoltaic (PV) solar panel system.

2.4.2 Wind
Wind is another 100% renewable source of energy. Wind turbines are used to convert the
wind’s kinetic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is then fed into a
generator to produce electricity. This form of energy has very low environmental impact,
but some people detest the very sight of wind turbines or wind farms.
14
2.4.3 Hydroelectric
Hydropower uses the gravitational force of flowing or falling water to generate
electricity. This form of energy source is very clean, and produces zero direct waste.
Majority of the large hydroelectric projects supply electricity to public utilities, but there
some hydropower plants that are specifically built to power industrial enterprises. Small
scale or micro hydropower plants are also becoming increasingly popular as they can be
built on small rivers or streams.

15
2.4.4 Biomass
Biomass energy is generated from dead, organic materials such as trash, dead trees and
leaves, and even dead animals. Energy can be produced by burning these organic
materials so they can give off heat or by converting these materials into energy sources
such as methane, ethanol or biodiesel.

16
2.4.5 Bio Fuels
Biofuels use biomass, or organic materials, to generate electricity. Organic materials,
such as oil seed rape soya, or sugar beet, are converted into biofuels, like biogas,
biodiesel, ethanol, and other bio alcohols. These fuels are, in turn, burned to produce
electricity.

17
2.4.6 Tidal Energy
Tidal energy is the energy derived from tides. Tidal forces produced by the Sun and the
Moon, in combination with the Earth’s rotation, are very powerful and can be harnessed
to generate electricity. Tidal generators work just like wind turbines. They convert the
kinetic energy of the swiftly moving sea water into mechanical energy that goes into a
generator to produce electricity.

18
2.4.7 Wave power
Wave power is produced from the rising and falling of sea waves. Ocean waves rise and
fall, creating mechanical energy that can be converted into electric energy.

19
2.4.8 Radiant Energy
Radiant energy comes from magnetic waves, such as visible light, X-rays and
microwaves. While electromagnetic waves exist in massive amounts in the environment,
scientists are still trying to learn how to effectively harness radiant energy from these
electromagnetic waves to power appliances

20
2.4.9 Hydrogen
Hydrogen is the most abundant element on earth and can be burned to produce energy.
The only problem is that it doesn’t occur naturally and must be separated from natural
compounds such as water.

21
2.5 Building Types
The zero energy building definitions can be also divided according to the building type.
In the prevailing literature there is almost no difference between the zero energy building
definition for a commercial building and a residential building. Commonly in the
publications three phrases are used: “zero energy building”, “zero energy house” and
“zero energy home”. As the first term is the most comprehensive and includes both
residential and commercial building, the two others typically are used for the residences.
The following different of Building types

 Education
 Food Sales
 Food Service
 Health Care (Inpatient)
 Office
 Lodging
 Public Order and Safety
 Vacant
 Religious Worship

22
2.5.1 Education
Buildings used for academic or technical classroom instruction, such as elementary,
middle, or high schools, and classroom buildings on college or university campuses.
Buildings on education campuses for which the main use is not classroom are included in
the category relating to their use. For example, administration buildings are part of
"Office," dormitories are "Lodging," and libraries are "Public Assembly."

2.5.2 Food Sales

Buildings used for retail or wholesale of food.

2.5.3 Food Service

Buildings used for preparation and sale of food and beverages for consumption.

2.5.4 Health Care (Outpatient)

Buildings used as diagnostic and treatment facilities for outpatient care. Medical offices
are included here if they use any type of diagnostic medical equipment (if they do not,
they are categorized as an office building).

2.5.5 Office
Buildings used for general office space, professional office, or administrative offices.
Medical offices are included here if they do not use any type of diagnostic medical
equipment (if they do, they are categorized as an outpatient health care building).

2.5.6 Lodging
Buildings used to offer multiple accommodations for short-term or long-term residents,
including skilled nursing and other residential care buildings.

2.5.7 Public Order and Safety

Buildings used for the preservation of law and order or public safety.

23
2.5.8 Vacant
Buildings in which more floor space was vacant than was used for any single commercial
activity at the time of interview. Therefore, a vacant building may have some occupied
floor space.

2.5.9 Religious Worship

Buildings in which people gather for religious activities, (such as chapels, churches,
mosques, synagogues, and temples).

2.6 Single or Community

If one building can be ZEB, then crating a zero energy community should be just a matter
of merging those building into communities, villages or even towns. However, should
also the definition for one ZEB be multiplied by the number of the buildings creating the
community or should zero energy community has a separate definition.
In the scientific publications the prevailing definitions are focus only on one
building/house/home only Lassen, (2008) in the ZEB definitions uses plural: “Zero Net
Energy Buildings are buildings (…) Zero Carbon Buildings are buildings…etc” Though,
later in the paper author indicates “Compared to the passive house standards there is no
exact definition for the way to construct or obtain a zero energy building.”
Nevertheless, few case studies ZEB communities are described. The best know eco
community also called the largest UK eco village is the Bedding ton Zero Energy
Development (Bed ZED). “Bed ZED has been designed to address environmental, social
and economic needs. It brings together a number of proven methods – most of which are
not particularly high tech - for reducing energy, water and car use. Crucially, it produces
affordable, attractive and environmentally responsible housing and workspace” [1].
According to General Information Report 89, (2002): “Bed Zed’s zero-carbon ‘total
energy strategy’ is achieved via:

 energy-efficient design of the buildings – reducing heat losses and

utilizing solar gain, to the point where it is feasible to eliminate
conventional central heating systems altogether
 energy-efficient and hot-water-saving appliances to reduce demand – this
sets the capacity for the CHP system
 use of renewable energy sources – wood-fuelled CHP (trees absorb CO2
as they grow, and return it to the atmosphere when burnt); PV power
integrated into the sunspace roofs means that Bed ZED will become a net
exporter of renewable energy
 A green transport plan – minimizing residents’ use of fossil-fuel cars and
the need to commute to work.”

24
CHAPTER 3

NOMENCLATURE
Definitions of key terms applied to the zero energy building definitions.

3.1Annual
Covering at least one period of 12 consecutive months for all energy measurements.

3.2Building
A structure wholly or partially enclosed within exterior walls, or within exterior and party
walls, and a roof providing services and affording shelter to persons, animals or property.

25
3.3 Building Site
Building and the area on which a building is located where energy is used and produced.

3.4 Building Energy

Energy consumed at the building site as measured at the site boundary. At minimum, this
includes heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, indoor and outdoor lighting,
plug loads, process energy, elevators and conveying systems, and intra-building
transportation systems.
26
3.5 Campus
A group of building sites in a specific locality that contain renewable energy production
systems owned by a given institution.

27
3.6 Delivered Energy
Any type of energy that could be bought or sold for use as building energy, including
electricity, steam, hot water or chilled water, natural gas, biogas, landfill gas, coal, coke,
propane, petroleum and its derivatives, residual fuel oil, alcohol based fuels, wood,
biomass and any other material consumed as fuel.

3.7 Energy
The capacity for doing work. Energy takes a number of forms that may be transformed
from one into another, such as thermal (heat), mechanical (work), electrical or chemical.
Customary measurement units are British thermal units (Btu), joules (J) or kilowatt-hours
(kWh).

28
3.8 Exported Energy
On-site renewable energy supplied through the site boundary and used outside the site
boundary.

29
3.9 Geothermal Energy
Deep-earth heat used for either electricity generation or thermal energy.

3.10 On-site Renewable Energy

Includes any renewable energy collected and generated within the site boundary that is
used for building energy, and the excess renewable energy could be exported outside the
site boundary. The renewable energy certificates (RECs) associated with the renewable
energy must be retained or retired by the building owner/lessee to be claimed as
renewable energy.

30
3.11 Portfolio
A collection of building sites that contains renewable energy production systems
owned/leased by a single entity.

3.12 Renewable Energy

Energy resources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited. They are virtually
inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of
time. Renewable energy resources include biomass, hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, ocean
thermal, wave action and tidal action. [From DOE’s U.S. Energy Information
Administration Glossary.
31
3.13 Renewable Energy Certificate (REC)
Represents and conveys the environmental, social and other non-power qualities of one
megawatt-hour of renewable electricity generation and can be sold separately from the
underlying physical electricity associated with a renewable-based generation source.

3.14 Site Boundary

Line that marks the limits of the building site(s) across which delivered energy and
exported energy are measured.

32
3.15 Site Energy
Same as building energy.

3.16 Source Energy

Site energy plus the energy consumed in the extraction, processing and transport of
primary fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas; energy losses in thermal combustion in
power generation plants; and energy losses in transmission and distribution to the
building site.

33
CHAPTER 4

Floor are Kept Warm for Zero Energy Buildings

Floors are kept warm, such a system that hot or cold water can pass under the
floors making it warm or cooled, generally warm as western countries temperatures
are often very low and the warm water is coming via solar panels on the roof top.
The water pipes pass down the concrete floor, these piping system gets heated via
solar panels which produces warm concrete floor. In the house, sun tunnel skylight
is given at selected locations. All the heat from sun is directed via a system to the
floor of the house which keeps it always warm.

34
Rain Water Harvesting System
Rain water harvesting system is applied, the water from roof top via a downspout collects
in the storage outside the house as per the storage capacity of owner. This collected water
can be used for landscape as well as other domestic purpose except drinking, so saving
the cost to buy the water from outside source.

35
Ventilation System in Zero Energy Buildings

The project provides the scheme with a regulated air supply and
exhaust mechanical ventilation with heat recovery of the ground and the
exhaust air (Fig.).
The ventilation system is equipped with sensors CO2 (carbon dioxide)
and RH (humidity) inside air in the premises of the building.
The ventilation rate in the working time in the presence of staff is
provided in the amount of: 0.5÷1 h-1.
In the winter time if necessary extra fresh air to tint=18-19°C as the heat
source should be used the carrier geothermal heat pump systems (heat-
insulated floors).

36
Solar Panels on the Rooting

The solar panels on the rooftop converts the sunrays to electrical energy
so the electric dept. is amazed to see that the electric meter starts
running backward, in fact you can ask tell your utility companies to pay
you is something extraordinary. There is inverter installed inside which
converts the direct current produced by solar panels to alternative
current which is used in USA.
Reduced consumption of electricity from lighting system, all are
fluorescent lights or low voltage lights which are generally advanced
lighting package and very decorative lights it can give you a very
aesthetic and antique look.

37
HAVC System in Zero Energy Buildings

HVAC system air is cooled by a chiller system that either chills or heat water. The water
is then sent thru copper tubes not under a high pressure to the coils which gets cooled
with chilled water and is connected to the blowers at various location in house, thus the
house gets chilled.
Sometimes 1.5 tons and 2 tons compressors are placed outside, both are factory charged
with refrigerant. Attach to each compressor is chiller system. So at a time when there is a
single family the 1.5 tons or 2 tons compressor is working automatically depending upon
the weather and if there is requirement of higher chilling like there is some function in the
house then both compressor starts working simultaneously in random and chills the
house.

38
Alternate Building Material for Zero Energy Buildings

Zero energy house generates energy from roof-integrated solar photovoltaic panels and
roof-mounted solar hot water panels. It’s time to rethink energy in the buildings.
We have enough energy from the sun, solar panels provide energy to meet all the
electricity requirements and build using alternate building materials an energy sources.
You need to choose the right material for getting the required efficiency.
Alternatively, for winter season, roofing system which is metal panel’s dark color, it
absorbs heat like any other dark color. Above the foam on the roof is a vapor barrier and
above that is the air space about 1.5 inch. Air is made to pass in the roof, making the area
warmer and supple grilles installed on the roof to pass the hot air making house warmer.

39
Results and Discussion

The Zero Energy Building is a complex concept thus the development of one ZEB
definition applicable for all case is not a simple task. As presented in the literature review,
there are many approaches to the ZEB definition and each of them spotlights different
aspects of ZEB. Those issues have served to create a list of the main topics, which should
be considered, when developing a new net ZEB definition.
First and probably the most important is the issue of the balance:
 What are the units of the balance (final energy; primary energy; energy;
energy costs or maybe CO2 EMISSION).
 Which energy demands are in the balance: only the energy required for
operating the building, or also the energy use connected with occupant’s
behavior (cooking, appliances, lighting etc.) is included?
 If the embodied energy in the building construction, used technical
equipment should be accounted in the balance?
When looking at the general practice for calculating the energy use of a building, the most
commonly used unit is the primary energy. This unit allows taking into consideration the
difference in the generation and distribution of 1 kW of electricity and 1kW of heat or
natural gas and thus express better the actual building energy use. Since the energy prices
not only change in time but also differ worldwide, using the energy costs, as unit could
make it almost impossible to design a building, which would be a ZEB through its entire
lifetime. Thus a building could be ZEB only at the time when it is design. The final
energy is the easiest unit to implement and understand, but on the other hand quality of
the different kinds of energy if fully neglected. CO2 emission could be a unit, however
for a second separate definition of Zero Emission Building.
The second question regarding the energy demands should not be difficult to answer,
because if a building is named zero energy building,
Then total energy use should be included. In order to evaluate total building
environmental impact embodied energy should be taken into account in the balance.
However, it can be difficult, since in early design phase many data, values needed for
including embodied energy in the calculations are yet unknown.
Another point for the discussion is the question: if net zero approach is only focus on grid
connected cases or not? From the literature review it can be noticed that the term ‘net’ is
more often used in the definitions for grid connected ZEB to emphasize the interaction
with the utility grid. Assuming, that net zero approach includes only on-grid ZEB, in the
newly developed definition the regulations of the building-grid interaction should be well
described, since this connection ought to be beneficial for both sides.
Unfortunately, the studies describe mostly how positive it is for the building neglecting
the gird situation.
40
Furthermore, one more topic for the analysis is: if the ZEB definition should include
specific requirements it terms of:

• Maximum allowed energy use,

• Minimum indoor environment quality (temperature and IAQ)
• Type and application of renewable energy sources?
In number of publications devoted to ZEB, similar path to achieve ZEB can be noticed.
Firstly, the reduction of energy demand using energy efficient technologies and
afterwards utilization of renewable energy sources (RES) to supply remaining energy.
This is the most logical approach to reach ZEB. Nevertheless, as Listen, (2008) points out
that: “In principle ZEB can be a traditional building, which is supplied with very large
solar collector and solar photo voltage systems. If these systems deliver more energy over
a year than the use in the building it is a zero net energy building.” In order to avoid and
eliminate this kind of ZEB a fixed value of maximum allowed energy use could be a good
solution.
In the literature the topic of indoor environment
quality is almost fully neglected in the ZEB definitions, though it is an important issue.
On the one hand, it would be very beneficial from general point of view, that all ZEB
would use the same values. It would be much easier to evaluate and compare ZEBs from
different location worldwide. On the other hand, giving so detailed criteria in the ZEB
definition could significantly limit its usefulness in many cases. Since, different values
can be used depending on building type, country, applied standard and local climate
conditions. A good solution could be a guidance or suggestion which standards or values
should be used. In prevailing ZEB cases descried in the literature solar energy (solar
thermal and photo voltaic – PV) is mostly common used
RES. It follows from the fact that, firstly it can be easily implemented in the building
construction (no extra space besides building footprint is needed) and secondly it is the
best developed RES technology for small-scale application. However, there are cases, in
which another RES than solar energy would be more beneficial or easier to use, so why
the ZEB definition should impose a certain type of RES .

41
 Future Scope
(i) Market Synopsis:
As the world is growing towards a future of sustainability and energy-efficiency, the
concept of Zero-energy Buildings (ZEBs) is gaining momentum in the architectural
industry. These buildings are significant for moving towards a more energy-efficient
future. Nowadays manufacturers are focusing on new buildings with energy-efficiency in
mind. However these improvements can also work with existing buildings.
The net zero-energy building becomes more significant when considered buildings
account for over a third of the world’s energy use and associated greenhouse gas
emissions. Reduction in water consumption, recycling of waste water through sewage
treatment plant, use of plants with low water demand in landscaping, and the use of
geothermal cooling for HVAC system, help the market, grow. Rainwater harvesting, and
the use of curing compounds during construction, also play an important role for the
growth of zero-energy buildings market. Additionally, emission reduction potential of
zero-energy buildings materials, higher asset value of environmental friendly buildings,
growth in public awareness regarding energy efficient materials such as insulation and
windows, also majorly drive the market growth.

(ii) Impact on Workplace Productivity and Health:

Construction activities are increasing, across the globe, particularly in countries such as
India and China. People have been focusing more on energy efficient construction due to
its advantages such as reduction of overall impact on environment and human health.
Sustainable development is the most vibrant and enigmatic global topic in the
construction industry in more than a decade. According to Environmental Protection
Agency.
Sustainable buildings can make their surroundings healthier and more sustainable by
efficiently utilizing resources, creating a healthy and productive work flow that lower a
company’s waste production. One more reason for sustainable building construction
concerns the resale value. Increasing awareness among architects & construction
companies about environmental and social impacts of their buildings, has brought about a
surge in sustainable building designs and construction.

(ii) Sustainability, Emerging Economies & the Developing

World
Sustainability in built environment is becoming a strong force in the construction industry
to achieve social and environmental benefits and to lower negative environment impacts.
Developing countries play an important role in achieving growth in two major ways.
Firstly, the potential economic and social impacts of environmental degradation play a
vital role in developing countries. They are the most vulnerable to climate change and
tend to be more dependent than advanced economies on the exploitation of natural
resources for economic growth.
42
 CONCLUSION

We have produced a series of studies. It corresponds to identifying and practical

application of a body of architectural and planning solutions to reduce the heat loss
through the building of the building envelope.
The following architectural techniques were suggested in order to improve the energy
efficiency of the designed building, which are the subject of this current study:
The optimal building orientation to the side of light with the prevailing wind direction
during the winter in order to neutralize the negative impact of climate change on the
building and thermal balance‚ maximum glazing northwestern facades and blank walls
on the low-light scenes sides of the light (according to the results of measurements).
The form of the building is characterized by a reduced coefficient of compactness. This
goal has been achieved by reducing the area of external walling by eliminating
irregularity facade projections, the West and other "architectural openings”.
The presence of the vestibule at the entrance, this avoids the additional heat loss.

REFERENCES

[1] http://www.peabody.org.uk/media-centre/factsheets/bedzed.aspx
Able, E. (1994). Low-Energy buildings. Energy and Buildings Vol.21, 1994, pp. 169-174
B. (2008). Towards a Zero Energy Island. Renewable Energy Vol. 34, Issue 3, March
2009, pp. 784-789
R. (2008). A review of design processes for low energy solar homes. Open House
International Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 7-16
Clark II, W.W. & Eisenberg L. (2008). Agile sustainable communities: On-site
renewable energy generation. Utilities Policy Vol. 16, Issue 4, December 2008, pp. 262-
274
T.V. & V. (1977). Dimensioning of the solar heating system in the zero energy house in
Denmark. Solar Energy Vol. 19, Issue 2, 1977, pp. 195-199
W. (1995). Zero-energy houses in the Netherlands. Proceedings of Building
Simulation ‘95. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, August 14–16; 1995, pp. 276–283.
Web address: http://www.ibpsa.org/proceedings/BS1995/BS95_276_283.pdf
43
Griffith, B. P. & Long, N. (2006). Assessment of the Technical Potential for
Achieving Zero- Energy Commercial Buildings. National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL), USA
Web address: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39830.pdf
Iqbal, M.T. (2003). A feasibility study of a zero energy home in Newfoundland.
Renewable
Energy Vol. 29, Issue 2 February 2004, pp. 277-289
S. (2007). A new metric for net- zero carbon buildings. Proceedings of ES2007.
Energy Sustainability 2007, Long Beach, California, pp. 219-224
Kramer, J., A. & B. (2007). The off-grid zero emission building.
Proceedings of the Energy Sustainability Conference 2007, 2007, pp. 573-580
L. J. (2008). Energy Efficiency Requirements in Building Codes, Energy Efficiency
Policies for New Buildings. International Energy Agency (IEA).
Web address: http://www.iea.org/g8/2008/Building_Codes.pdf
Mertz, G.A., G.S. & K. (2007). Cost optimization of net-zero energy house. Proceedings
of ES2007. Energy Sustainability 2007, Long Beach, California, pp. 477-488

C. (2008). Low energy and sustainable housing in the UK and Germany. Open House
International. Vol. 33, Issue 3, 2008, pp. 17-25 Noguchi, M. A., V., J. & B. (2008).

Zero Energy Homes of the Future: A Case Study of the TM House in Canada.
Presented at the Renewable Energy Congress, Glasgow, Scotland, July 2008
Web address: http://canmetenergy.nrcan.gc.ca/eng/buildings_communities/housing/public
cations.html? 2008-112
Parker, D.S., Thomas, M. & T. (2001). On the path to Zero Energy Homes.
Produced for the U.S. Department of Energy by the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory, and DOE national laboratory
Web address: http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/SolarHomes/zeb_path_29915.pdf
P. & D.A. (2007). Zero energy houses geo exchange, solar CHP, and low energy building
approach. Proceedings of the Energy Sustainability Conference 2007, 2007, pp. 471-476
 44
S., J., J.A. &, A.K. (2008). Getting to a Zero Energy Lifestyle in Canada. The A Zero
Energy House. Presented to the
23nd European PV Solar Energy Conference, Valencia, Spain, September 2008
S., Hurt, R., Boehm, R. & Hale, M.J. (2008). Performance of a zero-energy house.
Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, Transactions of the ASME Vol. 130, Issue 2, May
2008, pp. 0210061-0210064
T (1984). Natural energy autonomous house with underground water reservoir. Bulletin
of the JSME Vol. 27, Issue 226, April 1984, pp. 773-778
Saito, T., H. & Ono, T. (1985). An energy-independent house combining solar thermal
and sky radiation energies. Solar Energy Vol. 35, Issue 6, 1985, pp. 541-547
Stahl, W., Voss, K. & A. (1995). The self-sufficient solar house Freiburg. Issue 1-3,
January 1995, pp. 50-80
P.S. & D, M. (2006). Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the
Definition. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), USA

Web address: http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy06osti/39833.pdf

P. & Crawley, D. *(2006). Understanding Zero-Energy Buildings. ASHRAE Journal
September 2006, Vol. 48 Issue 9, pp. 62-69
Voss, K., A., Bopp, G., A., A. & H. (1996). The self-sufficient solar house in Freiburg -
Results of 3 years of operation. Solar Energy Vol. 58, Issue 1-3, July 1996, pp. 17-23
Voss, K. (2008). What is Really New about Zero-Energy Homes?. Proceedings of 12th
International Conference on Passive Houses 2008, Nuremberg, Germany pp. 187-19
“Centerline. Getting to zero-energy buildings”. Center for the Built Environment (CBE),
USA
Web address: http://www.cbe.berkeley.edu/centerline/summer2008.pdf
General Information Report 89 “ZED – Zero Energy Development, Sutton”
(2002) “Project Profile: Riverdale NetZero Project—Edmonton, Alberta”
Web address: http://www.riverdalenetzero.ca/Riverdale_NetZero_house_project_profile
.pdf“The Potential Impact of Zero Energy Homes” (2006). Developed by the NAHB
Research Center, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the National Renewable Energy
Laboratory (NREL)
Web address: http://www.toolbase.org/PDF/CaseStudies/ZEHPotentialImpact.pdf
45