Antennas in cellular

communication
➢Content

✔ Antenna and types of antennas.

✔ Frequency bands of cellular networks in india.
✔ Block diagram of antenna systems in mobile
communication.
✔ Antennas used in cellular communication.
✔ Technical specifications of some antennas.
✔ Antennas used for defence applications.
✔ Conclusion.
Antennas :
➢ Antennas are used to radiate and receive EM waves (energy)
➢ Antennas link this energy between the ether and a device such
as a transmission line (e.g., coaxial cable)
➢ Antennas consist of one or several radiating elements through
which an electric current circulates
 Types of antennas:
 omnidirectional
 directional
 phased arrays
 adaptive
 optimal
 Principal characteristics used to characterize an antenna are:
 radiation pattern
 directivity
 gain
 efficiency
➢ Isotropic antennas:
 An isotropic antenna is an ideal antenna which radiates it's power
uniformly in all directions. There is no actual physical isotropic
antenna . It is used as a reference antenna for antenna gain.
 Omnidirectional Antennas: simple dipoles
➢ Radiates or intercepts radio-frequency (RF) electromagnetic fields
equally well in all horizontal directions in a flat, two-dimensional (2D)
geometric plane.
➢ Used in cellular telephone sets and wirless routers.

➢
 Directional antennas :
➢ Often used for microwave connections (directed point to point transmission)
or base stations for mobile phones
  Array antennas :
➢ Grouping of 2 or more antennas to obtain radiating characteristics that cannot be
obtained from a single element
 Signal propogation ranges :
➢ Transmission range
 communication possible
 low error rate
➢ Detection range
 detection of the signal
possible
sender
 no communication
possible, high error rate
transmission
➢ Interference range
distance
 signal may not be detection
detected
 signal adds to the interference
background noise
➢Mobile technologies used in india :

 GSM (2G) : Global System for Mobile communication .

 CDMA (3G) : Code-Division Multiple Access .

 LTE (4G) : Long Term Evolution.

 UMTS (3G) : Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System commonly known as WCDMA
➢ Frequency bands of different technologies in India:
S.No. Mobile technology Frequency bands Major operator
in india in india
Airtel , Idea ,
1. GSM (2G) 900MHz,1800MHz Vodafone , Aircel ,
BSNL

2. CDMA(3G) 850MHz Reliance, BSNL,

Tata

3. WCDMA(3G) 2100MHz, 900MHz Airtel, Idea

Vodafone

4. WiMAX 2300MHz BSNL

5. 4G LTE 1800MHz,2300MHz Airtel, Idea

Vodafone, Jio

850MHz Jio
➢ Block diagram of antenna system for mobile communication :
➢Antennas used in cellular communications :
 Sector antennas and smart antennas are extensively used in cellular
mobile communications in india.

➢ Sector antennas : A sector antenna is a type of directional microwave

antenna with a sector-shaped radiation pattern. They are used for limited
wave distances of around 4-5km.

➢ Smart antennas : Smart antennas also known as adaptive array antennas,

digital antenna arrays, multiple antennas and MIMO are antenna arrays
with smart signal processing algorithms used to identify spatial signal
signatures such as the direction of arrival (DOA) of the signal. These are
used in cellular systems.

 Types of smart antennas:

➢ Switched beam : Switched beam systems have several available fixed
beam patterns.
➢ Adaptive arrays : Adaptive arrays allow the antenna to steer the beam to
any direction of interest while simultaneously nulling interfering signals
Technical specifications of antenna :
S.No. Name Type Frequency Gain Polarization Beamwidth
range (dBi) (deg)

Sector
1. antenna SA2216 2300-2700 16 Dual-linear 120
Bi Sector Dual Slant
2. Antenna - 1030-922-03 1710-1880 2 x 18 ± 45° 2 x 65
GSM 1800
Multiband
Antenna - 1710-2170
3. GSM
2259 18 Dual Slant 65
1800/UMTS ± 45°
Wideband
Panel
Microcell 100-0027 Dual Slant
4. Antenna - 1710-1880 8.5 ± 45° 142
GSM 1800
Multiband 1710-1880 Dual Slant
5. Antenna - 5201 1900-2170 20/20 ± 45° 65/65
1800/UMTS
Tri Sector Dual Slant
6. Antenna - 103-0001-4 1710-1880 3 x 18 ± 45° 3 x 65
GSM 1800
Sector
7. antenna SA5219 4900-6000 19 Dual-linear 120
➢ Antennas used for defence applications :
 Spiral antenna : Spiral antennas operates in the frequency range of 150MHz-40GHz.
Some of these designs were adapted to be high pressure spiral
antennas for submarine applications.

 Log-periodic Dipole array antenna : Frequency ranges span 20-3000 MHz in a single
antenna for spectrum monitoring (also LPDAs for sub-bands in this range).

 Horn antennas : Designed and developed a wide range of horn antennas covering 0.5-40
GHz range including 9:1 bandwidth double-ridged horns. High power horns for jamming
applications in the 0.8-18 GHz range.

 Blade antennas : Blade antennas are developed for high perfomance and transport aircraft
with particular emphasis covering a frequency of 25-500MHz and 500-2GHz.

 Omni directional antennas : An extensive range of biconical omni-directional antennas with

slant 45° polarizers operating in the 0.5-40 GHz frequency range was developed.
Conclusion :
 There are various types of antennas used in wireless communication.Sector
antennas are widely used in cellular commnications.

 Smart antennas offer several possibilities than omni directional or sector

antennas. They increase coverage through range extension and capacity.

 Smart antennas system are recommended to mobile communications companies

to be used especially in big towns where the number of subscribers is large.