CHAPTER 5 : NON UNIFORM

FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

OPEN CHANNEL : A CHANNEL

WHERE THE WATER FLOWS WITH
MAINLY BY GRAVITY FORCE AND
THERE HAS A FREE SURFACE
AND ATMOSPHERE PRESSURE ON
THE WATER.

EXAMPLE
CHAPTER 5

TYPE OF FLOW :

1. Uniform flow Steady Uniform Flow

UnSteady Uniform Flow

2.Non uniform flow Steady Non

Uniform Flow
Rapidly Varied
UnSteady Non Flow
Uniform Flow

Gradually Varied
Flow
CHAPTER 5

Uniform flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity

constant along the length of the
channel

y1 v1
Q v2 y1 = y2
y2
v1 = v2
CHAPTER 5

Non uniform flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity is

different along the length of the
channel

Q v1 y1 v2 y1 = y2
y2
v1 = v2
CHAPTER 5

Steady uniform flow -

- Depth, discharge & velocity is

constant along the length of the
channel and not change with time

Constant Constant
depth velocity
CHAPTER 5

UnSteady uniform flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity is

constant along the length of the
river but changed with time
CHAPTER 5

Steady non-uniform flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity is not

constant along the length of the
river and not changed with time

Q v1 y1 v2
y2
CHAPTER 5

UnSteady non-uniform flow -

- Depth, discharge & velocity is not

constant along the length of the
river and changed with time

Q v1 y1 v2
y2
CHAPTER 5

Gradually Varied flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity is

changed slowly along the length of
the river
- Example : Backwater in Sluice gate

Q v1 y1 v2
y2
CHAPTER 5

Rapidly Varied flow

- Depth, discharge & velocity is

changed rapidly along the length of
the river
- Example: Hydraulic jump

Q v1 y1 v2
y2
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5

Specific Energy, E

Total of depth and kinetic energy of

the flow.

E = y + v2
2g
CHAPTER 5

Specific Energy, E

Alternath depth
CHAPTER 5

Specific Energy, E

Example 1:

A trapezoidal channel has dimension

of bottom width 6m and side slope
1:1 flows water at rate 8 m3/s.
Calculate specific energy for the
water if the depth of water is 2m.

1 2m
1
CHAPTER 5

Discharge per unit width, q

q=Q * Only for square &

b prismatic channel

Froude Number, Fr

-Used to determine characteristic of flow

Fr = v Fr < 1: subcritical (tranquil) flow

Fr = 1: critical flow
√(gy) Fr > 1: supercritical (rapid) flow
CHAPTER 5
Subcritical flow
- Deep, calm

Supercritical flow
- Shallow, fast

Critical flow
- Disturbance, small gravities wave

Critical depth, yc
1
yc = q2 3
g
CHAPTER 5
Minimum energy, Emin

Emin = 3 yc
2

Critical velocity, vc

vc = √(gyc)
CHAPTER 5

Example 2:

Water flows in square channel

which the width of the channel is 6m
and the depth of the water is 3m. If
the flowrate is 30 m3/s, calculate:

a. Froude number
b. Type of flow
c. Critical depth
CHAPTER 5

HYDRAULIC JUMP
- THE SUDDEN INCREASE IN
DEPTH OF FLOW IN SHORT
DISTANCE
- THE TRANSITIONAL FLOW FROM
SUPERCRITICAL TO SUBCRITICAL
CHAPTER 5

HYDRAULIC JUMP IN LABORATORY

CHAPTER 5

WHERE HYDRAULIC
JUMP OCCUR?

1. At the bottom of hydraulic

structure which supercritical flow
through into stilling basin.
2. At downstream of flum which the
supercritical flow transit to
subcritical flow.
3. In the trashrack channel
CHAPTER 5

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC JUMP

1. Undular Jump Fr1 1.0 – 1.7

2. Weak Jump Fr1 1.7 – 2.5

3. Oscillating Jump Fr1 2.5 – 4.5

4. Steady Jump Fr1 4.5 – 9.0

5. Strong Jump Fr1 > 9.0

CHAPTER 5

THE APPLICATION OF
HYDRAULIC JUMP

1. As Energy Disperser

2. For Chemical Diffusion

3. For Aeration

4. To increase Flow Level