Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Computers and Electrical Engineering

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compeleceng

SINR-based conversion and prediction approach for handover

performance evaluation of video communication in Proxy
Mobile IPv6R
Md. Mahedi Hassan a,∗, Ian K.T. Tan a, Bhawani Selvaretnam a, Kuan Hoong Poo b
a
Multimedia University, Persiaran Multimedia, Cyberjaya 63100, Malaysia
b
Coqnitics Sdn Bhd, Block 3730 Persiaran APEC, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Proxy Mobile IPv6 is an operational cluster of network-based localized mobility manage-
Received 31 July 2017 ment protocol. This protocol has numerous advantages but still suffers from long latency
Revised 1 January 2019
and degradation in performance during the handover of video transmissions. In order to
Accepted 16 January 2019
minimize the latency and improve performance during handover, this paper proposes a
Available online 2 February 2019
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR)-based conversion and prediction approach.
Keywords: The approach sets up a prior connection based on the mobility prediction, reduces the
Video transmission time to acquire information, eliminates on-the-fly packet loss, and executes horizontal and
Proxy Mobile IPv6 vertical handover using SINR conversion. The motivation of this paper is to simulate, an-
Mobility prediction alyze and evaluate the video performance over Proxy Mobile IPv6 protocol. Simulations
Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio were conducted on packet and frame metrics which are latency, cumulative jitter, packet
Media Independent Handover loss, frame loss and video quality measurements that analyzes and evaluates the network
Handover Performance performances at the mobile host and during the handover.
© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction

The rapid increase in wireless and mobile communications has produced many different networks over the past few
years. These networks are ubiquitous and are connected to the Internet in an impromptu manner. The networks enable
access to multimedia applications and Internet services over a private Internet Protocol (IP) core network for mobile users.
With the rapid development made in wireless technology, the number of mobile end-user devices has grown considerably
in the last few years. This poses a challenge for uninterrupted network connectivity and amenities while on the move [1].
The mobile wireless networks are progressively being enhanced to support a complete IP network architecture for real-time
multimedia services. Compared to the desktop users, mobile users can ubiquitously enjoy flexibility and freedom of Internet
access and services. For continuous access to the Internet on the move, a mobile host (MH) establishes a new connection to
access points (AP) or Base Stations (BS) while moving from one location to another. Given the fact that each AP’s coverage
is limited, a process of transferring the data link layer (L2 ) is required when the MH moves within the coverage of other
APs [1].

R
Reviews processed and recommended for publication to the Editor-in-Chief by Associate Editor Dr. M. H. Rehmani.
∗
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: mahedi822002@gmail.com, 1131600041@student.mmu.edu.my (Md.M. Hassan).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2019.01.008
0045-7906/© 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 165

To satisfy the demands of providing new services in heterogeneous wireless networks, a protocol of network-based local-
ized mobility management (NETLMM) was standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) named Proxy Mobile
IPv6 (PMIPv6) [2]. This protocol describes the area in which the MH can transfer without having any knowledge of the layer
3 (L3 ) traffic. This is possible because in the network advertisement, the network prefix received are similar.
The PMIPv6 protocol has two main functional characteristics such as Mobile Access Gateway (MAG) and Local Mobility
Anchor (LMA). The main task of the MAG is for the detection of MH movement as well as the mobility signal initiation that
is associated with the MH’s LMA. A signaling tunnel is used between the MAG and the LMA to allow for the transmission
of the data packets to the MH which emulates access to the home network for the MH. In such a situation, the LMA acts as
the Home Agent in MIPv6 [2]. The LMA keeps the position of the MH while moving into a PMIPv6 zone. It also contains a
binding cache entry for all presently listed MH and assigns a home network prefix (HNP) to an MH.
A new standard protocol service has been issued by the IEEE in the form of IEEE 802.21 called Media Independent Han-
dover (MIH) [3]. It offers vertical and horizontal handovers between heterogeneous networks and homogeneous networks. It
is widely used in the industry where each MH has many interfaces that can utilize the IEEE802.21 protocol to decide on the
handover. The principal aim of the IEEE 802.21 is to abstract the services provided to the upper layers through a single in-
terface and to improve the user experience of mobile devices for handovers in heterogeneous networks. As such, significant
efforts are being made to incorporate the IEEE 802.21 MIH functionality in assisting the PMIPv6 protocol to reduce network
latency and packet loss [3]. The MIH defines the commands and events that assist in the process of handover decision-
making, through the use of the information exchanges between the MH and the BS or AP. The MIH provides mechanisms
for the discovery of neighboring networks in order to assist the MH to select the appropriate network. The selection of the
network is left open for individual implementations. For this purpose, the model is placed as a logical entity named Media
Independent Handover Function (MIHF). The model is responsible for mobility management and the L2 and L3 switching
process between networks [3].
This paper proposes a SINR-based conversion and prediction approach of PMIPv6 protocol which is an integration of
the PMIPv6-Prediction [4], the MIH and Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) [5] and augmented with additional
processes to prevent transmission packet loss and send notification and relevant information to the new network prior to
the actual handover. The PMIPv6-Prediction [4] provides the basis for the prediction of the horizontal and vertical handover.
The integrated method also eliminates the need for the acquisition of network information and MH identification at the
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server or policy store.
The contribution of this method can be summarized as follows:

• To set up a prior connection before initiating the procedure of handover. The new connection is based on the prediction
of the MH’s existing and preceding link quality using the signal to noise ration. Through prediction and establishment of
the connection, it can initiate the L2 scanning and re-association time earlier.
• To reduce the time to acquire the information about the identity of MH and the next network. The MH will be able to
discover the features and capabilities of neighboring networks and hence information can be forwarded by the present-
MAG (p-MAG) to the new MAG (n-MAG). This will reduce the information acquisition time.
• To eliminate on-the-fly loss of packet. Upon receiving the information, the n-MAG can send the necessary messages to
the LMA. LMA will receive the information message and update cache entry. In this way, the MIHF will allow the han-
dover of MH before being detached from p-MAG and the on-the-fly packet loss will be prevented during the handover.
• To execute vertical and horizontal handover using SINR conversion. The handover conversion will initiate the execution
of the horizontal and vertical handover based on the procedure of SINR based Media Independent Handover. In this
manner, the quality of service and SINR metrics of handover will apply to perform the handover conversion.

The following section of this paper presents the related works. Section 3 elucidates the proposed approach, while
Section 4 demonstrates the simulation experiment, comparison results, and discussions of the video performance over
PMIPv6 protocol. Lastly, the paper concludes in Section 5. Thereafter, Appendix includes referenced tables.

2. Related works

In this section, related background and existing approaches have elucidated in the mobility management protocol. In pre-
vious work [6], the researchers have explored the main requirement features of the PMIPv6 and suggested a technique in a
model called Chaining Based PMIPv6 (CBPMIPv6) in terms of PMIPv6 disadvantages. In their research, they have explicated
three performance metrics which are the latency of handover, number of additional messages needed for authentication
and packet loss. However, they did not present the cumulative jitter and cumulative packet during the handover process.
Researchers in this paper [7] have reviewed the services of mobility management with their protocol categories, strategies
and techniques. Although the researchers have identified and provided some issues and experiments for the mobility man-
agement protocols towards by a proportional summary, they did not show any performance analysis of these protocols. In
paper [8], the researchers proposed an intra-domain and inter-domain mobility of PMIPv6 protocol relied on the overlapping
of MAGs. They have shown the analytical models and multiple performance measurements which are latency of handover,
packet drop, and signaling cost. The authors of this paper [9] have examined the PMIPv6 protocol and its weaknesses, as
well as an illuminating review of the handover process of the proposed mechanism. The evaluation of the efficacy of the
existing systems with regards to handover delay and packet drop was presented in this paper.
166 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

The authors of this paper [10] have suggested a method of PMIPv6 with MIH services and handover coordinator (HC)
to enhance the performance of handover by diminishing latency of handover, loss of packets and signaling cost overhead.
The HC defines a logical operational unit that has a procedure in cooperation with the PMIPv6 LMA and generally located
on the primary domain router. It handles the process of handover coordination when the MH arrives the overlapping area
in the different types of wireless networks. Normally, the HC maintains the entire coordination of the mobility procedure
of handling the pre-registration and pre-authentication of different networks, operates bicasting packets in cooperation the
preceding and new network, transmits packets to a new destination network after disconnecting the preceding network.
The researcher of this paper [11] has proposed a different IEEE802.21-assisted-PMIPv6 method for reducing the handover
delay and signaling cost in heterogeneous wireless networks. The proposed method can lessen the packet drop and band-
width consumption of wireless links throughout the handover process. Pandey et al. [12] have explicated a protocol called
IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 and evaluated performance assessment via simulation software. The simulation outcomes were
measured in handover delay, throughput, and packet drop in altered link delays. In paper [13], authors have suggested a
technique with MIH and PMIPv6 named MIH with PMIPv6 (PMIPv6-MIH). They carried out experiment to determine the
results of vertical handover to the performance of PMIPv6-MIH and other protocols at WiMAX and Wi-Fi network environ-
ment. The parameter metrics studied and measured in throughput, packet drop and handover delay under Video, VoIP and
FTP. Researchers in this paper [14] have presented an integration with MIH-assisted PMIPv6 in heterogeneous network. They
have proposed a mechanism to anticipate the handover decision based on the velocity of serving point of attachment. Sim-
ulation experiment is conducted in LTE-to-Wi-Fi environment and evaluated the results with the standard PMIPv6 protocol.
The performance analysis of handover metrics are mentioned in terms of packet loss, handover rate and handover failure.
In paper [15], researchers have proposed a mechanism called enhanced fast handover triggering mechanism (ETM) to
diminish handover of a reactive mode in PMIPv6 protocol named eFPMIPv6. In their paper, they have presented two cases
for activating the reactive handover mode in PMIPv6 protocol. To reduce the handover of a reactive mode, the bi-directional
tunnel set up in advance by ETM for fast handover. Simulation experiments have also conducted on variable link delay, data
traffic rate, and a number of hops with moving speed of MH. Jabir et al. [16] have investigated the basic specifications of
PMIPv6 protocol and provided a survey of enhancement features of PMIPv6 protocol in terms of fast handoff, load balancing,
clustering, route optimization and support of network mobility. This paper has also suggested an integrated solution to point
out how these enhancement features can be unified to improve the experience of a mobile user. During the process of
handover, latency turns into prolonged when the process of authentication takes a long time to perform. Gao et al. have
proposed an anonymous authentication scheme in PMIPv6 protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks [17]. They have reduced
the cost of computation, communication overhead, as well as cost of signaling.

3. Proposed approach

In this paper, the suggested protocol is defined based on SINR-based conversion and prediction procedure that is called
PMIPv6-Prediction. This protocol consists of three associated facilities which are mobility prediction, MIH services, and SINR
based handover conversion. These three associated facilities provide a trigger on L2 execution, host and network information
sends to a new location before the actual process of handover, movement prediction of MH, speed up the process of han-
dover and handover conversion. The purpose of applying these facilities is to lessen prolonged handover latency, cumulative
jitter, and increase video quality during the process of handover.
The L2 task is performed by MIH for both horizontal and vertical handover as shown in Fig. 1(a) and 1(b) that inter-
connect among the layer of IP and diverse wireless layers. Generally, handover can be executed on L2 at wireless access
technology without necessitating the IP or MIH function (MIHF) when an MH switches from one AP to another within a
similar network with the same technology. However, MIH is required when an MH transfers from one AP to new AP/BS
with a different network. Since both the APs are normally on different IP subnets, they can interconnect with each other
with prolonged latency and packet loss at the L3 and L2 . To eliminate the required information from the server of AAA, a
set of Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6) message send to new MAG (n-MAG) using Neighbor Discovery
(ND) protocol [18]. The packet transmits from the previous MAG (p-MAG) and LMA during the process of handover will
avoid. Generally, ND protocol is responsible for address auto-configuration of hosts, detection of additional hosts on the link,
defining the addresses of additional hosts, duplicate address detection, finding accessible routes, address prefix discovery,
and maintaining reachability information of other active neighbor hosts [18].

3.1. Step-1 → set up a prior connection

MP exert for the lessening of scanning and re-association time of L2 operation. With the assist of MP procedure, a prior
connection set up before initiating the procedure of handover and speed up the process of handover during L2 operation.
This method will assist to estimate the MH’s future position and predicting the MH’s handover from one AP/BS to another
AP. Through the MH, MP predicts the new AP to establish a connection with the new network AP. This prediction relies
on the concept of preceding and existing data on MH’s movement which generate day-to-day, weekly or monthly [19]. The
overall expression of MP mention below:

P rediction : APPreceding, existing → APnew

 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 167

Fig. 1. (a) PMIPv6-prediction architecture of horizontal handover, (b) PMIPv6-prediction architecture of vertical handover.

The main task of MP is to predict the MH’s upcoming link quality based on preceding and existing link quality that
pertains to predicting the movement of MH. The overall structured block of MP shows in Fig. 2.
MP consists of two sections that are State Observation and Prediction. Keeping track of the mobility state of MH is
the most important part of the stated observation. The observer input comes from the current or existing state which is
given a set of parameters with a kind of input space. The output of the observer is the input of the prediction section. The
observers need to create a mapping parameter if the observer’s input space or the observed parameters is not similar to the
input required by the Predictor [19].
For measuring a link quality of MH, Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) selects for predicting not only considering the strength
of the received signal but also the amount of noise that can avoid a link is established, in spite of the high amount of the
received signal strength. The SNR values gather from IEEE802.11 wireless access technology and these values assign as input
to the observer. Therefore, SNR values prefer for measuring the MH’s mobility state. For instance, normally the IEEE802.11
interfaces allow various signal power measurements and background noise controlled on the channel. The SNR equation
expresses in below:
 
Psignal
SNR[dB] = 10log10 [dB] (1)
Pnoise
where Psignal and Pnoise denote the power level of the signal and noise, respectively. Generally, noise data is arrived from
link quality measurement in Eq. (1), therefore, eliminating the noise data a technique applied for filtering called Kalman
Filter [4,19]. The overall concept of the Kalman Filter is to determine the state of a system that can only examine indirectly.
The overall problem that is addressed by the Kalman filter is to assess the state xk Є Rn of a system at time k and a state
vector x assumed by the equation:

xk = Axk−1 + Buk−1 + wk (2)

with measurements z Є Rm,

zk = H xk + vk (3)
where A specifies system matrix of n × n which is identified by the system nature. B indicates n × l matrix that defines the
input of optional control u Є Rl to the state x. H denotes m × n matrix which represents the main state of the system to the
measurement z. Two random variables express in Eqs. (2) and (3) which are wk and vk where w and v specify the process
noise and measurement noise.
To acquire an estimation of the system state and filter out the noise which is more precise than the measured state, the
Kalman Filter is mainly used for estimation of a system state as a linear combination of a prediction, supported by the last
value and measured value.
Three estimations of the system are given by the Kalman filter which are:
168 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 2. Structure of mobility prediction.

Table 1
Calculation of time update and measurement update.

Equation name Equation Equation Remarks

number

Time update xˆ−

k
= Axˆk−1 + Buk−1 4 To predict a previous value is the main task of time update.
P−k
= APk−1 AT + Q 5
Pk− H T
Measurement update Kk = H Pk− H T +R
6 The measurement update in which the prediction is adapted
by taking the measured value of the state.
xˆk = xˆ−
k
+ Kk (zk − H xˆ−
k
) 7
Pk = (I − Kk H )Pk− 8
Time update (for From Eq. (4) A indicates the system matrix. B indicates an input matrix of
filtering SNR value) xˆ− = Axˆk−1 + B × 1 optional control to the state x. α and c are the model
k 9
x−
k = αx ˆk−1 + c parameters. xk indicates the system state by setting A = α
O−1
α= i=0 xk−i xk−i−1 − (O−1 )x̄

2
10 and B = c. External control input is not given in the SNR
O−1 2
i=0 x k−i−1 − (O−1 )x̄
2
model so defining constantly to 1 in uk no conflicts will
arise it.
c = (1 − α )x̄ The parameters α and c are both scalar values of the order-1
autoregressive model AR(1) that calculate using least
squares method [20] at each filtering step.
x̄ represents the vector mean of the O’s latest training
samples and order of training data denotes O.
Pk− = α 2 Pk−1 + Qk 11 Pk− priori estimate error covariance
O
xˆi −α xˆk−1 + c
Qk = i=1
O
Pk-1 and Q denotes a posteriori estimate error covariance and
the measurement noise covariance at k time point Qk

1. From Eq. (3), the value of zk is measured the first estimation which is associated with xk .
2. From Eq. (2), a prior estimate of xk is the second estimation which is indicated by xˆ− k
that is predicted by the system.
3. A posteriori estimation is the third value which is indicated by xˆk that defines the linear combination of the measurement
and the prior estimate.

Kalman filter has two phases that act recursively which are time update and measurement. Tables 1 and 2 represent the
following calculation of time update, measurement update and normalized cross-correlation for prediction.
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 169

Table 2
Normalized cross-correlation calculation.

Equation name Equation Equation Remarks

number

Measurement update From Eqs. of (6) to (8) The equations of measurement update are simplified as the system
(for filtering SNR xˆk = xˆ−
k
+ Kk (zk − xˆ−
k
) 12 state xk and their assessments are scalar values, thus each matrix
value) Kk =
Pk− and vector are scalar. From the equations of 6, 7, and 8, placing H = 1
Pk− +R
as unitary matrix, the equations are given for the SNR is evaluated
Pk = (1 − Kk )Pk−
instantly.
Normalized cross- γ (m) = γ (m) points to normalize cross-correlation at lag m which is a
correlation
0
i=1 [q (i )−q̄][t j,k (m+i)− t̄ j,k ] correspondence query measure and the historical/training data at

0 0
times m… (m + O), q(i) denotes the ith query value, tj,k (i) indicates
2
[q (i )−q̄]
2
(parameter estimator i=1 i=1 [t j,k (m+i)− t̄ j,k ]

and state predictor) the link training data of ith value between j and k node, q̄ and t̄ j,k
specify the mean of the query and the corresponding part of the
data, correspondingly.
N
γi, j
Utilizing the γi = j=1
N
N represents the total predictor’s number. It is notated that picking out
normalized a predictor from the set of predictors instantly intends the
cross-correlation prediction length is equivalent to the predictor.
function [4,19] to
evaluate the
predictor similarity
between pi and pj
which is denoted by
γ i,j

3.2. Step-2 → reduce the time to acquire the information

By using the MP, the MH discovers the features and capabilities of neighboring networks, and also forward this informa-
tion to the p-MAG when p-MAG accepts a trigger MIH_LGD (Link_going_down). Upon receiving a MIH_LGD trigger, p-MAG
sends the profile of MH via ND message to n-MAG. This message contains MH-ID (MH-identification), Home Network Prefix
(HNP), MIH message, LMA address, and new network information. This message eliminates the necessity for MAG to acquire
the profile of MH from the archive of AAA when an MH performs the process of handover.

3.3. Step-3 → eliminate on-the-fly loss of packet

The p-MAG initiates the buffer packets for the MH in an attempt to prevent the loss of on-the-fly packets. During the
attachment of MH at the n-MAG, MIH_Link_up event forwarded by the MH will be accepted by the n-MAG creating Proxy
Binding Update (PBU) for transmission to LMA. Receiving of PBU, the LMA updates the entry of MH for lifetime in the cache
association table and starts the transmission of data stored in the buffer via the tunnel between the MAG and LMA.
Fig. 3 represents the flowchart of SINR-based conversion and prediction approach for handover of PMIPv6-Prediction
protocol. The MP will predict the AP of a new network relies on existing and preceding data to accelerate the process of
handover. The LGD trigger will execute when an MH is getting out of range of current AP. If LGD performs success, then
link quality will measure using SNR model. The MH will continue the same session if LGD trigger will not perform. After
measuring the link quality using SNR model, noisy data will arise in this model. Therefore, the Kalman filter method used
for filtering the noisy data to obtain system state. Using the system state, it computes the normalized cross-correlation of
the data and generate set of predictor of the input data. Upon calculating the cross-correlation and creating sets of predictor,
the AP of a new network will predict the process of handover.

3.4. Step-4 → Execute vertical and horizontal handover

To perform the handover decision, the handover metrics utilize based on the QoSs and SINR. SINR delineates the incom-
ing signal strength of interest divided by the sum of interference power from the other (interfering) signals in the network
and the power of some background noise [21]. The possible data rate at which the carrier bandwidth and the predetermined
SINR can obtain by the Shannon capacity formula [21]. The Shannon capacity Eq. (13) shows that the maximum achievable
170 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 3. Flowchart of SINR-based conversion and prediction approach.

data rate for SINR and carrier bandwidth determine by:

 
λ
 = Z log2 1 + (13)
μ
where  is the maximum possible data rate, Z indicates the carrier bandwidth, λ denotes the obtained SINR at an MH, μ
specifies the range of decibel (dB) between the channel capacity and the quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) minus
the gain obtained by coding.
From the WLAN network (λAP ) and UMTS network (λBS ), the maximum attainable data rates (AP and BS ) can be
expressed by the Shannon capacity formula respectively:
 
λ
AP = ZAP log2 1 + AP (14)
μAP
 
λ
BS = ZBS log2 1 + BS (15)
μBS
where μAP and μBS are the channel codes loss factors for both WLAN and UMTS networks respectively. By allowing
AP1 = AP2 and AP = BS , the expected two different network scenario (Wi-Fi → Wi-Fi and UMTS → Wi-Fi) relationships
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 171

are set up between λAP2 and λAP in case of MH getting the same data rate from WLAN and UMTS:
  ZZAP1 
λAP1 AP2
λAP2 = μAP2 1+ −1 (16)
μAP1

  ZZBS 
λBS AP
λAP = μAP 1+ −1 (17)
μBS

The above two Eqs. (16) and (17) present the SINR conversion of the process of horizontal and vertical handover. When
the SINR value of a destination network is greater than a predefined threshold value of SINR that indicates SINRTh , then
it compares the bandwidth level threshold with the target network available bandwidth. Comparing the bandwidth level
threshold is important because the available bandwidth varies with the load on the network. Therefore, in some cases, the
traffic load could be occurred in Wi-Fi network due to less bandwidth than UMTS. After assimilating the SINR, the following
task is to compute the QoS values by scanning the network and liken based on the QoS download (QoSD ) and the threshold
value of QoS download (QoSDTh ).
Upon acceptance of the information through the ND message, n-MAG extracts the information and scans the AP or BS of
a new network where it is connected or not. If the new AP or BS attachment is fruitful, QoS will compute for the new AP or
BS. It will gain the threshold for calculating the QoS using the process of prediction. A threshold (γ min ) has to be specified
such that a set of lags m is a good match if γ (m)≥ γ min . The threshold γ (m) is a scalar value that is used for prediction,
assuming that the correlation between data and query is consistent. It will remain until it has reached with the correlation
query if it does not match the scalar value. If the scalar value corresponds, the rapid backward and forward movement of
MH will check among AP or BS that is ping-pong movement. If no ping-pong movement will detect, the connection of the
new AP or BS to the MH will establish directly. The MH stays continued arbitrarily until no ping-pong movement will detect.

4. Simulation validation

This section verifies the effect on horizontal and vertical handover performance of mobility management protocols under
video transmission. This section also provides the simulation, examination and comparison of a suggested protocol PMIPv6-
Prediction with existing protocols IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 [12] and PMIPv6-MIH [13,14] using network simulator-2, (ns-
2) [22]. Two types of mobility scenario simulations present in this paper. Simulation-1 carries on one video node with both
horizontal and vertical handover performance metrics which are handover latency, cumulative jitter, cumulative measured
of video quality and peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) [23]. The performance of video quality images during horizontal and
vertical handover also present in this section. Simulation-2 carries on the performance metrics of multiple video nodes
with vertical handover which are packet loss, frame loss, packet latency and video quality images. The package of video
simulation utilizes for video communication and applies MPEG-coded video stream with MPEG4 type frames that define as
a source model for MPEG4 traffic [23]. The video format size of simulation-1 set up in CIF (352 × 288) [23], where the size
of the video frame only alters. In this simulation, a video clip is converted in CIF format from “Avengers: Age of Ultron” and
measured the performance factors for mobility management protocols in a network-based mobility management domain.
Simulation-2 set up in two video format sizes in the simulation-2 environment.

4.1. Simulation-1 environment

The configuration of the simulation-1 scenario is similar to the PMIPv6 protocol in the mobility simulation on overlapping
wireless networks in a network topology domain. The configuration of the suggested protocol is similar to the PMIPv6 pro-
tocol, but it also comprises the functionality of MIH services, MP and SINR in the MAG and MH. Therefore, the simulation-1
scenarios configure as shown in Figs. 4 and 5.
Figs. 4 and 5 provide two distinct subnets which are n-MAG and p-MAG that connect to the LMA. These three MAGs
have the ability to handle the L2 and L3 handovers. The router connects with the LMA by a number of agents which are
coordinated in a tree of hierarchical structure from point to point connections. The video data traffic simulates using a
transport layer protocol which is myUDP. This video data sent by CN and received in MH. The connection delay between the
CN to LMA and LMA to individual MAGs set as 10 ms and 1 ms while the bandwidth set all of the wired links as 100mb.
The size of the video packet sets 1024 bytes, whereas the distance between consecutive packets allocate as 0.001 seconds.

4.2. Simulation-1 results

Based on the simulation-1 results, the performances of suggested and existing protocols for video transmission in homo-
geneous and heterogeneous network traffic measure as follows:
172 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 4. Horizontal handover simulation-1 scenario of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 5. Vertical handover simulation-1 scenario of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

4.2.1. Video metrics of horizontal handover

• Handover latency

Fig. 6 shows the delay of video frame during horizontal handover of mobility management protocols. The handover
initiates in PMIPv6-Prediction, PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 on video communication from video frame ID
210 and finishes handover with the three different video frame IDs which are 236, 273, and 318. During the handover,
the latency of handover is influenced by access of wireless link. Therefore, the latencies of handover of PMIPv6-Prediction
is lower than the IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 and PMIPv6-MIH since the registration of n-MAG is executed during the L2
handover.
• Cumulative jitter
Jitter is a measure of variation in latency from packet to packet. It is defined in RFC 4689 [24] that the absolute value
of the variance between the sending delay of two successive received packets belonging to the same stream. In video trans-
mission systems not only the actual loss is important for the perceived video quality, but also the frame delay and the
difference of the delay, generally indicated to as frame jitter [24].
Fig. 7 illustrates the cumulative frame jitter during horizontal handover of mobility management protocols. Handover
finishes on video transmission in PMIPv6-Prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 from three video frame
IDs which are 236, 273, and 318.
• Video cumulative measured
The video quality of cumulative measured at the receiver illustrates in Fig. 8 during the horizontal handover of mobil-
ity management protocols. Fig. 8 shows the existing protocols of PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 reduce the
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 173

Fig. 6. Frame delay during horizontal handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 7. Cumulative frame jitter during horizontal handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 8. Video cumulative measured during horizontal handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

cumulative measured from 48995 to 40 0 0 0 and 30487 (bytes per second) during the horizontal handover. The cause of
reducing the cumulative measured is the increasing of session interruption time.

• Video quality measurement

The most common technique is to calculate the peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) image by image [23]. The PSNR values
compares with the maximum possible energy of the signal to noise energy. PSNR measures the error between a recreated
image and the original one. PSNR value specifies in dB (decibel).
Fig. 9 shows the quality of video performance metric PSNR during horizontal handover of mobility management
protocols. The PSNR of a streaming video calculates by comparing an individual frame of transmitting and receiving.
Fig. 9 presents the beginning of handover from video frame ID 234 and concludes from three different frames ID 274, 327,
380. The failure of handover indicates an essential part in the cause of disruption of video transmission. In other words, it
174 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 9. PSNR during horizontal handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 10. Frame delay during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

affects the quality of video. Since the process of handover did not complete properly, therefore the association with a new
network takes a considerable time.

4.2.2. Video metrics of vertical handover

• Handover latency

Fig. 10 shows the delay of video frame during the vertical handover of mobility management protocols. The handover
initiates in PMIPv6-Prediction, PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 on video communication from video frame ID
206 and finishes with three altered frame IDs which are 577, 609 and 664. The frame delay of existing PMIPv6-MIH and
IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 protocols are 2 seconds higher than suggested PMIPv6-Prediction protocol. The reasons for get-
ting higher delay is the delay of handover decision and execution that is going up before MH transfers to BS to AP. The MH
of existing protocols also involves in a ping-pong effect between BS and AP.

• Cumulative jitter

Fig. 11 represents the frame cumulative jitter throughout the vertical handover. The handover finishes on video com-
munication in PMIPv6-Prediction, PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 from three different video frame IDs which
are 708, 724 and 775. The reasons for receiving higher extent of variation in latency from frame to frame are the delay of
handover decision and execution of the handover. This figure also shows that video frames experience more variations in
latency under the decision of handover due to inefficient selection of target and ping-pong movement.

• Video cumulative measured

The video quality of cumulative measured at the receiver is shown in Fig. 12 throughout the vertical handover. This Fig.
is highlighted when an MH changes from one access technology to different access technology. This Fig. also shows the
effect of video quality of suggested protocol PMIPv6-Prediction improved after the vertical handover performed.

• Video quality measurement

Fig. 13 presents the peak signal noise ratio (PSNR) of video quality measurement throughout the period of vertical han-
dover. PSNR is the most common metric for measuring the video quality that compares the video stream received over the
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 175

Fig. 11. Cumulative frame jitter during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 12. Video cumulative measured during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

network with the original video [23]. Fig. 13 shows the deterioration of the video images throughout the vertical handover
that points out the circular shape. The handover begins at the video frame ID 593 and ends with three different video frame
IDs which are 726, 741, and 794.

4.2.3. Discussion
Figs. 6 and 10 provide frame delay of handover which determines the period of time after an MH sends packets from
the present position (p-MAG) to a new position (n-MAG), as long as the update frame allows an access network. The frame
delay of handover relies on the span around the attachment of MH to n-MAG. Due to the latency of L2 handover, it still
goes on for a few seconds. A prolonged period of handover affects handover operational delays and temporary disruption
of transmission which is in Fig. 10. These effects illustrate the degradation of video performance. The latency of handover
points out where frames have degraded and have not arrived at n-MAG during that interval.
Figs. 7 and 11 show the cumulative jitter in which variation over time of the inter-packet and inter-frame. The frame
time defines by the time that has obtained that last segment of a segmented frame [24]. Generally, the variation of the
delay and frame delay indicate as frame jitter.
Figs. 8 and 12 represent the video quality measurement at the n-MAG based on the current time interval. Figs. 9 and
13 depict the PSNR measurement of horizontal and vertical handover. The reason for degradation of video images is that
one frame can packetize in many packets therefore it causes frame losses due to late arriving at the receiver.
During the process of horizontal and vertical handover, MH affects the performance degradation, upsurge handover la-
tency, cumulative jitters, reduces cumulative frame measured and video quality measured at the receiver. To detect a new
AP to associate with, it takes longer time. Therefore, it remains a slower process of handover, prolong delay during the pe-
riod of handover, the requirement to obtain information from the AAA archive and numbers of packets are forwarded to the
p-MAG which affects numerous packet loss. To resolve the decisive difficulties, the suggested protocol of PMIPv6-Prediction
176 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 13. PSNR during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 14. Vertical handover simulation-2 scenario of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

expects to diminish long handover latency, cumulative jitter, upsurge measurement of the cumulative frame, and video qual-
ity measured at n-MAG since the association to the new network is set up earlier the MH reached. The time required to
acquire information on the profile of MH can exclude since through the ND message all information transmits by the p-MAG
to the n-MAG earlier attachment of MH. In the end, the communication time of router solicitation message cannot apply
due to the PMIPv6 specification. The time acquired for the messages of mobility associated signaling interchange during
pre-registration will not be considered as these negotiations make before the connection of MH.
Since the pre-registration already performed by MH and n-MAG already received all the necessary information via the ND
message, so there is no necessity to check at the n-MAG and the final proxy binding acknowledgement message transmitted
from the LMA will not considered. Since the n-MAG obtains the profile of MH and network information via ND message
and MH predicts AP of a new network before the process of handover, therefore the process of handover will speed up
and packets forward to p-MAG during the handover will avoid. Throughout the vertical handover on video communication,
the existing protocols PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 have also reduced the video performance since these
protocols cannot make decisions based on the essential information for handover conversion. Tables 3 and 4 (Appendix)
depict the video quality images of existing protocols and suggested protocol during the period of horizontal and vertical
handover at the receiver.

4.3. Simulation-2 environment

The configuration of the simulation-2 scenario is similar to the PMIPv6 protocol and simulation-1 scenario in the mo-
bility simulation. The simulation-2 includes three video nodes with three different video setup. The simulation-2 scenario
configures as shown in Fig. 14.
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 177

Fig. 15. Packet delay during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

The video nodes set up with two different video frame sizes which are 640 × 360 and 512 × 288. In this simulation,
three different video clips are converted in the MPEG4 format which are video node-1, 2 and 3 from “The Baby Boss”,
“Transformers: Age of Extinction” and “Minions”.
From the Fig. 14, video node-1 which is MH1 set up with 640 × 360 frame size and video node-2 and node-3 set up
with 512 × 288 frame size. According to the simulation-1, the data traffic of videos also simulates using a transport layer
protocol that is myUDP. The videos packet size also set up in 1024 bytes whereas the distance between consecutive packets
set as 0.001 seconds.

4.4. Simulation-2 results

The performance metrics of simulation-2 is measured on packet loss, frame loss, packet latency and quality of video
images. Based on the simulation-2 results, the performances of suggested and existing protocols for video transmission in
heterogeneous network traffic measures as follows:

4.4.1. Vertical handover of multiple video nodes

• Packet and frame loss

Table 5 represents the total number of packet loss and frame loss of vertical handover during the video transmission.
The results illustrate in three different videos with different video frame sizes. In Table 5, frame loss breaks down into three
kinds of MPEG4 frame which are I-frame, P-frame, and B-frame. I-frame defines intra-coded picture which is a complete
image file such as BMP or JPG [25]. P-frame and B-frame define predicted picture and bidirectional predicted picture. P-
frame grips only the alterations in the image from the prior image [25]. B-frame relies on past and future I-frame and
P-frame [25].
The packet and frame loss represent the dropped packet and frame during the handover that depends on the delay of
handover. The loss of packet indicates a signal of the effect of handover in the application. It rises during the handover with
the upsurge in data rate. It also occurs the on-the-fly packet loss from the LMA and p-MAG when an MH takes a longer
time to register the n-MAG. According to the outcomes of Table 5 during the vertical handover on video transmission, the
analysis of packet loss shows the video node-1, video node-2, and video node-3 of proposed PMIPv6-Prediction protocol
hold 10%, 13% and 16% packet loss ratio which is lesser than the existing PMIPv6-MIH 21%, 24% and 32% and IEEE802.21-
enabled-PMIPv6 27%, 31% and 37%. The analysis of frame loss also shows the video node-1, video node-2, and video node-3
of proposed PMIPv6-Prediction protocol hold 0.8%, 1% and 2% frame loss ratio that is lower than the existing PMIPv6-MIH
2%, 3% and 3% and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 3%, 4% and 4%. The existing PMIPv6 protocols degrade performance in term
of packet and frame loss ratio from BS to AP because of lengthy latency of handover.
• Images of video quality
Table 6 (Appendix) depicts the three different video quality images of suggested protocol and existing protocols during
the period of vertical handover at the receiver.
• Packet handover latency of video node-1
• Packet handover latency of video node-2
• Packet handover latency of video node-3
Figs. 15–17 represent the packet delay of three video nodes with three different videos during the vertical handover
of mobility management protocols. In Fig. 15, the handover initiates in PMIPv6-Prediction, PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-
enabled-PMIPv6 on video communication from packet ID 858 and ends with three altered packet IDs which are 1009, 1063
178 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Fig. 16. Packet delay during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

Fig. 17. Packet delay during vertical handover of PMIPv6-prediction, PMIPv6-MIH, IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6.

and 1092. Fig. 16 shows the beginning of handover from packet ID 769 and concludes from three different packets ID 984,
1187, 1256. In Fig. 17, the handover starts from packet ID 569 and ends with three different packet IDs which are 982, 1078,
and 1269. During the process of multiple video node handover, the decision of handover and execution of handover takes a
lengthy time to perform therefore the existing mobility management protocols receive higher delay when MH transfers to
BS to AP.

4.4.2. Discussion
Figs. 15–17 provide packet delay of vertical handover which determine the period of time after an MH sends packets
from the current access network (p-MAG) to a new access network (n-MAG). The reason for causing high handover delay in
existing mobility management protocols is to L2 handover latency, a prolonged period of handover, on-the-fly loss of packet,
and obtain information from the AAA archive. Another reason for causing long handover delay is signaling load. If signaling
load increases, a number of packet loss also upsurges. Whenever MH shifts from previous network BS (p-MAG) to a new
network AP (n-MAG), LMA should update about the new network of each node in a mobile network. This causes a lot of
mobility signaling exchanges and takes a longer time to perform therefore upsurges load at LMA. To reduce the signaling
load in the suggested protocol, the suggested protocol sends and receives proper advertisement to the neighbor network.

5. Conclusion

The mobility flow of PMIPv6 protocol is still facing the drawbacks in real-time applications. There is need for solutions
to resolve problems related to real-time streaming. One of the main topics considered is the prolonged latency in the flow
of handover process. In this research, we proposed SINR-based conversion and prediction approach of mobility management
protocol. The proposed approach consists of mobility prediction, MIH functionality and handover conversion that provide an
optimal solution for both horizontal and vertical handovers in video transmission. We also propose two simulation architec-
tures to analyze and evaluate the handover performance. Simulation-1 provides the horizontal handover from one Wi-Fi to
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 179

another Wi-Fi network and vertical handover from the UMTS to the Wi-Fi network takes less time than other mobility man-
agement protocols and maintains its ongoing communication session without any service interruption. Simulation-2 presents
the vertical handover of multiple video nodes with three different videos transmission. Based on the simulation works and
outcomes of different approach scenarios involving wireless network and video streaming, our proposed SINR-based con-
version and prediction approach of PMIPv6-Prediction protocol provides the reduction of lengthy handover process, packet
loss, frame loss and cumulative jitter. The suggested protocol also provides the increasing of frame cumulative measured on
network layer and also eliminating the gathering essential information from AAA archive. With the assistance of prediction
method, facilities of MIH functionality, neighbor discovery protocol to deliver a message, and SINR handover conversion,
PMIPv6-Prediction protocol performs better than PMIPv6-MIH and IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 protocols based on the per-
formance metrics and quality of video images. The extended work will provide an enriched solution for the handling of
multicast and adaptive video traffic flows for real-time applications.

Supplementary materials

Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.
2019.01.008.

Appendix

Tables 3–6.

Table 3
Video transmission during horizontal handover of simulation-1.
180 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Table 4
Video transmission during vertical handover of simulation-1.
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 181

Table 5
Packet and frame loss during vertical handover.

Performance metrics Packet loss Frame loss

Protocols Video clips

PMIPv6-prediction The Baby Boss (video node-1) 38 19

I-frame: 0
P-frame: 13
B-frame: 6
PMIPv6-MIH 74 51
I-frame: 1
P-frame: 26
B-frame: 24
IEEE802.21- enabled- PMIPv6 88 67
I-frame: 1
P-frame: 55
B-frame: 11
PMIPv6-prediction Transformers: Age of Extinction (video node-2) 60 24
I-frame: 0
P-frame: 7
B-frame: 17
PMIPv6-MIH 118 57
I-frame: 1
P-frame: 19
B-frame: 37
IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 153 71
I-frame: 2
P-frame: 24
B-frame: 45
PMIPv6-prediction Minions (video node-2) 93 68
I-frame: 0
P-frame: 22
B-frame: 46
PMIPv6-MIH 165 77
I-frame: 1
P-frame: 34
B-frame: 42
IEEE802.21-enabled-PMIPv6 186 96
I-frame: 2
P-frame: 51
B-frame: 43
182 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183

Table 6
Video transmission during vertical handover of simulation-2.
 Md.M. Hassan, I.K.T. Tan and B. Selvaretnam et al. / Computers and Electrical Engineering 74 (2019) 164–183 183

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Md. Mahedi Hassan is currently pursuing a PhD (IT) degree in Wireless Communication at Multimedia University, Malaysia. He worked in wireless commu-
nication as a researcher at the Malaysian Institute of Microelectronic Systems (MIMOS). His research interests include wireless mobility, wireless network
security, and fifth generation of cellular mobile communications.

Ian K. T. Tan serves as a Senior Lecturer with Multimedia University, Malaysia, where he received his PhD. He also holds a Master of Science in Parallel
Computers and Computation from University of Warwick and a Bachelor of Engineering in Information Systems Engineering from Imperial College London,
United Kingdom. His area of research interest is in IoT systems, networking, data and text analytics.

Bhawani Selvaretnam holds a PhD (IT), specializing in Information Retrieval, from Monash University, and a MSc (IT), specializing in Networking. She has
11 years of teaching experience computer networks and data science. Her current research interest is in text mining and social media analytics. She actively
conducts training in the field of Data Science for various government and corporate agencies.

Poo Kuan Hoong (PhD) is currently working as Principal Data Scientist with Coqnitics Sdn Bhd, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) startup that provides image
and video analytics solutions. He was working as Senior Data Scientist at ASEAN Data Analytics Exchange (ADAX), a private and public partnership with
Malaysia Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC).