Internship Final Report

INTERNSHIP REPORT 2017-18
CHAPTER 1
1.1 introduction
Structural engineers design structures to withstand stresses and pressures imposed

through environmental conditions and human use. They ensure buildings and other structures do
not deflect, rotate, vibrate excessively or collapse and that they remain stable and secure
throughout their use.
Structural engineers help to design most structures including Houses, theatres, sports
venues, hospitals, office blocks, bridges, oil rigs, space satellites, ships, and aircraft. They work
in close partnership with architects and other professional engineers.
Structural engineers have to choose appropriate materials, such as concrete, steel, timber
and masonry, to meet design specifications. When construction has begun, they are often
involved in inspecting the work and advising contractors.
They also examine existing buildings and structures to test if they are structurally sound
and still fit for purpose. Structural engineers have to make efficient use of funds and materials in
order to achieve structural goals.
The entire structural consultancy cell can be broadly divided into three wings: designing,
drafting and project execution coordination.
At the outset they were exposed to various codes and design standards that form the basis
for the structural design work in our country. They were also happened to review the various
analysis and design aids in the form of software’s, which are the widely used tools in a structural
design industry. At the same time, due importance was lied at reviewing the conceptual
principals of structural analysis and design.
Any construction project, in general, begins with the wish of the builder or the client to
build a building. It’s then the architect who gives a form to the needs of the builder. Then comes
the role of a structural engineer who configures the building for the requirements so that the
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 1

structure serves the intended function without any structural safety and stability issues at a
minimum possible cost. The contractor then takes over the execution of the project.
1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

1.2.1 PROFILE OF THE ORGANISATION
COURAGE ENGINEERS is a leading consultancy in India that has executed construction

work for some of the most significant projects in the country. We continue to alter the structural
landscape through several other prestigious projects in the residential, commercial, and
Institutional space as well. Our commitment to excellence in quality was personified through, we
have relentlessly explored and seized construction opportunities across various business
verticals. Our expertise across diverse infrastructure domains is evident through the successful
execution of various projects covering:
➢ Residential Constructions - Ultra Modern Skyscrapers, Luxury Villas and more.

➢ Commercial and Institutional Constructions – IT Parks, Office Complexes, Hotels,
Shopping Malls, Schools, Hospitals, etc.
Since inception, has steadily attained substantial profitability and value creation for its
stakeholders. With an impressive order book and several projects due for completion, we are
poised to scale newer benchmarks in the near future.
Our success stems from the steely resolve of our young passionate and dedicated team of
qualified and experienced engineers, supervisors, technicians and administrative staff. Their
expertise enables quick flow of knowledge and efficient decision making throughout the
organization.
The man behind the scenes is Proprietor Mr.Vinaya.K.L.Who has completed his master’s
degree in the Reputed Institute ADHICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
&worked as a Structural design Engineer in the metro Phase –I Bangalore of North South co-
ordinator;
Courage Engineers is committed to maintaining the highest standards of business conduct and
corporate governance. We believe this is essential in operating a successful business, serving our
shareholders well and maintaining our integrity in the marketplace.
i. VISION
To be a World-Class Construction Company committed to total customer satisfaction, by

building on our Strengths – Innovative Designs, Superlative Quality of Materials, Cutting-Edge
Technology, Timely Completion and Demonstrating the Highest Standards of Workmanship.
ii. MISSION
➢ To strengthen our position as a Leading Engineering Consulting and Contracting

Company.
➢ To bring revolution in Budgeted, Fast Track Housing Projects to fulfill dream of all class
of people to own a “Dream Home”
➢ To create sustainable growth and enhanced support to our associates.
➢ To uphold the Highest Standards of Business Ethics and lead the way in fulfilling
Corporate Social Responsibilities.
➢ To implement the Best Practices in areas of Health and Safety for all our Team Members.
1.2.2 DIFFERENTWORKS CARRIED OUT BY THE ORGANISATION
i. ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNING:
COURAGE ENGINEERS designs your home and commercial building with innovative and
creative solutions. Our architectural designs for no doubts will reflect your desire along with our
professional touch. We offer a complete architectural and structural designing consultancy
services right from planning to finalization of the designs according to your requirements.
ii. RANGE OF SERVICES:
➢ Architectural planning
➢ 2D and 3D architecture rendering
➢ Design 3D Views – Exterior and Interior

➢ Structure designing with expertise in High rise building analysis and design
➢ Interior designing
iii. SPECIALIZATION:
➢ Subdivisions – Residential and Commercial

➢ Redevelopment and development of commercial sites
➢ Upgrade or newly design local authority infrastructure
➢ Evaluation of site for development potential
➢ Plan the right storm water, sewerage and drainage systems.
iV. 3D VIEW:
COURAGE ENGINEERS offers 3D Views – Interior and Exterior designing services.
By providing closest attention to create visually striking architectural designs with 3D Views and
details.By creating designs perfectly to the according to specifications of the clients.
Interior Designing:
Our interior designing consultancy services involve:
➢ Planning new design with innovation and creativity

➢ Develop functional designs that are appealing, inspiring and attractive
➢ Effective use of available
Features of budgeted houses
➢ High Strength Concrete Factory Made Walls.

➢ High Durability, Serviceability & Strength.
➢ High Resistance Against: Temperature, Water, Acoustics, Damping & Fire.
➢ 1 year FREE Maintenance against the RC Structure.

➢ COMPANY WORKFLOW

Vi. PROJECTS CARRIED OUT
Projects in Shivamoga.
Suthukote Project (Shivamoga).

Current projects to be complete.
➢ Residential Building at Shivamogga
➢ Dargah at Holehonnuru.

One Stop Solution Provider for
➢ Master Planning, Urban Development.

➢ Landscape Architecture.
➢ Project Management Consultancy.
➢ Structural Engineering.
➢ Proof Checking.
➢ Value Engineering.
➢ Sustainability Services.
➢ Specialized Services.
➢ Infrastructure Development.
➢ Contracting Services and Joint Development.
➢ We are also a Corporate Professional Technical Training.

CHAPTER 2
ABOUT DEPARTMENT
2.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY
The Project Management Consultancy has a wide variety of roles to play during the
construction process. Construction project gives benefits to the Customer / Client in terms of
satisfaction and it consists of business development, profit, resources utilization, etc. Because of
this consultancy play a multifaceted part in the construction project, and is usually involved in
the project from the project’s inception to its completion. It is important to fully understand
Project Management Consultancy and authority. Doing so ensures that the Consultancy can be
fully maximized on each construction project. Normally the job is managed by the Project
Manager and supervised by the Construction Manager, and allied team of design engineer,
construction engineer or project architect. Efficiency in Management is needed to gain a higher
level in competitiveness. Every construction project is different i.e. unique, every construction

project demands the full attention, professionalism and energy of its project team, every
construction project depends upon an experienced leader to make it happen. The construction
industry in India has grown very fast with the construction of new projects. Due to the rapid
expansion in the construction industry, the services provided by the Consultancy need to be
improved in terms of performance and quality of work to meet the construction project goals and
objective and also the clients satisfaction.
2.2. ARCHITECTURAL DEPARTMENT
➢ Public Building” means any building that is owned by a State agency, a political
subdivision of the State, or any other public entity in Texas.
➢ If a project involves only the alteration of an existing building and the alteration does not
involve a substantial structural or exitway change to the building, the project is exempt
from the architectural act.
➢ “Commercial building” means an enclosed structure primarily used for the purchase, sale,
or exchange of commodities or services


Clarification of certain types of privately owned buildings
➢ “Multifamily dwelling” means a building containing more than two separate

units intended to be used for human habitation where the units are not separated by
open space but instead are separated only by walls or partitions.
➢ “Commercial building” means an enclosed structure primarily used for the
purchase, sale, or exchange of commodities or services.
➢ “warehouse that has limited public access” means a building primarily
used for the storage of equipment, merchandise, or commodities where:
(1) Only employees, delivery persons, and other specifically authorized people are routinely
expected to enter the building; and
(2) Persons who enter the building are expected to occupy the building only on a limited basis.
➢ Clarification of terms regarding publicly owned buildings

➢ Clarification of requirements regarding institutional residential facilities
Architect required for construction observation on projects requiring an architect for plans and specs
2.3. STRUCTURAL DEPARTMENT
Structural design is a systematic and iterative process that involves:
1) Identification of intended use and occupancy of a structure – by owner
2) Development of architectural plans and layout – by architect
3) Identification of structural framework – by engineer
4) Estimation of structural loads depending on use and occupancy
5) Analysis of the structure to determine member and connection design forces
6) Design of structural members and connections
7) Verification of design
8) Fabrication & Erection – by steel fabricator and contractor.
The software’s used in structural engineering are

2.4 THE DESIGN PROCESS:
Structural design is an art and science of designing, with economy and elegance, a safe,
serviceable, and a durable structure. The entire process of structural planning and design requires
not only imagination and conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of practical aspects,
such as recent design codes and bye-laws, backed up by ample experience, institution and
judgment.
It is emphasized that any structure to be constructed must satisfy the need efficiency for
which it is intended and shall be durable for its desired life span. Thus, the design of any
structure is categorizes into following main types:-
1. Functional design
2. Structural design
2.4.1 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN:
The structure to be constructed should primarily serve the basic purpose for which it is to
be used and must have a pleasing look.
The building should provide happy environment inside as well as outside. Therefore, the
functional planning of a building must take into account the proper arrangements of room/halls
to satisfy the need of the client, good ventilation, lighting, acoustics, unobstructed view in the
case of community halls, cinema theatres, etc.
2.4.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
Once the form of the structure is selected, the structural design process starts. Structural
design is an art and science of understanding the behavior of structural members subjected to

loads and designing them with economy and elegance to give a safe, serviceable and durable
structure.
2.5 STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN:
The process of structural design involves the following stages.
➢ Structural planning.
➢ Action of forces and computation of loads.
➢ Methods of analysis.
➢ Member design.
➢ Detailing, Drawing and preparation of schedules.
2.5.1 STRUCTURAL PLANNING:
After getting an architectural plan of the buildings, the structural planning of the building frame
is done. This involves determination of the following.
➢ Position and orientation of columns.

➢ Positioning of beams.
➢ Spanning of slabs.
➢ Layouts of stairs.
➢ Selecting proper type of footing.
➢ POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:

Following are some of the building principles, which help in deciding the columns positions.
➢ Columns should preferably be located at (or) near the corners of a building, and at the
intersection of beams/walls.
➢ Select the position of columns so as to reduce bending moments in beams.
➢ Avoid larger spans of beams.
➢ Avoid larger Centre-to-Centre distance between columns.

➢ ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:
1. Avoid projection of columns:
The projection of columns outside the wall in the room should be avoided as they not
only give bad appearance but also obstruct the use of floor space, creating problems in placing
furniture flush with the wall. The width of the column is required to be kept not less than 200mm
as per IS456-2000. The spacing of the column should beconsiderably reduced, so that the load on
column on each floor is less and the necessity of large sections for columns does not arise.
2. Orient the column so that the depth of the column is provided in the major plane of bending or
is perpendicular to the major axis of bending:
This is provided to increase moment of inertia and hence greater moment resisting capacity. It
will also reduce L/d ratio resulting in increase in the load carrying capacity of the column.
➢ POSITIONING OF BEAMS:
Beams shall normally be provided under the walls or below a heavy concentrated load to
avoid punching and shear failures in slab.
Avoid larger spacing of beams from deflection and cracking criteria. (The deflection varies
directly with the cube of the span and inversely with the cube of the depth i.e. L3/D3.
Consequently, increase in span L which results in greater deflection for larger span. )
➢ SPANNING OF SLABS:
This is decided by supporting arrangements. When the supports are only on opposite edges or
only in one direction, then the slab acts as a one way slab. When the rectangular slab is supported
along its four edges it acts as a one way slab when Ly/Lx< 2 .The two way slab action of slab not
only depends on the aspect ratio but also on the ratio of reinforcement on the directions. In one
way slab, main steel is provided along with short span only and the load is transferred to two
opposite supports. The steel along the long span just acts as the distribution steel and is not
designed for transferring the load but to distribute the load and to resist shrinkage and
temperature stresses. A slab is made to act as a one way slab spanning the short span by
providing main steel along the short span and only distribution steel along the span.
➢ SELECTING TYPE OF FOOTING:

The type of footing depends upon the load carried by the column and the bearing capacity of
the supporting soil. The soil under the foundation is more susceptible to large variations. Even
under one small building the soil may vary from soft clay to a hard mudroom. The nature and
properties of soil may change with season and weather, like swelling in wet weather. Increase in
moisture content results in substantial loss of bearing capacity in case of certain soils which may
lead to differential settlements.
It is necessary to conduct the survey in the areas for soil properties. For framed structure,
isolated column footings are normally preferred except in the case of exists for great depths, pile
foundations can be an appropriate choice. If columns are very closely spaced and bearing
capacity of the soil is low, raft foundation can be an alternative solution. For a column on the
boundary line, a combined footing or a raft footing may be provide.
2.6 ETABS
➢ ETABS provides an unequalled suite of tools for structural engineers designing buildings,
whether they are working on one-story industrial structures or the tallest commercial
high-rises.
➢ From the start of design conception through the production of schematic drawings,
ETABS integrates every aspect of the engineering design process.
➢ Creation of models has never been easier - intuitive drawing commands allow for the
rapid generation of floor and elevation framing.
➢ CAD drawings can be converted directly into ETABS models or used as templates onto
which ETABS objects may be overlaid.
➢ The innovative and revolutionary new ETABS is the ultimate integrated software
package for the structural analysis and design of buildings
➢ Slabs or foundations can be of any shape, and can include edges shaped with circular and
spline curves.
➢ Comprehensive and customizable reports are available for all analysis and design results.
➢ Detailed plans, sections, elevations, schedules, and tables may be generated, viewed, and
printed from within ETABS or exported to CAD packages.
2.7 PROOF CHECKING OF STRUCTURAL DESIGNS
Evaluation of design and execution by a third party for better assurance of the proposed
design and ability of the results and development to meet requirements.If any problem exists in
the design it is most probably to be identified in scrutiny and discussions. These problems after
identification needs to be taken care and actions are proposed to do the same.
Structural design and drawings scrutiny are done for:
➢ Compliance with the provisions of tender documents and technical specifications.
➢ Compliance with the provisions of design standard codes.
➢ Conformity between design calculations and drawings.
➢ Detailing, clarity of details, and drawing contents with respect to ease of execution on
site.
2.8 CONTRACTING SERVICES
Courage Engineers offers contracting services to our clients meeting their specific
requirements with huge commitments. Our team of qualified and experienced construction
experts is highly efficient in fulfilling our client's individual expectations. Our contracting
services include construction of residential flats, residential building, residential apartments,
villas, commercial complexes, temples and more. We pride being the preferred building
contractor.
With our expertise and perseverance, we frequently set up-to-date quality standards to provide
perfect contracting services. We pride constructing residential and commercial complexes suiting

assorted needs of the modern lifestyle. We minutely verify every stage of construction, right
from land survey to final execution.
Construction of Independent Villas: We construct luxurious and budget independent flats

and villas aesthetically designed spaciously designed to accommodate large families we follow
newest architectural trends.
Residential Flats and Bungalows: We have built Bungalows situated at beautiful scenic
locations Flats and bungalows are built with 1,2,3 or more bedrooms Contracting services are
available in various price range according to your budget
Commercial Complexes: Design spacious commercial complexes with all details on

available space. Our design full fills modern requirements of commercial complexes .We use
high quality materials guaranteeing long lasting building structure .We are transparent regarding
details like cost of construction, construction area, materials used; project time and more .We
also take the opportunities to build temples and religious building, according to the specific
requirements, fulfilling VastuShastra, making the place completely divine.
2.9 CORPORATE TRAINING
COURAGE ENGINEERS is a One Stop Solution Provider for Architectural, Master

Planning, Urban Development, Landscape Architecture, Project Management Consultancy,
Structural Engineering, Proof Checking, Value Engineering, Sustainability Services, Specialized
Services, Infrastructure Development, Contracting Services and Joint Development .and We are
also a Professional Technical Courses Training Company.
Advantages
➢ Internationally Experienced Trainer who has designed iconic buildings in Gulf countries.
➢ Certification will be provided after workshop (within 10 working days)
➢ Working on Live Projects and certification for selected candidates
➢ Post Training Assistance if required.

➢ Internship/Absorption in the Company for selected candidates.

➢ Final year project Assistance and counseling for M.Tech/M.E students.
2.10 VALUE ENGINEERING

Value engineering (VE) is systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and
services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of function to cost.
Value can therefore be increased by either improving the function or reducing the cost. It is a
primary tenet of value engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a
consequence of pursuing value improvements.
The reasoning behind value engineering is as follows: if marketers expect a product to become
practically or stylistically obsolete within a specific length of time, they can design it to only last
for that specific lifetime. The products could be built with higher-grade components, but with
value-engineering they are not because this would impose an unnecessary cost on the
manufacturer, and to a limited extent also an increased cost on the purchaser. Value engineering
will reduce these costs. A company will typically use the least expensive components that satisfy
the product's lifetime projections.


CHAPTER 3
TASKS PERFORMED
3.1 PROJECTS ASSIGNED BY THE ORGANISATION
➢ Project 1-G+2 (Commercial building)

➢ Project 2- G+1 (Residential building)
3.2ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (G+2)
NATURE OF THE PROJECT :" ANAND RESIDENTIAL BUILDING"

LOCATION : SHIVAMOGGA, KARNATAKA
CLIENTS : ANAND
ARCHITECTS : M/S SREE ASSOSIATES
STRUCTURAL CONSULTANTS: M/S COURAGE ENGINEERS
3.2.1 ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
In the field of architecture an architectural plan is a design and planning for a building, and
can contain architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the
building process, and other documentation.
The architectural plan given is thoroughly studied to decide the location of the structural
elements (columns and beams) which is generally provided from the senior structural engineers in
the form of “shuttering layout”.
The term "Architectural plan" can have multiple related meanings:
➢ Plan for an architectural project
➢ Documentation of written and graphic descriptions of the architectural elements of a

building project including sketches, drawings and details. This effort could also include
both the design of new buildings and other structures, as well as the planning for
reconstruction of early historic structures.

➢ Architectural design
➢ Floor plan
➢ Scale drawing of a structure, for example "the architectural plans for City Hall were on file"
➢This article will focus on the general meaning of architectural plan as a plan and
documentation for a building project.
Fig 1 Architectural Plan

3.2.2 FRAMING PLAN
A drawing of each floor of a building showing exact locations of framing members and their
connections. May include wall elevations and details.

Fig 2 Framing Plan
3.2.3 CENTRE LINE OF THE PLAN
Steps involved in drawing Centre line diagram:
Step-1: Open the AutoCAD drawing of given building I.e. shuttering layout of the typical floor
plan.
Step-2: Converting shuttering layout in to single line drawing - Simplify the actual plan into a
single line drawing of the building using AutoCAD. A layer called “Dxf “is defined This layer is
used to draw the single line diagram on the shuttering layout as shown in the figure below. Once
the single line diagram is complete, any line in the dxf layer is selected and command “Layiso” is
used to eliminate all other layers on the shuttering layout Thus, a single line diagram is obtained.
The line diagram is moved to the x=0,y=0,z=0 coordinates.
Step 3: converting dwg file into dxffile : To import the line diagram in etabs , it is necessary to
convert dwg file type by saving the same file in dxf extension file type .

Fig 3 Centerline Of The Plan
3.2.4 INPUTS TO ETABS
MATERIALS
➢ CONCRETE:
Grade : M-20
Mass per unit volume : 2.5m3
Weight per unit volume 25m3
Modulus of elasticity 2.5x105
Poisson's ratio 0.2
➢ REINFORCEMENTS

Structural members Dimensions

Beam 300*450
Column 230*230
230*450
230*600
300*600
TABLE 2:-DIMENSION OF FRAME SECTIONS
3.2.5MODELLING IN ETABS


Fig 4.Etabsmodelling
Fig.5 3D View
3.2.5.1 LOADS
➢ Dead load - After assigning the proper sectional properties to various members E-tabs
will automatically considers the DL for the analysis.
➢ Live load - As per IS 875-part2 Balconies, Staircases slabs have been assigned 3kN/m2
and other normal slabs have been assigned 2kN/m2
➢ Super dead load - Considering the load coming from the cinder and tiles, sunken slabs
such as toilets and balconies have been assigned 1.8kN/m2 and other normal slabs have
been assigned 1.2kN/m2
3.2.5.2 LOAD CASES
The various loads are combined in accordance with the stipulations in IS: 875 (Part 5)-1987;
whichever combination produces the most unfavorable effect in the building may be adopted for
the design of elements. Wind load and Earthquake loads are considered for both x & y directions.
Whenever imposed load is combined with earthquake load, the appropriate part of imposed load
as specified in IS: 1893-2002 / Cl. 7.3.1 of seismic code will be used both for evaluating
earthquake effect and for combined load effects used in such combination.
3.2.5.3 ANALYSIS:
Model is checked for the point overlapping, line overlapping or area overlapping etc. Once the
model is checked for the errors analysis is done for the model. The structural analysis is carried
out by finite element method (FEM) using the commercially available software tool ETABS
2015 for the load combinations as per standards. The structure is analyzed for specific loads like
dead load, live load, wind and seismic loads and for the load combinations as given in the
relevant codes. Forces and moments from the 3D analysis output for the worst combinations are
used for the design of the structure
Check the model and run the analysis

Fig.6 After Analysis (Deflection) Model
➢ Base Reactions

Fig .7 Base reactions
3.2.6 DESIGN
Fully integrated concrete frame design in ETABS includes: required area of steel calculations,
auto selection lists for new member sizing, implementation of design codes, interactive design
and review, and comprehensive overwrite capabilities.
Check list for designing beam:-

➢ Check the grade of concrete as per the assumption it is corrector wrong.
➢ Check the grade of steel as per the assumption it is corrector wrong.
➢ Check the concrete cover as per Indian standard and suitable for the site.
➢ Check if the improper load combination are taken into consideration while designing
the columns.
➢ Check the code IS 456.
➢ Check the ductility clause same as column for beam.
➢ Check the bending moment, shear force and torsion diagrams [After specifying the
release]


Fig.8 Bending Moment and longitudinal Reinforcement

DESIGN OF REINFORCEMENTS FOR BEAMS, SLABS, COLUMNS AND FOOTING
Design of reinforcements for different components of the buildings such as beams, slabs,
columns and footing can be obtained directly by the use of ETABS software only in the form of
area of steel Ast. Later, particular diameter of the rebar is selected and number of bars is
calculated. Also, whole design of the structure can be done manually by using the IS Codes
IS456: 2000 and also design can be done by using the computing tools such as EXCEL by
developing sheets to design a particular component.In the present work designs are done by
using the software itself and for verification purposes and reinforcement details are calculated
manually. I have also made use of EXCEL sheets for verification purposes.
3.2.7 DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:

3.2.71 DESIGN OF SLABS (TWO WAY SLABS)
General:
Slabs are plate elements forming floor and roof of building and carrying distributed loads
primarily by flexure. A slab is a flat, two-dimensional planar structural element having a smaller
thickness compared to its other two dimensions. It provides a working flat surface or a covering
shelter to buildings. It supports mainly transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily
by ben ding action in one or more directions. Though a RC slab is essentially a bending element,
it differs from beam in the following aspects:
➢ The bending cannot be only in one vertical plane as in case of a beam but in more than one
vertical plane.
➢ The slab is usually analyzed and designed, considering a strip of uniform width.
➢ Shear stresses are usually low and shear reinforcement is usually avoided in width (usually
1m in practical design). Preference to increase in depth
➢ Over the region critical in shear. However, shear becomes a controlling factor in a slab
without a beam.
➢ Distribution steel is provided at right angles to main steel in both the directions.



3.2.72 DESIGN OF BEAM (CONTINUOUS BEAM).

Beam size – 300 mm x 450 mm
Beam location – Ground floor
General:
The beam is a very commonly used structural element. It may exist independently, or may form a
component of a structural framework (as in grids and rigid frames. In all such cases, the beam is
treated as a one-dimensional (line) element with known material and geometric properties for the
purpose of structural analysis.
A beam is normally horizontal member, which provides support to the slab and the vertical
walls. A reinforced concrete beam should be able to resist bending moment, tensile, compressive
and shear stress induced in it by the loads on the beam. Concrete is fairly strong in compression
but weak in tension.
Plain concrete beams are thus limited in carrying capacity due to the low tensile strength. Steel
is very strong in tension. Thus, the tensile weakness of concrete is overcome by the provision of
reinforcing steel in the tension zone in the concrete to make a reinforced concrete beam.Based on
the reinforcement criteria the beams are classified as
➢ Singly reinforced beams

Singly reinforced beam is a beam in where steel is provided at the bottom i.e., in tension zone.
These type of beams are usually used where the loads to be carried is less.
➢ Doubly reinforced beams

Doubly reinforced beam is a beam in where steel is provided at both top and bottom i.e. both
tension and compression zone. This is mainly provided to reduce the depth of section where the
loads are heavy.
Another classification of beams is based on cross section of beam.
a) Rectangular beam
b) Flanged beam (T-beam & L-beam)
Minimum reinforcement for tension for any structural members shall not be less than AS/bd =
0.85/fy
Maximum reinforcement shall not exceed 0.04bD
➢ BALANCED SECTION
A RC section in which maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches its ultimate
value Ec = 0.0035 and maximum tensile strain in reinforcement reaches its yield value
simultaneously is known as a balanced section or critical section. The percentage of steel in this
section is known as critical percentage of steel. In this case failure occurs by yielding of steel in
tension and crushing of concrete in compression simultaneously

➢ UNDER REINFORCED SECTION

A section having percentage of steel less than the critical percentage is known as under
reinforced section. Since steel is insufficient to balance compression in concrete, the tensile
strain in steel reaches yield value while the maximum compressive strain in concrete is less than
its ultimate crushing value. The section undergoes large rotational deformation from the initial
stage (yielding of steel), to final stage (crushing) and impending failure. Since the failure is
initiated by yielding of steel in tension, it is known as primary tension failure.
➢ OVER REINFORCED SECTION

A Section having percentage of tensile steel greater than the critical percentage is known as over
reinforced section. Since the concrete in this section is relatively in sufficient to balance the
tension in steel, the maximum compressive strain in concrete reaches the ultimate crushing value
before the tensile strain in steel reaches the yielding value. This causes sudden failure of the
section due to crushing of concrete in compression, without giving any warning. Since this
failure is initiated by compression in concrete, it is known as primary compression failure. No
over reinforced sections are preferred in limit state design
➢ LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE – FLEXURE:

Assumptions
The design of a reinforced concrete section for Limit State of collapse in bending is based on
following assumptions:
➢ Plane sections normal to the axis remain plane after bending

➢ The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is taken as
0.0035 in bending regardless of the strength of concrete.
➢ Concrete under tension is ignored and tension is assumed to be carried entirely by
the tension steel.
➢ The distribution of compressive stress in concrete across the section is defined by
an idealized stress-strain curve of concrete.
➢ Perfect bond exists between concrete and steel right up to collapse.

➢ The design stress in steel reinforcement is obtained from the strain at

reinforcement level using idealized stress-strain curve for the type of
reinforcement used.
➢ The design of the beams is done with the help of ETABS. All the beams elements
are modeled analyzed and designed using the software. The ETABS designs the
members as per the code IS: 456- 2000, which is embedded in the software.
Design of beam




3.2.73COLUMN DESIGN


3.2.74 DESIGN OF ISOLATED FOOTING:

The function of a foundation or substructure is to safely transfer the loads from the super
structure to the ground. Different types of foundation structures like isolated footings, continuous
footings, combine footings, slab rafts, piles, piled rafts, caissons are used for this purpose.
Design of foundation structure is a subject in its own right and only the design of elementary
foundation structures, such as reinforced concrete individual footings, pedestal and pile caps, is
covered in this chapter. The main I to illustrate the method of approach of limit state design to
foundation problems. IS 456, Clause 34 deals with design of Footing.
Steps for the design:
➢ Find the area of footing (due to service loads)

➢ Assume a suitable thickness of footing based on
One way shear
➢ Identify critical sections for flexure and shear

➢ Find the bending moment and shear forces at
➢ These critical sections (due to factored loads)
➢ Check the adequacy of the assumed thickness
➢ Find the reinforcement details
➢ Check for development length
➢ Check for bearing stresses
➢ Detailing as per SP-34




3.2.75 Detailing of footings
TABLE 3 :- FOOTING REINFORCEMENT
3.2.76Detailing of beams

3.2.77Detailing of columns

3.3 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (G+1)
3.3.1 ARCHITECTURAL PLAN
Fig 9architectural plan
3.3.2 FRAMING PLAN

Fig 10frame plan
3.3.3 INPUTS TO ETABS
MATERIALS
➢ CONCRETE:
Grade : M-20
Mass per unit volume : 2.5m3
Weight per unit volume 25m3
Modulus of elasticity 2.5x105
Poisson's ratio 0.2
➢ REINFORCEMENTS

Structural members Dimensions

Beam 230*450
Column 230*230
230*450
230*600
TABLE 4 :- DIMENSION OF FRAME SECTIONS
3.3.4 ETABS MODELING

Fig 11modeling
3.3.5 ANALYSIS:
Model is checked for the point overlapping, line overlapping or area overlapping etc. Once the
model is checked for the errors analysis is done for the model. The structural analysis is carried
out by finite element method (FEM) using the commercially available software tool ETABS
2015 for the load combinations as per standards. The structure is analyzed for specific loads like
dead load, live load, wind and seismic loads and for the load combinations as given in the
relevant codes. Forces and moments from the 3D analysis output for the worst combinations are
used for the design of the structure

Fig.12.0 Bending Moment and longitudinal Reinforcement

Fig 13Base reaction
Fig 14 building after analysis
3.3.6DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS:

1. Design of columns.
2. Design of beams.
3. Design of shear walls.
Check list for column design:-
➢ Check the grade of concrete as per the assumption it is corrector wrong.

➢ Check the grade of steel as per the assumption it is corrector wrong.
➢ Check the concrete cover as per Indian standard and suitable for the site.
➢ Check the arrangement of the rebar system in processor.
➢ Check if the improper load combination are taken into consideration while designing
the columns

➢ Check the unsupported length and unbraced length of the column.

➢ Check the code IS 456.
➢ Check the ductility clause, if R=5 then use ductile otherwise choose ordinary.
Ductile- Software shall consider the IS 13920 code for designing the column.
Ordinary – Software will design the column with IS 456 without IS 13920. Non
sway- Software will not consider seismic load combination while designing the
column.
Fig 15 Column and beam rebar percentage

➢ STOREY RESPONSE
Fig 16 maximum story displacement
➢ Detailing of beam

Detailing of column
➢ Detailing of footing

Fig 17 detailing of beam,column and footing.
CHAPTER 4
REFLECTION NOTES
4.1 Experience & learning
The time I spent in COURAGE ENGINEER as an intern from August to November 2017 was a
memorable one for me as it was rich in experience sharing and helped me discover my potential.
I have had so many rich experiences and opportunities that I personally believe will forever
shape and influence my professional life while fostering personal growth and development. In
this report, I hope to highlight the enormous opportunities offered by COURAGE ENGINEER to
young people from various colleges of Bangalore wishing to pursue a career in the domain of

Structural Engineering.
Having an experience of a reputed organization has one huge advantage, it makes us
more professional and professionalism is the key to success. Handling the stressful situations
Working with a excellent projects added a great value to my skills knowledge and abilities and
hence gave me a chance to relate my studies in the practical working environments , my
communication skills improved and I feel more confident than I was and this experience helped
me broaden my vision.Working in an organization does not limit our experience to just
onedepartment that we are assigned with, but actually the organization is running with a
systematic collaboration of the departments and hence requirescommunications and interaction.
The point that we should not ignore, and always keep in our mind and heart open for the
experience. If we are in a situation and have interactions, our studies are being implemented.
We understand that organizational hierarchy and proper communication channels are
available which should be used. I had good experience from observation and acceptance and
implementation of different theories and approaches on what’s happening around us are what we
were supposed to do during our internship. Even If I was working in the department, the same
acceptance and learning can be gained by sitting at the employee’s seat and understanding the
relationship between the management and the employee, they are interlinked and dependent but
on the other hand one has to follow other and the other has to consider the first one, I would
learn the same on both ends.
Basically the idea is that, learning is not just form one end, even sitting on the other end I
would be able to feel the impact of decision making and communication process that I am
supposed to practice in overall, my time spent is full of learning and experience. This created a
desire for a bit of diversification over the service providing facilities.
4.2 Technical outcomes
➢ To create sustainable growth and enhanced support to our associates.

➢ To uphold the Highest Standards of Business Ethics and lead the way in fulfilling
Corporate Social Responsibilities.
➢ An ability to design and conduct experiments, as well as being able to analyze and

interpret data
➢ A knowledge of contemporary issues
➢ An ability to use modern engineering techniques, skills, and computing tools necessary
for engineering practice
4.3 Applications and Advantages
➢ An engineering software product that caters to multi-story building analysis and design.
➢ Modeling tools and templates, code-based load prescriptions, analysis methods and
solution techniques, all coordinate with the grid-like geometry unique to this class of
structure.
➢ Basic or advanced systems under static or dynamic conditions may be evaluated using
ETABS.
➢ For a sophisticated assessment of seismic performance, modal and direct-integrationϖ
time-history analyses may couple with P-Delta and Large Displacement effects.
➢ Interoperability with a series of design and documentation platforms makes ETABS aϖ
coordinated and productive tool for designs which range from simple 2D frames to
elaborate modern high-rises.
➢ The Etabs workshop will act as a first foundation stone for building a career in the field
of designing.
➢ It will give opportunity to work on live ongoing projects in the company to interested
participants of workshop.
➢ Complete assistance for becoming expert of ETABS high rise building designing can be
given.
➢ Experience gained during this workshop will be an unparallel experience.
➢ It gives opportunity to fresher's to work on high rise building projects which will take
your career to a higher level.
4.4 My contribution to the organization
The major work carried out by me is the complete detailed project works carried including
designs and analysis.
4.5 Non-Technical outcomes
COURAGE ENGINEERS internship programmer has offered me a great opportunity to grow

and develop. It has propelled me to be able to overcome challenges and develop my career. I
learnt extensively about structural detailing, analysis and design concepts of a structure. The
Programme has enhanced my critical thinking and analytical skills as well as improved my
professional and ability to work in a corporate environment. Working in COURAGE
ENGINEERS as an intern was not only an honor and privilege but a lifelong experience that will
forever shape my professional life. This great experience is incomparable to other internship
experiences I had in the past. The Managing Director has inspired me to serve rather than expect
to be served by subordinates. I am very appreciative of this opportunity and forever grateful to
COURAGE ENGINEER for giving the opportunity to not work as an intern but also enabled me
enhance my Knowledge – this I believe epitomized my intern experience in COURAGE
ENGINEERS.
4.6 Personal Productivity Skills
That permitted me to know how to become an effective manager and enable me to explain the
positive attitude and behavior that should be followed in the workplace. It also allowed me to
assess my own effectiveness, and identify the skills needed to improve my own effectiveness,
and to set a plan for personal development.
This internship program enabled me to know the art of writing the call for proposal and
also the project preparation cycle. And also enabled me to acquire knowledge on Research
methods in formative and summative evaluation. In order to increase the number and quality of
its resource persons, the institute has been renewing its expert database.
4.7 Knowledge and skills acquired
The internship has changed my life on a professional level in that it allowed me to learn new
skills and enhance my personal skills. For me, these achievements are the direct result of the
effort invested in me by COURAGE ENGINEERS so that I may also impact on other
communities in need of leadership and the society as a whole.
i. Leadership Development
My leadership ability has drastically improved because I now have the necessary tools required
of a leader. Below is a list of sessions I benefitted from: Achieving results, writing excellent
proposals and reports. Through this session I now know how to write a report or a proposal
taking into account: the title, the summary of the position of the problem, the plan, appendix and
bibliography.
ii. Project Management

The theme developed in this session particularly helped me to improve my knowledge in project
management, specifically the different types of project definitions. I also learnt how to use the
Internet or a website to effectively.
➢ Spotlight on key administrative and financial policies

Budget preparation, forecasting and cash analysis. This was useful and helped me to acquire
some crucial knowledge of budget proposals, especially during the implementation of a project.
➢ Building effective research skills

This showed me research techniques that I knew. Training and Facilitation Skills. I especially got
to know what the difference between Training and Facilitation. Positive organizational behavior,
following the hierarchy, positive, communication skills, dealing with the offshore customers,
team work, following the rules and creating self-ethics for our own success,
Leading people by example,motivation and self-motivational techniques, fact based

decision making, creating quality and customer satisfaction while exceeding the organizations
expectations and most importantly, commitment, loyalty and hard work are the key learning’s of
my time I have spent working with Courage Engineers. Concepts which I learned during my
student life at HMS institute of technology and Management College were clear and more
applicable, after I have worked for Courage Engineer for this short time now. I now understand

certain departments are vital for each other yet have define boundaries between them, and there
are certain no defined areas which every organization has and are developed overtime. While on
the other hand my positive learning’s are still continuing, and I being the part of one of the most
reputed and growing company of Bangalore, COURAGE ENGINEERS has had an experience of
in it and their activities they perform. Cause MOTIVATION is the key to success here in
toughest work of marketing. I said it a tough job cause, making sales on people is not easy and
requires patience, hard work, consistency and the performance of every single person we deal
with. So to keep the employees awaken and on their toes we need to communicate with them
more often and positively, and employees should know that there are people who are looking for
their performance and are ready to recognize and reward any excellent performance.
SITE VISITS

FIG.18:- SITENAME: GUBBI SCHOOL BUILDING

FIG.19:- SHIVAMOGGA G+2 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING
➢ Observations:
➢ Concealed Beams are provided at the site.
➢ Instead of providing L-Bars at discontinuous edge, U-Bars are provided.
➢ Curtailment of reinforcement in slabs is done at a distance of L/7 from the edge of
slab.
➢ At discontinuous edge negative reinforcement is projected into the parent slab by
L/5.
➢ Cranking of bars is done and is projected into the other or continuous edged slab
by L/3 and L/6 alternatively
➢ 2 Legged or 4-legged stirrups are provided for beams at site that is as per drawing.
➢ Chairs are provided so as to maintain the thickness of the slab as per the design

CONCLUSION:
Some of the highlights:
➢ Thorough study of the relevant drawings to understand the nature of the project.
➢ Careful selection of the structural system and sizing of various members as per
architectural requirements and at the same time without sacrificing structural
requirements.
➢ Complete analysis is carried out using “ETABS” for various load cases and their
combinations as per relevant Indian standards.
➢ Tabulations and examination of the results of analysis and resizing of members wherever
necessary.
➢ Design of various structures by limit state method as per relevant IS codes by both
manual method and using software’s and comparison of the results.
➢ Checking the structure for stability requirements and members for the serviceability
requirements.
➢ Detailing of various members as per relevant standards and preparation of the drawings.
As non-technical part-
➢ We learned how we interact with the clients.

➢ Communication skills with different people in sites.
➢ Presentation of paper work.
➢ Team work.
➢ Leadership/ organization skills.
➢ Engineering Ethics.
➢ Punctuality and discipline.
➢ Smartness and hardworking.

REFERENCES
1. UnnikrishnanPillai, S,, DevdasMenon, “ Reinforced concrete design”, McGraw Hill

publications, 3rd Edition, 2009.
2. Arun Kumar Jain, Ashok Kumar Jain, Punmia, B.C., “Compressive R.C.C. design”,
Laxmi publications, 8th edition, 1998.
3. Ashok Kumar Jain, “Reinforced concrete limit state design”, Nemchand and brothers, 5th
edition, 1997.
4. Ramamrutham, S., and Narayan, R., “Design of reinforced concrete structures”, Dhanpat
ray publishing company, 14th edition, 1998.
5. Ramachandra, “Limit State design”, Standard book house, 1st edition, 1990.

APPENDIX
Basic useful Materials Charts:
Unit weight of
steel for
standard size
bars
Dia Of BARS C/S AREA UNIT WEIGTH /m LENGTH
(mm) (mm²) (kg/m)
6 28.2274 0.222
8 50.265 0.395
10 78.539 0.617
12 113.097 0.89
16 201.062 1.58
20 314.159 2.47
25 490.873 3.86

28 615.752 4.83
32 804.247 6.31
36 1017.876 7.99
40 1256.637 9.85
Cover thickness for various structural element
SL. NO STRUCTURAL ELEMENT CLEAR COVER(mm)
1 Footing 50
2 Column 40
3 Beam 25
4 Slab 15
5 Shear wall 25
6 Flat slab 20
7 Staircase 15
Distribution steel for different thickness of slab
S DISTRI
S L BUTIO
LA N
. B STEEL
N
OT
H
I
C
K
N
E
S
S
F
o
r
6
"
t
h
k
s
l
a T8@11"
1 b C/C
F
o
r
7
"
t
h
k
T8@9"
2 s C/C
l

a
b
F
o
r
8
"
t
h
k
s
l
a T8@8"
3 b C/C
F
o
r
1
0
"
t
h
k
s
l
a T8@6"
4 b C/C


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INTERNSHIP REPORT 2017-18

Structural engineers design structures to withstand stresses and pressures imposed

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 1

1.2 ABOUT THE COMPANY

COURAGE ENGINEERS is a leading consultancy in India that has executed construction

➢ Residential Constructions - Ultra Modern Skyscrapers, Luxury Villas and more.

shareholders well and maintaining our integrity in the marketplace.

To be a World-Class Construction Company committed to total customer satisfaction, by

➢ To strengthen our position as a Leading Engineering Consulting and Contracting

i. ARCHITECTURAL AND STRUCTURAL DESIGNING:

ii. RANGE OF SERVICES:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 3

➢ Subdivisions – Residential and Commercial

COURAGE ENGINEERS offers 3D Views – Interior and Exterior designing services.

Our interior designing consultancy services involve:

➢ Planning new design with innovation and creativity

Features of budgeted houses

➢ High Strength Concrete Factory Made Walls.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 4

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 5

Vi. PROJECTS CARRIED OUT

Suthukote Project (Shivamoga).

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 6

Current projects to be complete.

➢ Residential Building at Shivamogga

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 7

One Stop Solution Provider for

➢ Master Planning, Urban Development.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 8

2.1 PROJECT MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 9

2.2. ARCHITECTURAL DEPARTMENT

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 10

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 11

Clarification of certain types of privately owned buildings

➢ “Multifamily dwelling” means a building containing more than two separate

➢ Clarification of terms regarding publicly owned buildings

2.3. STRUCTURAL DEPARTMENT

Structural design is a systematic and iterative process that involves:

1) Identification of intended use and occupancy of a structure – by owner

2) Development of architectural plans and layout – by architect

3) Identification of structural framework – by engineer

4) Estimation of structural loads depending on use and occupancy

5) Analysis of the structure to determine member and connection design forces

6) Design of structural members and connections

8) Fabrication & Erection – by steel fabricator and contractor.

The software’s used in structural engineering are

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 12

2.4 THE DESIGN PROCESS:

2.4.1 FUNCTIONAL DESIGN:

2.4.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 13

2.5 STAGES IN STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

The process of structural design involves the following stages.

➢ Position and orientation of columns.

➢ POSITIONING AND ORIENTATION OF COLUMNS:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AIT CHIKMAGALURUPage 14

➢ SELECTING TYPE OF FOOTING:

Structural design and drawings scrutiny are done for:

➢ Compliance with the provisions of tender documents and technical specifications.

➢ Compliance with the provisions of design standard codes.

➢ Conformity between design calculations and drawings.

2.8 CONTRACTING SERVICES