Core-frame i n t e r a c t i o n in tall

buildings
Somsak Swaddiwudhipong and Seng-Lip Lee

Department of Ctvd Eng~neermg, Natzonal Umvers~ty of Singapore, Kent Rzdge,

Singapore 0511
(Recewed Aprd 1984, rewsed June 1984)

A method ~spresented for solwng by hand structural systems comprising

frames and shear walls coupled together through floor slabs. The coupled
system is viewed as a shear-flexure cantdever which resists the lateral
loads by its combined actions and the coupled governing equations are
solved by the Galerkin technique. The contribution of each term from the
assumed displacement field is uncoupled by choosing appropriate admis-
sible functions. This uncoupling condition is valid when the structure is
uniform throughout the height.

Key words: structural systems, frame-shear wall interaction, Galerkm

technique, tall buildings

Interachon of frames and core walls in tall buildings has Structural idealization
been studied extensavel~ m the past few decades x
It is well known that shear walls and cores when subjected
Khan and Sbarounis proposed an lteratlve procedure to
to lateral loads will deform m flexural mode, while rigid
study the xnteractxon of frames and shear walls, while
McLeod 3 modelled the walls as wade columns with rxgld jointed frameworks will suffer shear deformation (Figure 1)
arms and adopted a modified frame program to solve the The equdlbnum equations for a flexural element in its own
problem. Finite element methods have been proposed by principal &rectlons can be shown to be
several authors 4-~ for the analys~s of these structures. The
latter two approaches usually requxre large core storage
and long computer txme which make them less attractive (EI~)~
for design office use. A more economical approach is to use
the finite strip methodfl
0 (~I=) lOT)

0 0 00 : If"el
Another approach revolves treating frames as ldeahzed
shear continua with eqmvalent properties and the whole
problem is considered as a shear-flexure cantilever Helde-
brecht and Stafford Smith s and Rutenberg and HeIdebrecht 9 o o (cy=), [o"] I(fo),
are among those who have adopted this method. or
In the present study, the continuum approach IS used to
formulate the governing equations to the problem which [EIe]{6'e'}-- [OAe]f{8 e} = {re} (1)
are solved by the Galerkan techmque. Appropriate admis- and those for shear as the dominant part as
sible functions are chosen to uncouple the resulting set of
algebraic equahons. This enables the problem to be solved
manually reqmrmg only pocket or small programmable
o ol fuel {(Sx)el
calculators. -o o i
0 0 0J~0;!
Assumpttons or
(1) Each floor is assumed ngad an ItS plane
(2) Axial deformation is neglected - [Ga e],{a',~ = {Se} (2)
(3) Points of contraflexure are assumed to be at the mid where (Elyy)e and (Elxx)e are the flexural staffnesses,
points of the frame members (Elzz)e and (GJzz)e the warping constant and torsional
(4) The structure has uniform propertxes along its height rigidity, Ue, Ve and 0e the translational and twisting dis-
(5) The matenals are homogeneous and linearly elastic placement parameters, (fx)e, (fy)e and (J~)e the flexural

0141-0296/85/01051-05/$03.00
© 1985 Butterworth& Co. (Pubhshers)Ltd Eng. Struct., 1985, Vol. 7, January 51
Core-frame mteractton m tall buddmgs S. Swaddtwudhtpong and Song-Lip Lee

mg equahons m common global coordinates for such struc-

tures, in view of equahons (1) and (2), can be shown to be
[EI] {6'"' }-- [GA]{6"} = {q} (4)

/
F--,.

= in wtuch
p-.
{q} = [T] T{qe} = [T] T( {fe} + {Se})
IT]{8} = {6e}
[Ell = [ T] T[Elel [ r ]
(5)
a b C [OA] = [TIr([GAell ~- lGAels)[rl
F/gure 1 Behavlour of frame shear wall structure under lateral load IT] = [R][7;]
(a), shear mode, (b), flexural mode, (c), combined mode
l cos ~ sin13 i)
[R] = --sin/3 cos/3
P 0 0

~/2 [Tr] = 1
0
. . . . . . -&
I where (x, y) are the coordinates of the principal axes of
each element m the global system and 13the angle of rota-
/z/// /~//1z fb I ~ ii ~,/ ///i/z
tion of the local system with respect to the global reference
h/2 axes
The final forms of the transformed matrices [Ell and
[GA ] are gwen in the appen&y

bl/1 l_
b2/2
I" -v Boundary conditions
Ftgure 2 Panel of frame structure
The geometric boundary conditions at the base of the struc-
ture on ngad foundation are
{8(0)} = {0} (6)
resisting force and (GAxx)e and (Sx) e the shear constant and {~'(o)} = {o}
the resisting force due to shear actmn respectwely All
quantities are evaluated with respect to each element's The homogeneous mechamcal boundary condmons at the
prmcxpal axes top of the builchng of total height H can be expressed as.
The formulation of the quantities (Elyy)e, (Elxx)e, [EI]{6"(H)}-- [GA]{8'(H)} = {0} (7)
(Elzz)e and (GJzz)e for uncoupled walls is straightforward
and needs no more attenhon Equwalent values for some of and
the above quantities for several different configurations of [EI ] {8"(/4)} = {0 }
coupled cores are gwen by Coull and Tawfik l u Other
forms, ff encountered, can be determined using the same
approach
The determmatmn of (GAxx) e from a ngxd jointed frame-
work is based on the assumptmn that the points of contra- The Galerkin technique
flexure m both connecting beams and columns are at their The &splacement vanables are assumed to be
mxd length The contnbutmn from a panel of rlgad frame u = [~.] r{a.}
(Ftgure 2) to (GAxx)e can be shown to be
v = [~vlqav}
12EIc/h ~
(GA xx)e =
2Ic
(3) 0 = [~0] r{ao}
Or collectively
h(Ibl/b 1 + Ib2/b2)
where E xs the Young's modulus of elastaclty, h is the storey
height, b~ and b2 the length of beams on left and right, and
I c, lbl and Ib~ are the second moment of area of column
and beams on the left and right respectwely Eqmvalent Lie] 1o] [~] t{ao})
values for (GAxx)e of several types of braced frames were or
proposed by Stafford Smith et al n {8} = [~1 r{a} (8)
A structural system comprising frames and shear walls
coupled together through floor slabs, when subjected to where [4q r is the assumed dxsplacement shape funcUon
lateral load, will deform m a combined mode. The govern- matrix and {a} the undetermined parameter vector

52 Eng. Struct, 1985, Vol. 7, January

 Core-frame interaction in tall buildings S. Swaddiwudhlpong and Seng-L/p Lee
Substituting equahon (8) into equatmn (4) and apply- where
mg the Galerkin techmque yields
a m = (2m -- 1) lr/2H (14)
h
~s chosen as the displacement shape functmn.
~ [0]([E/] [0"'] T - [GA][O"I){a} dz Substituting equaUon (13) into each element of the
matrices m equation (12), ~t can easdy be shown that
o
h H

--- [ [0](q} dz (9)

f OmOn
IF It
dz = ~4mH/2
#/

o o (15)
Applying s~mple matrix algebra, it can be shown that for
the term (m, n), equataon (9) becomes j,,
H
Om On dz = o?mH/2
o
[ Oumt
f (tin. Ioo l when m = n and-
o [0o,,,! H H

[Oumt H[Oum I = OmOndz 0 (16)

• XIOvml[~unOvnO;nl dz{a}= f ~OvmI {q}dz o o
[OOm] 0 loom) when m 4: n.
Equatmn (16) implies that the governing equatmns are
or uncoupled and the problem can be solved term by term,
H which means that only (1 x 1) or (3 x 3) matrices need be
dealt wxth at one nine for symmetric and asymmetric
f ( [ E I ] {0m}[0n.... ] 7- -- [GA].{Om}[On]Tdz{a} problems respectwely
o
H Stress resultants
Once the vector {a} is known, the displacement of the
: f (0m} {q} dz (10)
whole structure and each element can be obtained from
o equations (8) and (5a) respectwely. The benchng
where the symbol ' ' ~mphes direct mult~phcatlon term by moment and bi-moment m the wall can be calculated
term from
Integrating by parts and substituting the boundary con- {Me) = [EIe] {6"} (I 7)
dmons (6) and (7) lead to
shear forces and warping torque from
[Kl{a} = {F} (11) tit
{Se} = [EIe]{~e ) (18)
m Much
[K] = [KEI] + [KGA] The shear force m the colmn at the kth storey Is gwen
by
H
(Sxk)e = (Ga xx)e [(Uk)e -- (Uk_ l)e]/hk (19)
[KEI ] = [Eli. f {O")[O"]Tdz
where hk is the height of the kth storey. The bending
o moment m the same column is
H
(gyk) e = (Sxk)e hk/2 (20)
[KoA] = [CAl.f {4}[#]r az It should be noted that owing to the nature of the
0 assumed shape functmns, the shear force at the base of the
wall must vamsh. However, as will be shown later m the
H
numerical examples, this effect is local to the vlcxruty of the
{Y} = f {0}" {q} dz (12) base and the resulting maxamum shear force m the first
storey gwes a good approxamahon to the reqmred correct
0
value, and should be used as the base shear force.
The unknown vector {a} is determined from equaUon (11).
Numerical examples
D i s p l a c e m e n t shape function Example 1
Generally speaking, any adm:sslble functmns whxch satisfy, A 12-storey frame-shear wall structure studied earher
a prton, the essential (geometric) boundary condmons at by Heldebrecht and Stafford Smith s is reanalysed by the
both ends may be chosen for the displacement field. In the proposed method. The structural plan of the butldmg is
present case, the buckhng shape of a cantdever column shown in Ftgure 3. The structure has umform properties
which may be expressed as along the height with storey height of 3 m. Young's
modulus of elasticity is 20 GPa. The tluckness of the walls
0m = 1 -- cos(CtmZ) (13) and the dimensions of each beam and column are 150 mm,

Eng. Struct., 1985, Vol. 7, January 53

Core-frame mteractton in tall buildings S. Swaddlwudh/pong and Seng-Ltp Lee
12000 mm
the average of the values at the storey levels. Comparison of
the results with those of Heldebrecht and Stafford Smith 8
---g E shows good agreement

Example 2
The lateral load analysis of a 16-storey asymmetrical
structure, a structural plan of which is shown m Figure 5
© was camed out The structure xs fLxed at the base and sub-
(13
~-150 mm jected to a uniformly distributed load of 40 kN/m height
El'
E
acting m the positive y-dlrechon. The height of each storey
0 and the Young's modulus of elasticity of the matermls are
0 3 m and 20 x 106 kN/m 2 respectwely. Walls (1)-(4) are
ol
I ?E 200 mm thxck whde the ttuckness of walls (5) and (6) is
IE 230 ram. The dlmens:ons of each beam and column are
!3
09 250 × 450 mm and 300 × 600 mm gaxang the values of the:r
second moment of area about their local x-axxs to be
1 8985 x 10-a and 5.3158 x 10-3 m 4 respectwely The
600 ram, 400mn
results are presented and compared w:th those given by
Gluck 12 m Ftgure 6 They are in good agreement.
200 mm

20©Omm 2500ram 3000ram 2500mm 200©ram Conclusions

F/gure 3 Structural plan of building of Example 1 A stmphfied method of analys:s of umform asymmetric
multlstorey structures :s presented. The governing equa-
200 x 600 mm and 400 x 600 mm respectwely. The struc- tions are uncoupled by choosing appropriate admtsslble
ture ts subjected to a lateral load of 10 kN per floor acting displacement functtons allowing the problem to be solved
m the posltwe y-direction. term by term. Since only one displacement component is
Ftgure 4 shows both the convergence study and the com- revolved at a time ff the structure and loa~ng are syru-
parison of the results to those presented earher. 8 It is well-
known that the accuracy and the rate of convergence p,,,, 4~ , ~ . ~ , ,-- ..... ~ . .... ~ .... , _t_,, 4
decrease as the order o f dlfferentiatmn o f the functtons
|
increases Three terms m the dtsplacement field are enough
[- _
to produce reasonably convergent results for displacement
About five to s:x terms are reqmred for convergence of
shear force m the frame, nine to ten for bending moment m
© t 4,4
the wall and about 12 for shear force in the wall. Owmg to
the nature of the d~splacement funchons, the shear force at
the base of the wall vamshes. The maxamum shear force m
1 m
t_

the first storey is adopted for the shear force m that storey
The shear forces m other storeys are better obtained from Figure 5 Structural plan of asymmetric butldmg (Example 2)

Legend o Heldebrecht and S t a f f o r d Smith 8

..... 1
----- 2 .... 4 .... 8 .... 10
3 ~ 6 10 ~ 1 2
Storey Storey
12 ~ , , 12

, II

°',,'/ 4

2.
0 6 12 0 20 40 0 200 400 0 20 40 60
Displacement (mm) S h e a r f o r c e in B e n d i n g m o m e n t in S h e a r f o r c e in o n e w a l l (V,N)
a b one f r a m e ( k N ) C one w a i l ( k N m ) d

F;gure 4 Convergence study and comparison of results of Example 1

54 Eng. Struct., 1985, Vol 7, January

 Core-frame interaction in tall buildings S. Swaddiwudhlpong and Seng-Lip Lee
Legend Proposed method
o Gluck 12

Store Storey
16 , ~ "l | i . , 16

12 ' ' ~ 12

8 I

Ftgure 6
4

' I
20
I
40
Oeflectton v ot centre of
well (4) (mm)

Results o f Example 2
J
0
I
10
Twist (XlO-Srod)
0
./.,2 40
Sheer force in frome
(A) (kN)
80 10
Bending moment in
wall (1) (iVfN m)
0

(1) (TAN)
0 6
Sheer force in wQII

metric, or three components if asymmetric, the structure 2 Khan, F. R. and Sbaroums, J. A. 'Interaction of shear walls and
can be analysed manually using only pocket or small pro- frames', J. Struct. Dw., ASCE 1964, 90 (ST3), 285
grammable calculators. 3 McLeod, I. A. 'Structural analysis of wall systems', Struct.
Eng. 1977, 55,487
4 Oakberg, R. G. and Weaver, W. 'Analysis of frames with shear
Nomenclature walls by finite elements', Proe. Syrup. on Apphcatlon of Fmtte
Element Method in Qv Eng , Vanderbllt Umverslty, Nashvdle,
(a} undetermined parameter vector 1969, 567
bl, b2 length of connecting beams 5 McLeod, I. A. 'New rectangular f'mlte element for shear wall
analysls',J Struct. Dw., ASCE 1969, 95 (ST3), 399
[Ell global flexural and warping matrix 6 Chan, H. C. and Cheung, Y. K. 'Analysis of shear walls using
(EZyy)e,(EIx~)e, local flexural and warping stiffness lugher order elements', BldgEnmron. 1979, 14, 217
(EI~,)e 7 Cheung, Y. K. and Swaddiv~udhlpong, S. 'Analysis of frame
(F} force vector shear wall structures using ffmlte strip elements', Proc. Inst.
Or. Eng. 1978, 65,517
(fx)e, (fy)e, (J~)e flexural actions in each element 8 Heidebrecht, A. C. and Stafford Smith, B. 'Approximate
( a A xx)e, ( a A yy)e, local shear and torsional ngidihes analysis of tall wall-frame structures', J. Struct. Dw., ASCE
(GJ=)e 1973, 99 (ST2), 199
[GA] global shear and torsional matrix 9 Rutenberg, A. and Heidebrecht, A. C 'Approxtmate analysis
H total hetght o f building of asymmetric wall-frame structures', Bldg. SCh 1975, 10, 27
h storey height 10 Coull, A. and Tawfik, S. Y. 'Analysis of core structures sub-
jected to torslon',BidgEnmron. 1981, 16, 221
Ibl, Ib2, I~ second moment o f area of beams and 11 Stafford Smith, B. et al. 'A generalized approach to the deflec-
column tion analysis of braced frame, rigid frame and coupled wall
[K] stiffness matrix structures', Can. J. Qv. Eng. 1981, 8, 230
{Me} bending moment and bl-moment vector 12 Gluck, J. 'Lateral load analysis of asymmetric multistory
structures', J. Struet. Dw. ASCE 1970, 96 (ST2), 317
%k~e bending moment in column at kth storey
{qe, ql local and global generahzed force vectors
JR] rotation matrix
{S}e shear force and warping torque vector Appendix
(Sxk)e shear force in column at kth storey The final form of the components of the transformed
(Sx) e shear actmn in each element matrix [El] gwen in equation (5) can be shown to be
[Tr] translation matrtx
[1"1 transformation matrtx E I u = (Elyy)e cos2fl + (Elxx)e sm~fl
U, V, 0 displacements m x and y and tw1sting EIi2 = {(Elyy)e -- (Elxx)e} sm fl cos fl
about z-directions respectively
x,y transverse coordinates EI13 = - - y ( E l l l ) + x(EI12)
Z coordinate along height of structure EI21 = EI12
OZm (2m -- 1)Tr/2H, m = 1,2, ..
angle between local and global coordi- EI22 = (Elyy)e sin23 + (Elxx)e c0s23
nate systems E123 = --y(E121) + X(EI22)
¢ displacement shape function
Elai = EI13
{~e},
( ) ' {8} local and global displacement vectors
derivative with respect to z EI32 = EI23
EI33 =--y(EI31) + X(EI32) + (Elzz)e
References
A similar expression will be obtained for matrix [GA] if
1 Fintel, M. et aL 'Response of braidings to lateral forces', J ACI (GAxx)e, (GAyy)e and (GJzz)e are set in place of (EIyy)e ,
1971, 68, 81 (EIxx)e and (Elzz)e respectively.

Eng. Struct., 1985, Vol. 7, January 55