Sustainable Building Design and Maintenance

(VDB 4323)

Course Introduction AND

Chapter-1: Sustainable Building Design Fundamentals
By
Nasir Shafiq
Professor (Structures & Materials)

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Rationale of the course

▪ Building construction (particularly tall buildings) in the

world as well as in Malaysia is highly resource based
discipline, which arises various issues and challenges
from sustainability and green building point of view.
▪ The contents of this course cover the concept of
sustainability in the building design and maintenance.
▪ Therefore, the graduate students taking this course will
have a broad understanding of sustainable building
design and maintenance.

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Objective of the course

1. To introduce the sustainable design concept in the

planning, design and maintenance of tall buildings.
2. To analyze the behavior of an appropriate structural
system (steel or concrete building) against the effects
of wind and/or seismic forces
3. To include the impacts of effects of new potential
threats on the integrity of building structure and to
improve that by implanting new idea(s) such as IBS.

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Course Learning Outcomes vs POs
Program
Outcomes (POs)
Course Learning Outcome
PO3 PO5 PO7

Applying the sustainable design concept in the

CLO1 √
evolution and innovation of the tall building systems

Analyzing the effects of wind and seismic response

CLO2 √
to the tall building structure

Evaluating the structural behavior of steel and

CLO3 concrete buildings with the selection of appropriate √
structural system

Generating a systematic procedure of maintaining &

protecting the building integrity against available
CLO4 threats with the implementation of new √
approach(eg.) such as industrialized building system
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(IBS)
Course Outline and Planning
Chapter Topic Details Schedule
Sustainable Building Design Fundamentals
▪ Introduction
▪ The case or rationale for green building
▪ The principles of sustainable design
▪ Rating System: Concept of LEED (leadership in Week 1 & 2
1
energy and environmental design (6 hours)
▪ Energy efficient design
▪ Green materials selection
▪ Building Operations and Maintenance

High-rise buildings: Evolution and Innovation

▪ Introduction
▪ Design Criteria and Philosophy
▪ Loading (Type and combination) Week 3 & 4
2 ▪ Evolution of Different Structural System (6 hours)
▪ Innovations
▪ Vulnerability and risk assessment
▪ Performance based design
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Course Outline and Planning
Chapter Topic Details Schedule
Wind response to tall buildings
▪ Design Considerations
▪ Nature and Characteristics of Wind
▪ Variation of Wind Velocity with Height Week 5 & 6
3 ▪ Code Provisions for Wind Loads (6 hours)
▪ Uniform Building Code, 1997:
▪ Wind-Tunnel Engineering

Seismic Effects on tall Buildings

▪ Earthquake & seismic activity
▪ Structural Response
▪ Seismic Design Criteria Week 7 & 8
4 ▪ Building planning and damages (6 hours)
▪ Code Provision: Uniform Building Code

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Course Outline and Planning
Chapter Topic Details Schedule
Floor Framing System for Tall Buildings
▪ Introduction
▪ Flat Slab System Week 9 & 10
5
▪ Waffle Slab System (6 hours)
▪ Design Project

Rigid Frame Analysis for Horizontal Loads

▪ Introduction
▪ Approximate Method Week 11 & 12
6 ▪ Horizontal deflection of frame
(6 hours)
▪ Shear Rigidity
▪ Dynamic Properties of frame

Miscellaneous Topics
▪ Potential Threats to buildings
▪ Categories of Risk Reduction Increments Week 13 & 14
7
▪ Implementation Considerations (6 hours)
▪ Industrialized Building Systems (IBS)
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Active Learning Approach
Active Learning Objectives
Books and References

1. Wind and Earthquake Resistant Buildings: Structural

Analysis and Design. Author(s):Bungale S. Taranath,
DeSimone Consulting Engineers, Las Vegas, Nevada,
USA, CRC Press.
2. Tall Building Structures, analysis and design, Smith, B
S, Coull A, John Wiley.
Learning objective of this chapter

This chapter discusses:

▪ the definition of sustainability,
▪ What does it mean by a green building?
▪ How the green buildings are rated?
▪ How to design and build energy efficient
buildings?

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Learning outcome of this chapter

Effective Course Learning Outcome: CLO1

▪ Applying the sustainable design concept in the
evolution and innovation of the tall building
systems
Relevant Program Objective: PO3
▪ DESIGN AND DEVELOP SOLUTIONS FOR
COMPLEX CIVIL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS.
Sustainability
When a word becomes so popular you begin
hearing it everywhere, in all sorts of marginally
related or even unrelated contexts, it means one
of two things.
Either the word has devolved into:
1. A meaningless cliché, or
2. It has real conceptual heft.
“Green” (“going green”) falls squarely into the
first category.
Sustainability
▪ But “sustainable,” which at first conjures up a
similarly vague sense of environmental virtue,
actually belongs in the second.
It has real conceptual heft.
▪ Despite its simplicity, however, sustainability is
a concept people have a hard time wrapping
their minds around.
Sustainability
That is a Myth – What is sustainability?
▪ Write a sentence or two about what
sustainability is.
Origin of Sustainability

▪ Stockholm agreement (1972) addressed

environment, economic and social development
and outlined 26 principles for sustainable
development .
Brundtland Report (1987) defined Sustainability as:
▪ "Sustainable development is development that
meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs".
Sustainability in Buildings
Achieving Sustainability in Buildings
▪ To maximise sustainability in a building design a global strategy
is required:

energy use

resource use occupants

strategy transport
renewables

emissions
local community
waste and recycling
 Environmental and Economic Impacts of
Buildings

Fresh Water Withdrawals 16

Timber Harvest 25

Raw Materials Consumption 30

Global CO2 Emissions 35

Global Energy Use 40

Municipal Solid Waste to Landfills 40

50
Ozone depleting CFCs in Use

0 10 20 30 40 50
Percentage
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Achieving Sustainability in Buildings

Materials
Energy
wood

stone
oil sand - glass

gas limestone &

cement

coal iron ore - steel

renewable clay/soil -
energy bricks

oil - plastics

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 Application of Sustainability

Pre-Design On-Site Design Construction O&M

▪Material Selection
▪Site Analysis ▪Environmentally
▪Building Program ▪Maintenance Plans
& Assessment Conscious
▪Project Budget ▪Indoor Quality
▪Site Development Construction
▪Team Selection ▪Energy Efficiency
& Layout Preservation of
▪Partnering ▪Passive Solar ▪Resource Efficiency
▪Watershed Features &
▪Project Schedule Design ▪Renovation
Management & Vegetation
▪Laws, Codes ▪Materials & ▪Housekeeping &
Conservation ▪Waste Mgmt
& Standards Specification Custodial Practices
▪Site Material ▪IAQ Issues
▪Research ▪Indoor Air
& Equipment ▪Source Control
▪Site Selection Quality
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Practices
 Advanced Features of a
Sustainable Building

➢Best Building Form

➢Solar & Energy Efficient Design
➢Improved Indoor Air Quality
➢Usage of Green Materials
➢Proper Mechanical Systems
➢Efficient Lighting
➢Proper Testing & Maintenance

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 Green Materials
➢ Materials, production, use and disposal must be
safe for the planet. Most of the materials have
specific range of conditions in which they best work
➢ Sustainable building materials have the following
features:
• Durable and easily maintained

• Less processing required

• Low odor

• Low emitting

• Cost-effective

Open • Aesthetic
 Economics of Green Buildings
➢ Reduction in lighting energy requirements by at least 50 percent
➢ Cut heating and cooling energy consumption by 60 percent
➢ Reduced water consumption by up to 30 percent or more
➢Lower building operating expenses through reduced utility and
waste disposal costs
➢ Lower on-going building maintenance costs, ranging from
salaries to supplies
➢ Increase worker productivity by six to 16 percent
➢ Higher property values and potentially lower lenders’ credit risk
➢ Higher building net income
➢ New economic development opportunities

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 Benefits of Sustainable
Construction
➢Sustainable construction makes wise use of all the
natural resources and a 50% reduction in energy use

➢Improves occupant health, comfort, productivity, reduces

pollution and landfill waste that are not easily quantified

➢A sustainable building may cost more up front, but saves

through lower operating costs over the life of the building

➢Building is designed as one system rather than a

collection of stand-alone systems with the help of the
integrated system approach

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 Future of Sustainable Buildings

•Further research
•Successful examples of Sustainable buildings
•Newer, efficient and healthier technologies
•Availability of computer software programs to
identify and evaluate options for a building
project
•Governmental support
•An active participation from every sector of the
society
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Green Building Rating Systems
 LEED Green Globes
?

NAHB BREEAM GBCA

LEED India CASBEE Estidama

 LEED BREEAM CASBEE

Date Introduced 1998 1990 2004

Ratings Certified / Silver Pass / Good / C / B- / B+ / A /

/ Gold / Very good / S
Platinum Excellent/
Outstanding

Assessment USGBC Trained Design /

assessors management
team

Third Party GBCi BRE Third Party

Validation Agencies e.g.
JSBC (Japan
Sustainable
Building
Consortium)
 LEED Programs
• Building Certification – LEED Certified,
Silver, Gold, Platinum
• Professional Accreditation
• Training Workshops
• Educational Resources
• www.usgbc.org
 What is LEED Certification?

The LEED Green Building Rating

System™ is a voluntary,
consensus-based national
standard for high-performance,
sustainable buildings.
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)

LEED Different Rating Systems for

Different Project Types
Design & Operations &
Construction maintenance

LEED for Existing

Building Interiors Residential Communities
Buildings

LEED NC LEED CI LEED H LEED ND LEED EBO&M

LEED CS LEED R-CI

LEED S

LEED HC

LEED R-NC
HOW TO IMPLEMENT LEED THROUGH
DIFFERENT STAGES OF A PROJECT ??

Design Stage

Construction Stage

Documentation Stage
 LEED Family of Products

New Existing
Construction Buildings

Core & Shell Commercial

Interiors
 The LEED-EB Rating System
Addresses:
•Initial certification of existing buildings

•Ongoing re-certification of existing

buildings first certified under LEED-EB

•Ongoing re-certification of existing

buildings first certified under LEED-NC
 Why Certify?

• Establish recognized leadership in the green

building sector
• Validate achievement through third party review
• Assure ongoing achievement of improved
building operations and upgrades
• Contribute to a growing green building
knowledge base
• Earn LEED Certification plaque
and certificate
 Green Building Characteristics

• Optimal environmental &

economic performance

• Increased efficiencies saving

energy and resources

• Satisfying, productive, quality

indoor spaces
 Economic Benefits of
Green Design

• Lower Construction Costs

• Reduced Operating Costs
• More Productive Environment
• Higher Valuation of Building
• Higher Visibility & Marketability
• Reduced Insurance & Risk of
Liability
Cost Saving Opportunity
 LEED-EB Rating System
• Self-assessing system to guide project development

• 4 levels of certification LEED EB

– LEED Certified 32-39 points

– Silver Level 40-47 points
– Gold Level 48-63 points
– Platinum Level 64-85 points
LEED EB Point Categories
14 Sustainable sites
5 Water efficiency
23 Energy & atmosphere
15 Materials & resources
21 Indoor environmental quality
Sustainable Sites
Prerequisite
• Erosion & Sedimentation Control
• Age of Building

Credits
• Green Site and Building Exterior
Management
• High Development Density
Building and Area
• Alternative Transportation
• Reduced Site Disturbance
• Storm Water Management
• Heat Island Reduction
• Light Pollution Reduction
 Water Efficiency

Prerequisites
• Minimum Water Efficiency
• Discharge Water Compliance
Credits
• Water Efficient Landscaping
• Innovative Wastewater Technologies
• Water Use Reduction
Energy & Atmosphere
Prerequisites
• Existing Building Commissioning
• Minimum Energy Performance
– based on EPA ENERGY STAR
• Ozone Protection
Credits
• Optimize Energy Performance
• On-Site & Off -Site Renewable Energy
• Building Operation & Management
• Additional Ozone Protection
• Performance Measurement
• Document Sustainable Building Cost
Impacts
 Materials & Resources

Prerequisite
• Source Reduction and Waste
Management
Credits
• Source Reduction and Waste
Management
• Toxic Material Source Reduction
• Construction Waste Management
• Use of Alternative Materials
• Use of IAQ compliant Products
• Sustainable Cleaning Products &
Materials
• Occupant Recycling
• Additional Toxic Material Reduction
Indoor Environmental Quality
Prerequisites
• Outside Air & Exhaust Systems
• Environmental Tobacco Smoke Control
• Asbestos removal/encapsulation
• PCB Removal
Credits
• Outdoor Air Delivery Monitoring
• Increase Ventilation
• Construction IAQ Management
• Documenting Productivity Impact
• Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source
Control
• Controllability of Systems
• Thermal Comfort
• Daylighting / Views
• Contemporary IAQ Practice
• Green Cleaning
 Environmental Impact of
Buildings
Americans spend as much as 90%
of time indoors
Buildings:
– Consume almost 40% of all energy
– Add 40% to atmospheric emissions
– Use 68% of all electricity
– Use 12% freshwater, 88% potable water
– Take up to 40% municipal solid waste
stream
– Use of 40% of all wood and raw materials
– Exploit significant amounts of land
LEED for New Construction (LEED NC)
 LEED EB Pilots

JohnsonDiversey Headquarters
Sturdevant WI
 LEED EB Pilot
National Geographic Society
Headquarters, Wash., DC

The Society added $24M in

value from this LEED
certification from a higher
appraised value, raising
tenant rents, lower
operating costs, increased
credit rating from Moodys,
& lower interest rates on
large loans secured to the
building. Presentation at 2003
Congressional Green Building
Luncheon by Chris Liedel, CFO,
National Geographic Society.
Building Research Establishment’s Environmental
Assessment Method (BREEAM)
 LEED EB Pilots
California EPA Headquarters
Sacramento CA
 LEED EB Pilots
Brengel Technology Center
Milwaukee WI
 Case Study- The Dalles Middle
School (Oregon)
(Source: http://www.energy.state.or.us/school/thedalles.pdf

Problem:
 Poorly built middle school in
a landslide area
 In 1955, to meet the sudden
influx of students, temporary
facilities were constructed
with an expectant life of 20
years, but were used for 45
years
 By 2000, the State Fire
Marshall closed down the
facility with the decision to
build a new school
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 Building Design
 Heating and cooling are a large part of the energy use of a
school building
 The high temperature ground water from the landslide area
was used to provide both heating and cooling using
geothermal principles
 It is one of the first schools in the nation that is heated and
cooled with the very ground water that caused the landslides

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 Lighting

 Daylighting &
Skylighting-
Incorporated lots of natural
light to reduce the need for
electric lighting and the
associated increase in the
air conditioning load
 Energy efficient fluorescent
T5s installed in classrooms
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 Natural Ventilation
 Operable windows pull
fresh air into one side of the
classroom, while ventilation
stacks pull the air out on
the opposite side of the
classroom
 At extreme temperatures,
automatic backup
mechanical ventilation
systems used

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 Application of Concepts of
Sustainability
 Use of paints and sealers with low or no-volatile
organic compounds (VOCs)
 Reclaimed ground water to irrigate the ball fields.
 Exterior lighting directed downward to reduce night
light pollution
 Mechanically zoned science classrooms to avoid
exposure to hazardous chemicals
 Stained the concrete walls to blend with the colors
of the natural landscape
 Use of ceiling tiles produced from 75 percent post-
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consumer recycled waste
 Results
 High performance school building emerged
that will prevent pollution, save energy,
natural resources and money
 60 percent cost reduction in energy expected
 Students performed better with the skylights
and windows that bring natural, non-glare
light inside the classroom
 Improved Indoor Air Quality and occupant
comfort due to no-VOC emissions from
building materials

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Green Issues – Design/Construction

▪ Identifying client goals

▪ Contracting to achieve those goals
▪ Liability when goals are not met
▪ Insuring against failure
▪ Commissioning/ongoing maintenance
and operations

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Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Identifying Client Goals

▪ What is the desired result?

▪ LEED certification?
▪ Where are the credits to be gained?
▪ What limitations exist? Existing land-use codes, CC&Rs may limit
design choices
▪ Tax credit?
▪ Timing: If the tax credit requires placing the building in service by a
certain date, how will that date be met?
▪ Moral/ethical values of sustainability? How to define them?
▪ Cost
▪ Any project involves tradeoffs – no client will want a “green result” if
its cost cannot be justified
Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Contracting Models

▪ Traditional model
▪ Owner contracts for design, then contracts
separately with contractor for construction
▪ Design/Build
▪ Owner contracts with one entity to provide design
and construction
▪ Integrated Delivery
▪ Similar to design/build
Green Issues – Design/Construction – Design
Contract Issues

Traditional Model: Owner contracts with architect

▪ Need to be sure design contract embodies and does not hinder
client goals
▪ Cost: May need more extensive design development phase to
more clearly define goals, costs, tradeoffs
▪ Architectual standard of care
▪ Typical contracts do not place burden on architect to achieve
green results in a vacuum – need specific undertaking regarding
design, timing to meet client goals
▪ AIA commits an architect only to “consider” green issues and
discuss them with owner, unless the architect agrees to assume a
greater role
Green Issues – Design/Construction – Design
Contract Issues

▪ Insurance
▪ Typical insurance does not cover contractual
undertakings (e.g. breach of warranty, breach of
contract)
▪ Need to define architect’s standard of care such
that failure to design green result results in breach
▪ Green-specific insurance products are limited to
non-existent
Green Issues – Design/Construction – Design
Contract Issues

▪ Typical contract clauses may limit

owner’s rights in the event of failure
▪ AIA documents contain mutual waiver of
claims for consequential damages
▪ Is the loss of a tax credit due to defective
design “consequential damages”?
▪ Lost anticipated increase in rents?
▪ Lost financing?
Green Issues – Design/Construction – Design
Contract Issues

▪ Who is responsible for

administering the LEED process?
AIA Form B214
▪ Architect undertakes specific duties
▪ May not be adequate, depending on
client goals
Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Construction Contract Issues

▪ Identify client goals – to what extent does

achieving them depend upon the contractor?
▪ Achieving the design
▪ Timing: Qualifying for a tax credit may require placing the
building in service by a date certain; who assumes the
liability for late completion?
▪ Construction process: Some LEED credits apply to the
construction process, like recyling of building materials,
generally control of the environmental impacts of the
construction process
Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Construction Contract Issues

▪ Achieving the result: Does the

contractor clearly undertake work that is
necessary to achieve the result?
▪ Timing
▪ Construction process
▪ Substitutions
▪ Commissioning
Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Construction Contract Issues

▪ How does the contract allocate the risk of

failure?
▪ Consider warranties
▪ Consider liquidated damages/performance
bonuses
▪ If green goal depends on completion by a certain date,
the contract should say so and include
damages/incentives
▪ Do other contract clauses potentially impair or
change the allocation of risk?
▪ Consequential damages limitation
Green Issues – Design/Construction –
Lessons from the Trenches

Shaw Development v. Southern Builders

▪ $7.5 million, 23-unit condo project in Maryland completed in
2006
▪ Desired LEED Silver rating
▪ Contractor brought suit for balance owed
▪ Owner counterclaimed for damages of $635,000 in part relating
to lost tax credits when contractor failed to complete in time to
recover them
▪ Settled for undetermined sum
▪ Specification included LEED requirements, but contract
documents were not clear as to undertaking of the contractor
▪ Counterclaim alleged breach of contract and negligence
Conclusions

▪ Green Building Certifications present a moving target

▪ Critical to work with clients early and continuously to
determine goals and objectives
▪ Focus on objective performance measures and clear
allocation of risks and responsibilities
▪ Green building issues are presented in nearly every
phase of development – look for opportunities to
improve old practices and “boiler plate”
▪ Don’t get bogged down, but don’t be afraid to
innovate
An Overview of Historical Factors Affecting Tall
Building Energy Consumption
The Five ‘Energy Generations’
1. From the Birth of Tall Buildings in 1885, to the 1916 New
York City Zoning Law

2. From the 1916 Zoning Law to the Development of the

Glazed Curtain Wall, 1951

3. From the Development of the Glazed Curtain Wall, 1951, to

the 1973 Energy Crisis

4. From the Energy Crisis of 1973, ongoing to the present day

5. From the Rise of an Environmental Consciousness, 1997

ongoing to the present day

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Energy generations and tall building
classification

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