NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TRANSPORT

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS & ENTREPREURSHIP STUDIES

PROGRAMME: BACHELOR DEGREE IN HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

MODULE NAME: PUBLIC POLICY

MODULE CODE: 08208

STUDENT NAME: ABDALLAH, Fatima

REGISTRATION NUMBER: NIT/BHRM/2016/294

TASK: INDIVIDUAL: ASSIGNMENT 02

LECTURER’S NAM: DR KHADUDU

SUBMITION DATE: 30th April 2019

QUESTION: INDIVIDUAL ASSINGNMENT
The government is considering for granting dual citizenship policy. Should the government
adopt or not adopt a dual citizenship policy?

Use cost benefits analysis tool to justify your policy choice

2018/2019

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Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN TANZANIA.............................................. 3
1.2 REASONS FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP ....................................................................................................... 3
1.2.1. Dual Citizenship by Birth ................................................................................................................. 3
1.2.2. Dual Citizenship by Marriage .......................................................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Dual Citizenship by Naturalizations ................................................................................................ 4
1.2.4. Dual Citizenship by Default ............................................................................................................. 4
1.2.5. Dual Citizenship by Treaty............................................................................................................... 4
1.3 REASONS FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN TANZANIA ................................................................................. 5
The adoption of the new constitution........................................................................................................ 5
1.3.1 The idea of “Brain Earn” comes to light. .......................................................................................... 5
1.3.2. Dual citizen can own property in either country. ........................................................................... 5
1.3.3. Dual citizenship informs cultural education ................................................................................... 5
1.3.4 Dual citizenship entails easy of travel. ............................................................................................. 6
1.3.5 Dual citizenship promotes increased security awareness. .............................................................. 6
2.0 General impact of Dual Citizenship System ........................................................................................ 6
2.1 The government should not adopt a dual citizenship policy due to the following disadvantage
which is dangerous for an individual; ....................................................................................................... 7
2.1.2 It creates multiple obligations. ........................................................................................................ 7
2.1.3 It creates multiple tax obligations. .................................................................................................. 7
2.1.4 It can create security issues ............................................................................................................. 7
2.1.5 It is expensive. .................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1.6 It can threaten the political identity of a country ............................................................................ 7
3.0 Question target the wanted to agree that should the government adopts or not adopts citizenship
policy. ........................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.0 CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 8
5.0 REFFERENCE ........................................................................................................................................ 9

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Dual citizenship is the person who has more than one citizen happens automatically in some
situations, such as when a child is born in the United States to foreign parents. Dual citizenship
can also be achieved through specialized legal processes, such as when a foreign national marries
a U.S. citizen. In this case, dual citizenship is not automatic but is possible if the foreign national
has been a permanent resident for at least three years, has been living in marital union with a
U.S. citizen spouse during that time, and meets other eligibility requirements. While the United
States allows dual citizenship without necessarily promoting it, not all countries do. In the above
example, the foreign national’s home country may allow dual citizenship, or it may cancel the
person’s citizenship when he or she becomes naturalized as a U.S. citizen. One benefit of dual
citizenship is having two passports. However, a potential drawback is double taxation.

1.1 GENERAL OVERVIEW OF DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN TANZANIA

Per the Citizenship Act of 1995, persons who were citizens of either the Republic of Tanganyika
or the People’s Republic of Zanzibar shall be deemed to have become citizens of the Republic of
Tanzania effective from Union Day, April 26th of 1964. The 1995 Citizenship ACT does not
allow dual citizenship. It does not allow women to pass their citizenship rights to their foreign
born husbands and/or children from such marriages. The Act, however, sets forth requirements
for citizenship and legal procedures for becoming a Tanzania citizen through naturalization. This
article provides the historical anecdote that lead to Tanzania adopting a citizenship act that does
not allow its citizens to carry multiple passports. It refutes the philosophical argument that dual
citizenship is a threat to national security and identity.

1.2 REASONS FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP

A person may acquire dual citizenship on account of the following reasons: -

1.2.1. Dual Citizenship by Birth

It occurs when a child born in a country that grants citizenship by birth, to parents who are
citizens of a country that grants citizenship by descent. For instance, the U.S.A has a system that
maintains that a child born abroad to American parents will acquire not only American
citizenship but also the citizenship of the country in which the child was born. Similarly, a child

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born in the U.S.A of foreign parents may acquire both American citizenship and the citizenship
of the parents.

1.2.2. Dual Citizenship by Marriage

It occurs when a foreign citizen automatically acquires his/her spouse's citizenship upon
marriage. In some countries, the spouse does not loose her/his former citizenship by voluntarily
acquiring the foreign citizenship; therefore, the original citizenship is not lost and automatically
s/he acquires the citizenship of the spouse's country upon marriage. However, most countries
provide that citizenship will be lost upon the "voluntary" acquisition of another citizenship. In
the case of citizenship by marriage, some nations consider that, simply by marriage, their citizen
do not voluntarily acquire foreign citizenship and that, their original citizenship is not lost. But if
she voluntarily renounces her original citizenship, she becomes eligible to the spouseís
citizenship. In the case of Tanzania for instance, once a foreign woman marries a man who is a
citizen of Tanzania, she has to undertake certain procedures to become a citizen of Tanzania, one
of which is to formally renounce her original citizenship.

1.2.3. Dual Citizenship by Naturalizations

It occurs in circumstances where a country allows its citizens who obtain foreign citizenship to
retain their original citizenship, while the country from which they acquire their second
citizenship does not require them to renounce their former citizenship.

1.2.4. Dual Citizenship by Default

It occurs when a person is naturalized elsewhere without the knowledge or approval of the
country of origin. Under such circumstances s/he might be considered by his/her country of
origin to still retain his/her original citizenship. Dual citizenship by default may also occur if the
country of original citizenship is not notified that another citizenship has been acquired. Under
such circumstances, both citizenships may be maintained or officially documented. It is believed
that there are may be such cases even in Tanzania.

1.2.5. Dual Citizenship by Treaty

It occurs where countries have agreements or treaties for recognition of dual citizenships among
their citizens. While the concept of dual citizenship is acknowledged, not all countries recognise

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that their citizens may possess simultaneous citizenship of their countries and with others. This is
the position obtaining in Tanzania where the possibility of acquiring and maintaining dual
citizenship on the basis of the five criteria listed above does not exist, except perhaps for person
below the age of majority.

1.3 REASONS FOR DUAL CITIZENSHIP IN TANZANIA

Most of us advocate for dual citizenship because of our love for Tanzania, albeit poor and
struggling. Most of us a driven by our patriotic duty to our country of origin. For the same
reason, we write commentaries, participate in social media forums and other channels. We love
Tanzania and want to see the nation progress from poverty to prosperity.

The adoption of the new constitution may be justified for the following reasons:

1.3.1 The idea of “Brain Earn” comes to light.

Remember in the late 1980s and early 1990s when the concept of “brain drain” was rife on the
political tongue! Now, the idea of brain drain is becoming obsolete and more so with increased
global economic integration in place. Relocation or immigration does not drain brains anymore,
it empowers brains. In other words, training or living in another country shapes your brain to
infinite possibilities in terms of economic modeling, political idealization or social industry.

1.3.2. Dual citizen can own property in either country.

This benefits both countries, but especially the poor country. The reason is simple, some
countries restrict land ownership to citizens only and land or property is a genuine investment.
Imagine more Tanzanians owning property, land and businesses abroad! Imagine what this will
do to promoting the Tanzanian brands, connecting local businesses to the developed ones and
generally putting Tanzania on the map as has been the case for Israel, Nigeria or India! And this
is not new, major corporations from the developed countries do own lands and properties and
businesses in Africa. They can relocate interests based on the viability of the enterprise or
enabling economic environment in either country.

1.3.3. Dual citizenship informs cultural education.

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Having dual citizenship gives you the chance to educate others about the culture and people of
two different countries. Governments may like dual citizenship because it helps to promote a
country’s image and culture abroad. If you have two passports, you may have more access to the
world” (Kate Bradley). Even more, it enhances tourism and promotes a healthy image abroad.

1.3.4 Dual citizenship entails easy of travel.

If you are a dual citizen, you enjoy the protection of two governments even when you are
traveling. If you encounter problems on the trip, you can appeal to one or both governments’
embassies. “When asked for identification during international travels, you can supply the
passport that is least likely to raise eyebrows or cause problems among officials.

1.3.5 Dual citizenship promotes increased security awareness.

To a dual citizen, one country may be a homeland but the other is very much a new home.
Immediately this will cause them to fully experience and embrace the ideals of both countries.
Dual citizens will more likely than mono-citizens promote peace and order in both countries
because of dual security interests in both. They will also be more sensitive to issues of war,
terrorism and treason.

2.0 General impact of Dual Citizenship System

The effect of dual citizenship has the pros and cons in its operation. Thus it behaves any one
with dual citizenship or with the possibility of claiming such a status to investigate the specific
situation very carefully and analyze its consequences. In essence, some countries still find it
difficult to adopt dual citizenship as it is against their policies, though others think citizenship is
still important and are working on policies to do just that. One of the reasons why these countries
find dual citizenship, to be important is because that it benefits the home country.
Today, the number of a country is citizens living abroad are the most important. Factor when
evaluating a nation is power. In essence, recognition of dual citizenship can increase real love to
citizens for their country by promoting patriotism in the minds of compatriots.

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2.1 The government should not adopt a dual citizenship policy due to the
following disadvantage which is dangerous for an individual;

2.1.2 It creates multiple obligations.

In South Korea, there are military service requirements that come with citizenship for some
individuals. If your dual citizenship was with the United States, you could lose your U.S.
citizenship. Serving as an officer in a foreign military that is engaged in war or as a perceived
threat strips someone of their citizenship. Similar obligations are on the U.S. side as well. That is
why it is so important to understand what could happen within your unique circumstances.

2.1.3 It creates multiple tax obligations.

Earning an income in either country means paying taxes to both countries. If you hold dual
citizenship, one of them being United State and you live abroad, then you can owe taxes to both
countries on that income. There are some treaties in place that limit income tax liabilities in this
circumstance to avoid double taxation, but these treaties can expire, and laws can change
annually.
2.1.4 It can create security issues,
People who have obtained dual citizenship may find themselves excluded from serving in certain
offices or roles in either government. Many nations have laws which restrict security clearances
being issued to those who hold a dual citizenship. Although this issue won’t impact a majority of
public or private employment opportunities, it can be a detriment to those who seek political
office. In some instances, it has even forced individuals running for an elected office to give up
their dual citizenship.

2.1.5 It is expensive.
Holding two passports means paying the cost of both passports. For those becoming a United
State citizen for their dual citizenship, there is about $3,000 in total fees that must be paid during
the citizenship application, without a guarantee of success. Many employ a lawyer to help them
with the process, which drives the cost upwards even more. There are benefits which come from
these expenses, though some may feel like the rewards may not be enough to pursue dual
citizenship.
2.1.6 It can threaten the political identity of a country.

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Some governments promote dual citizenship as a way to promote the benefits of their nation.
Other governments are hesitant to approve dual citizenship as it can be a loophole that creates
domestic security threats. Many countries identify themselves through a political process that is
unique as well. If enough people from one region come into a country and achieve dual
citizenship, it could change how the majority identifies themselves, which would then potentially
change the structure of government.

3.0 Question target the wanted to agree that should the government adopts or
not adopts citizenship policy.
The answer it depend but when looking the negative effect of dual citizenship see to have more
difficulties or drawback to the parent country like Tanzania cause sometime it may act source of
political unrest, social, economical as well as cultural problem.

4.0 CONCLUSION

The Tanzanian parliamentarians need to push for a revival of the New Constitution Bill. The
issue of dual citizenship is not for the benefit of the Tanzania diaspora alone, it is for the benefit
of the country. It is not Canada or the USA or wherever countries Tanzanian citizens reside
which stand to benefit, it is Tanzania. Tanzania will not make economic, political or social
progress unless one of its sons or daughters who has been educated, worked and lived abroad
(especially in a developed country) is allowed to participate uninfringed politically,
economically, and socially in the development of Tanzania.

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5.0 REFFERENCE

1. Manby, Bronwen (2010). "Citizenship Law in Africa: A Comparative Study" (PDF) (2nd
ed.). Open Society Institute. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
2. Karl Lyimo, (2003) The Case for Dual Citizenship in Modern-Day Tanzania, ëDuality is
a Lifeline in Times of Uncertaintyí Friday, © 2002 Business Times Limited.

3. Kenichi Ohmae, (2010) ìThe Borderless World and The Invisible Continent: Four
Strategic Imperatives of the New Economyî.