SECTION B-GROUP 1

GEROZA, JASON CAY HERMOSO, CHRISEL MAE

ALABASTRO, MARIFE OCLIDA, ROSETTE
BALANAY, SONIA MARIE SANTOS, GAIL LIAN
CABATO, KIMBERLY TUALUAN, KYLA NIKKA
GALERA. DENISE MARIE YASAY, MARY JAYA
HEAD AND NECK CANCER
TUMOR MANIFESTATION CHEMOTHERAPHY OTHER INFORMATION
MARKER/LAB TEST DRUGS
PHARYNGEAL CANCER
Nasopharyngeal cancer: Nasopharyngeal The chemo drugs used 1. Oral sex can lead to
upper part of your cancer most often for cancers of HPV-related
throat behind the nose * A lump in your neck the oral cavity and cancers
caused by a swollen oropharynx are: 2. Smoking and
Oropharyngeal cancer: lymph node excess alcohol
middle of your throat, * Blood in your saliva Cisplatin Carboplatin 5- increase the risk of
behind the mouth, * Bloody discharge fluorouracil (5-FU) throat cancers
including the base of from your nose Paclitaxel (Taxol®) 3. Preserved foods
the tongue, the tonsils, * Nasal congestion or Docetaxel (Taxotere®) may predispose to
and the soft area behind ringing in your ears Hydroxyurea Other drugs Nasopharyngeal
the roof of your mouth * Hearing loss that are used less often Cancer
* Frequent ear include Methotrexate 4. Exposure to certain
Hypo pharyngeal infections Bleomycin Capecitabine substances at your
cancer: bottom part of * Sore throat workplace may
your throat, behind the * Headaches increase your risk
voice box of throat cancers
Oropharyngeal It has been shown
LAB TEST: cancer that occupational
 Oropharyngeal A sore in the mouth exposure to
cancer: Indirect that doesn't heal (the substances like
pharyngoscopy and most common asbestos, paint and
laryngoscopy, symptom) diesel can lead to
Panendoscopy Biopsy * Pain in the mouth cancers of the
(incisional, fine needle that doesn’t go away larynx while
aspiration), (also very common) prolonged wood
Exfoliative cytology * A lump or dust exposure can
 Nasopharyngeal: thickening in the cause
Biopsy (endoscopic, cheek nasopharyngeal
fine needle aspiration) * A white or red patch cancer.
Imaging test on the gums, tongue, 5. Pharyngeal Cancers
tonsil, or lining of the may recur even
mouth after successful
* A sore throat or a treatment
feeling that something 6. Symptoms and
is caught in the throat Signs of
that doesn’t go away Pharyngeal Cancers
* Trouble chewing or usually depend on
swallowing the areas affected
 * Trouble moving the
jaw or tongue
* Numbness of the
tongue or other area of
the mouth
* Swelling of the jaw
that causes dentures to
fit poorly or become
uncomfortable
* Loosening of the
teeth or pain around
the teeth or jaw
* Voice changes
* A lump or mass in
the neck
* Weight loss
* Constant bad breath

Hypo pharyngeal
cancer
* Hoarseness or other
voice changes that do
not go away within 2
weeks. This is often
an early symptom.
* An enlarged lymph
node or lump in the
neck
* Airway obstruction,
difficulty breathing,
and noisy breathing
* Persistent sore throat
or a feeling that
something is caught in
the throat
* Difficulty
swallowing that does
not go away
* Ear pain
* Chronic bad breath
* Choking
* Unexplained weight
loss
* Fatigue
BRAIN CANCER
 Neurological exam -Headaches, which  Carboplatin  -Nearly 78,000 new
may be severe and  Carmustine cases of primary brain
 Imaging tests. worsen with activity (BCNU) tumors are expected to
be diagnosed this year.
Magnetic resonance or in the early  Cisplatin
 -This figure includes
imaging (MRI) morning  Cyclophosphamide nearly 25,000 primary
-Seizures  Etoposide malignant and 53,000
 CT or PET *Myclonic  Irinotecan non-malignant brain
*Tonic-Clonic (Grand  Lomustine (CCNU) tumors.
 Collecting and Mal)  Methotrexate  -There are nearly
700,000 people in the
testing a sample of *Sensory  Procarbazine U.S. living with a
abnormal tissue *Complex Partial  Temozolomide primary brain and
-Personality or
(biopsy)
memory changes
 Vincristine central nervous system
tumor.
-Nausea or vomiting  -This year, nearly
 Angiogram or MRA -Fatigue 17,000 people will lose
-Drowsiness their battle with a
-Sleep problems primary malignant and
-Memory problems central nervous system
-Changes in ability to brain tumor.
walk or perform daily  -There are more than
activities 100 histologically
distinct types of
primary brain and
central nervous system
tumors.
 -Survival after
diagnosis with a
primary brain tumor
varies significantly by
age, histology,
molecular markers and
tumor behavior.
 -The median age at
diagnosis for all
primary brain tumors is
59 years.
 -More than any other
cancer, brain tumors
can have lasting and
life-altering physical,
cognitive, and
psychological impacts
on a patient’s life.
 -Even benign brain
tumors can be deadly if
they interfere with
portions of the brain
responsible for vital
bodily functions.
 -There are more than
130 different types of
brain tumors, many
with their own
multitude of subtypes.
LARYNGEAL CANCER
Malignant (cancer) cells  Hoarse voice  Chemoradiation Majority of individuals who
form in the tissues of  Breathing  Chemotherapy develop laryngeal cancer
the Larynx. difficulties drugs: have a long history of
 Excessive  Cisplastin habitual tobacco use and
coughing  Carboplatin alcohol abuse. Other
  Cough with blood  5- fluorouracil etiological factors may
 Neck pain  Docetaxel include constant
 Sore throat  Paclitaxel irritation of the vocal cords
 Ear pain  Epirubicin due to chronic laryngitis or
 Trouble an overprojection of the
swallowing food  If cancer is in the voice, sometimes called
 Neck swelling Supraglottis: voice
 abuse.
 Neck lumps Radiation therapy
 Sudden weight  Supraglottic
loss laryngectomy

 If cancer is in the
Glottis:
 Radiation therapy
 Laser surgery
 Cordectomy
 Partial or total
laryngectomy
THYROID CANCER
• Routine  Some are  Complete removal  Thyroid cancer has the
physical examination asymptomatic of the lobe of the ability to absorb iodine
• X-ray  Neck, throat pain thyroid gland that  Women are at more risk-
• MRI  Lump in your neck harbors cancer some studies suggest
• Ultrasound-  Difficulty  Radioactive iodine estrogen is a growth
guided needle biopsy swallowing therapy factor both benign and
• High resolution  Vocal changes,  Levothyroxine malignant thyroid cells
ultrasound hoarseness  Follicular carcinoma-
 Cough accounts for about 1 in
Tumor marker for 10 thyroid cases; it’s
brain tumor: more prevalent in
1p/19q co-deletion countries where people
aren’t ingesting enough
Mutations in the iodine through their diet.
isocitrate  Thyroid lymphoma,
dehydrogenase (IDH)  Rare form of thyroid
gene cancer that begins in the
immune system cells in
methyl guanine methyl thyroid and grows
transferase (MGMT) quickly; typically occurs
in older adult
sialic acid (NANA  Nuclear power plant
accidents is one of the
carcinoembryonic risk factors
antigen (CEA)
 2 in 3 cases are in people
younger than 55
neuron-specific enolase
 Ultrasound and PET
(NSE
scan help diagnose
thyroid cancer
 Thyroidectomy leads to
lifetime medications
  Self-examining your
neck is advisable and
easy
TONGUE CANCER
Tumor markers 1. Dull pain Cisplatin 100 mg/m2 IV on 1. Dysphagia- difficulty of
Mutation of tp53 and 2. Pain day 1 swallowing
hpv16 3. Dysphagia Cisplatin with 5- 2. Otalgia – pain in the ear
4. Superficial diffuse fluorouracil 1000mg/m2 3. Trismus-
 Oral brush biopsy erythroplakia per day as continuous lockjaw/reduced
 HPV testing 5. If with dentures infusion for 5 consecutive opening of the jaw
 CT scan then dentures may no days repeating for every 3 4. Erythroplakia – Any
 MRI longer fit comfortably weeks erythematous on the
may be considered as mucus membrane
 Dental exam
a first sign
6. If with ulcer or
swelling and lumps in
the neck then may be
considered as a
ominous sign
REFERENCE:
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http://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/laryngeal-cancer.
National Cancer Institute Web site. (2012). Thyroid cancer. Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.gov/canceetopics/types/thyroid.
Types of Thyroid Cancer. (2012). National Cancer Institute Web site. Retrieved from
http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/wyntk/thyroid/page4
Coppa, C. (2015). 15 Thyroid Cancer Facts Everyone Should Know. Retrieved from
https://abcnews.go.com/Health/15-thyroid-cancer-facts/story?id=34048721
American cancer association. 2017. Chemotherapy for Adult Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors. Retrieved
from: https://www.google.com.ph/amp/s/amp.cancer.org/cancer/brain-spinal-cord-tumors-
adults/treating/chemotherapy.html
American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2017). Brain Tumor: Symptoms and Signs. Retrieved from
https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/brain-tumor/symptoms-and-signs
Yale school of medecine. (2017). Brain tumor facts. Retrieved from:
https://medicine.yale.edu/neurosurgery/surgicalservices/neurooncology/braintumoreducation/brai
ntumorfacts.aspx
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http://braintumor.org/brain-tumor-information/brain-tumor-facts/
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https://www.cancer.org/cancer/oral-cavity-and-oropharyngeal-
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