CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE OF REVIEW

3. REASERACH METHODOLOGY

4. ANALYSIS & INTERPRETATION

5. FINDINGS & CONCLUSIONS

6. REFERENCE

7. APPENDIX
 Chapter- 1

INTRODUCTION

Alcohol consumption is a worldwide problem, but studies to guide policy in developing

countries like India are notably lacking. Local pattern of alcohol use in India is

considered to have variety of local alcoholic preparations, who consumed them, when,

and where. To determine how social has change in regard to alcohol. Changing patterns

of acceptable and problem use of alcohol, drinking is an integral feature of the cultural

landscape.

Locally brewed rice beer, distilled country liquor and so-called Indian-made foreign

liquor (IMFL) are consumed by the people. Effects of drinking included social

disturbances, family discord, and domestic violence. Increasing problems by alcohol use

was attributed to social changes resulting from development, such as improved

transportation and communications. In a field dominated by Western lifestyle and

urbanisation, the research is to clarify features of alcohol availability, use, and

acceptance by people of Jiribam.

Article 47, Directive Principle of State Policy, Constitution of India provide that “The

State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its

people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in

particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except

for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs which are injurious to health.”

Although alcohol prohibition is encouraged in the Constitution of India, alcohol policy is

a state subject. States have full control of alcohol legislation, state excise rates and the

production and sale of alcohol (Rahman, 2003). As cited in(Ratheeshkumar, 2010).

Most states derive 15-20% of their revenue from taxation on alcohol, while alcohol

remains one of the most important sources of revenue for most states. While the rich

have continued access to alcohol, the poor resort to illegal brews, with a consequent
increase in harm and deaths due to methanol poisoning (Patel, 1998) Mention in the

article (Ratheeshkumar, 2010).

Even as social costs continues to fuel social mobilization against the use and sale of

alcohol, globalization and economic liberalization ensure increased accessibility and

promotion of alcohol through exposure to mass media and increasing disposal income.

In other countries, increased taxation has been used to reduce consumption. In India, the

impact of such measures is weak as consumers have easy access to undocumented and

illicit alcohol and substances. Other regulatory laws pertaining to hours of sale, sale to

minors and drunken driving are regularly breached (Benegal, 2005) Points out in

(Ratheeshkumar, 2010)

To effectively address a social problem, public policy must take into account the nature,

extent of the problem and the context in which it occurs. The present alcohol policy in

India seems to be based on an ideological stance rather than a comprehensive

understanding the various dimensions of the problem.

The most common forms of alcoholic beverages are arrack (made from paddy or wheat),

toddy (palm wine), country liquor, illicit liquor, Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL)

beer and imported liquor. Illicit liquor production is a serious problem in India. Raw

materials used in production of illicit liquor are similar to those used for country liquor.

However, illicit liquor is often adulterated using adulterants such as industrial ethylated

spirit (WHO 2004). Illicit liquor is cheaper than licensed country liquor and therefore

popular among the rural and urban poor. In many parts of India, illicit production of

liquor and its sale is a cottage industry with each village having one or two units

operating illegally (WHO, 2004) cited in the article (Ratheeshkumar, 2010).

Indian Made Foreign Liquor consists of alcoholic beverages that were originally

formulated in foreign countries but are currently being made in India, such as, whiskey,

rum, gin, vodka, beer, wine. Home production and self- consumption of some alcoholic
beverages is also common in certain regions and ethnic communities in India. Zu and

Rohi are locally brewed alcoholic beverages found in the state of Nagaland (WHO 2004)

also said in (Ratheeshkumar, 2010) Alcohol consumption has been identified as a

component cause for more than 200 diseases, injuries and other health conditions. Not

only the volume of alcohol consumed, but also the pattern of drinking over time affects

the risks of harm. A variety of factors have been identified at the individual and the

societal levels, which affect the magnitude and patterns of consumption and can increase

the risk of alcohol use disorders and other alcohol-related problems in drinkers and

others Environmental factors such as economic development, culture, availability of

alcohol and the level and effectiveness of alcohol policies are relevant factors in

explaining differences in vulnerability between societies, historical trends in alcohol

consumption and alcohol- related harm (WHO, 2007; Babor et al., 2010; Nelson et al.,

2013). As mention in(organization, 2014)

Although there is no single risk factor that is dominant, the literature suggests that the

more vulnerability a person has, the more likely the person is to develop alcohol

problems.

The degree of risk for harm due to use of alcohol varies with the drinker’s age, sex,

familial factors, as well as the drinker’s behaviour and alcohol exposure However, it also

varies with the physical and socioeconomic context in which a given drinking occasion

and the ensuing hours take place. The nature and extent of the harm that results from

drinking can vary widely depending on the context. In some contexts, drinkers will be

vulnerable to alcohol-related social harm, disease, injury or even death if any volume of

alcohol is consumed. Also, in many countries there can be serious social or legal

consequences for drinking at all, due to laws and regulations or cultural and religious

norms, which can increase the vulnerability of drinkers to alcohol-related social harm.

These four consequences are discussed in more detail below.

The harms done by people’s drinking to others involve both socioeconomic consequences and

substantial health problems, such as alcohol-related injuries, mental health impacts. “Special attention

needs to be given to reducing harm to people other than the drinker”. As stated by WHO. According to

the AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, “Alcoholism is an illness characterized by

significant impairment that is directly associated with persistent and excessive use of alcohol.

Impairment may involve physiological, psychological or social dysfunction.” Psychologically

speaking, alcoholism has less to do with “how much” someone is drinking, and more to do with

what happens when they drink. If one has a problem when he drinks, he has a drinking problem.

Alcoholism is the most severe form of alcohol abuse and involves the inability to manage

drinking habits. It is also commonly referred to as alcohol use disorder. Alcohol use disorder is

organized into three categories: MILD, MODERATE and SEVERE. Each category has various

symptoms and can cause harmful side effects. If left untreated, any type of alcohol abuse can

spiral out of control.

Excessive and repetitive drinking of alcoholic beverages to the extent that the drinker repeatedly

is harmed or harm others, the harm may be physical or mental; it may also be social, legal, or

economic; because such use is usually considered to be compulsive and under markedly

diminished voluntary control.

Individuals struggling with alcoholism often feel as though they cannot function normally

without alcohol. This can lead to a wide range of issues and impact professional goals, personal

matters, relationships and overall health. Over time, the serious side effects of consistent alcohol

abuse can worsen and produce damaging complications.

Alcoholism, now known as “alcoholic use disorder”, is a condition in which a person has a

desire or physical need to consume alcohol, even though it has a negative impact on their life.

In the past, a person with this condition was referred to as an “alcoholic”. However, this is

increasingly seen as an unhelpful and negative label. Health professionals now say that, a

person has an alcohol use disorder (AUD).

A person with the condition of AUD does not know when or how to stop drinking. They spend

a lot of time thinking about alcohol, and they cannot control how much they consume, even if it

is causing serious problems at home, work, and financially.

Moderate alcohol consumption does not generally cause any psychological or physical harm.

However, if who enjoy social drinking increase their consumption or regularly consume more

than is recommended, AUD may eventually develop.

Alcoholism is the most serious form of problem drinking, and describes a strong, often

uncontrollable, desire to drink. Sufferers of alcoholism will often place drinking above all

obligations, including work and family, and may build up a physical tolerance or experience

withdrawal symptoms if they stop.

Alcoholism is sometimes known as alcohol addiction or alcohol dependence. It’s slightly

different to ‘harmful drinking’ which is an occasional pattern of drinking which can cause

damage to your health.

Alcoholism is an increasing problem for women. In general, women are more prone to

alcoholism compared to men. An average woman can consume the same amount of alcohol as

an average man but be impacted more. As a result, female drinkers tend to experience adverse

effects and develop alcohol-related addictions more quickly than their male counterparts.

Additionally, changing cultures are making it more acceptable, and in many cases actively

encouraging, women of all ages to drink.

Alcohol has physiological effects on the human brain. When someone consumes alcohol, the

alcohol changes the balance of chemicals, such as dopamine, in their brain. Alcohol is a

depressant, often making it most attractive to people who suffer from psychological problems

such as high stress, low self-esteem, or depression. For example, a drinker can become

confident and less anxious after an initial drink. This is due to the depressing of the part of the

brain that is associated with inhibition. Eventually, a person can build a craving for alcohol to

restore the pleasurable feelings and avoid the negative ones. This craving leads to the addiction
of alcohol.

Genes may be an important factor in triggering the development of alcohol addiction, but it

certainty isn’t the only factor. Research has suggested that the children of alcoholics are four

times more likely to become an alcoholic. Researches have not been able to pinpoint exactly

which genes increase a child’s risk of becoming an alcoholic, but have found that the effect is

due partially to environmental factors, and not strictly from a genetic link.

Social factors, such as peer pressure, advertising and environment also play an important role

in the development of alcoholism. Young people often start drinking because their friends are

doing so. Beer and liquor ads on television tend to portray drinking as a glamorous, exciting

pastime.

Media Acceptance: Movies, TV shows, and even athletes are shown drinking, and enjoying

alcohol. This social acceptance of drinking makes the act seem desirable, and often has an

influence on young drinkers.

Marketing & Advertising: The same goes for marketing. Advertisers aim to make alcohol seem

cool and have social status. This is why they often use role models, or highly recognized

celebrities to promote alcohol in ads.

Social Influences: Most young drinkers begin drinking because their friends are drinking. By

starting young, drinking alcohol becomes an acceptable habit, and can lead to alcohol addiction.
Availability: Lighter forms of alcohol are sold everywhere from small stores to gas stations, and

hard liquor is even becoming more accessible through supermarkets. This easy accessibility aids

the consumption of alcohol, and makes it harder for alcoholics to recover. This is why it is most

effective for recovering alcoholics to initially check in to a clinic, and keep away from

temptation.

Women, generally speaking, tap into their emotions more than men and may think and

react accordingly. They’re more comfortable sitting in the presence of emotion, which

some men may avoid. When the weight of these lingering emotions gets too heavy, however,

they may be more likely to seek out a vice…something that will temporarily stifle the pain and

fear they feel. It’s the beginning of a vicious circle.

About 5.3 million women in the United States drink alcohol in a way that’s considered

dangerous to their health, safety and well-being. Even in small amounts, alcohol has a much

different impact on the female body. In fact, many experts acknowledge that, when compared to

their male counterparts, binge and heavy drinking sessions put women at a much higher

risk for problems.

When a person or female is stressed or is in tension for a long time, she wants or needs

something to make her feel relaxed. At some point of time, when she is really stressed and can’t
find anything but alcohol as a coping mechanism, she look after it and goes for it, without

knowing or acknowledging herself with the consequences that she may suffer. Once a Person,

be it male or female gets something that can ease her pain or can make her really calm and

patient and relaxed, he automatically goes for it again and again. This process continues every

time he faces any problem, they are not aware about the problems that they may face in future.

This becomes their habit and a coping mechanism of every little problem.

There are many other ways that makes a person alcoholic. Female sometimes drink to just fit in

their group or by peer pressure, because they think drinking is in fashion, and not drinking will

portray them as old fashioned, but this is not really true. Whether you want to drink or you don’t

want to, it totally depends on you. Alcohol will only harm your body, there is nothing cool in

drinking. Once you drink in pressure of your peer group or to fit in your friend circle, it will

slowly slowly become your habit and you continue to drink whenever you are with them, and

then this will lead you to being alcoholic.

Women and men drink for many of the same reasons: to relax, to relieve stress, to fall asleep,

and to gain confidence in social situations. In addition to these reasons, women have a variety of

risk factors that lead them to abuse alcohol. Women are more likely to become problem drinkers

if they:

* Have a history of sexual abuse.

* Are having problems with a loved one.

* Are unmarried, divorced or separated

* Have a husband or partner with an alcohol problem.

Every alcoholic is different, from their reasons for drinking to their methods of trying to cope

with life as they drink. Because of this, how you treat an alcoholic must change according to

circumstances. There are certain types of alcoholics and knowing about the various types can

help you deal with individual situations more easily.

 SPECIFIC TYPES OF DRINKERS

Alcoholics haven’t always been grouped by type. Instead, alcoholism was treated as a single

condition, with a single stereotype of the alcoholic applied across the board to anyone with

alcohol issues. However, according to a study conducted by Dr. Howard Moss, MD, researchers

at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, there are actually five different

types of alcoholics. These different types are arranged as subtypes beneath the general alcoholic

label. The types include:

 Young adult

 Young adult antisocial

 Functional

 Intermediate familial

 Chronic severe

THE YOUNG ADULT

Together, young adult and young antisocial alcoholics account for about half the

alcoholism in the United States, and young adult alcoholics alone make up for about 32

percent. On average, these types of alcoholics are around 24 years old, but most started

drinking around age 20. And while young adult alcoholics typically drink less often than

other alcoholics do, they tend to binge drink more often, and on drinking days they

average a 14 drink maximum.

In this category, the alcoholics are more likely to be male, most have never been

married, about half are employed full-time, and a fair number are still in school.

Furthermore, most of these alcoholics don’t have any co-occurring mental illnesses,
alcoholism doesn’t tend to run in the family, and it is rare for them to seek treatment.

Instead, this is one of the alcoholism types with high denial rates, with sufferers often

chalking up their excessive drinking to a lifestyle choice. Those who do seek treatment

for their alcoholism generally prefer 12-step programs.

THE YOUNG ANTISOCIAL

These types of alcoholics are people in their mid-twenties, most are male, and most

became dependent on alcohol around the age of 18. There is a strong correlation here

between their alcoholism and the alcoholism of a close family member. Many suffer

from co-occurring disorders, namely depression, bipolar disorder, social anxiety

disorder, or an antisocial personality disorder, which is characterized by:

 Fighting and assault

 Criminal activity and deceitfulness

 Lack of remorse

 Irresponsibility and a disregard for the safety of others

There is a high rate of other substance abuse with this alcoholism type, including

cigarettes, cocaine, opiates, and marijuana, and the maximum number of drinks people in

this category consume is around 17, the highest of all the groups. About one -third of the

people in this category seek treatment, and when they do, they tend toward sel f-help

groups, specialty programs, and detox programs.

FUNCTIONAL ALCOHOLICS

About 20 percent of alcoholics fall into this category, which is typically made up of

middle-aged men and women who come from families with a long history of alcohol

abuse. Like young antisocial alcoholics, about half of these alcoholics also suffer from

depression or bipolar disorder. Unlike the previous alcoholism types, however,

functional alcoholics generally have steady employment, are in stable relationships, have

a higher level of education, have higher family incomes. They tend to drink daily or

every other day. Of the one-fourth of people in this group who seek treatment, most

prefer 12-step programs and private healthcare programs.

THE INTERMEDIATE FAMILIAL

Functional and intermediate familial alcoholics share a lot of characteristics, but the

defining qualities between these two alcoholism types are that intermediate familial

alcoholics are more likely to have a genetic predisposition for alcoholism, and more

often come from families with high rates of alcoholism. Intermediate familial alcoholics

usually become alcoholics earlier in life—in their early 30s—than functional alcoholics,

and there are higher instances of cigarette smoking and cocaine and marijuana use in th is

group. Of all the types of alcoholics, this sub-group has the highest employment rate,

with about 68 percent holding full-time employment. About one-third seek treatment for

their dependence and those who do usually opt for private healthcare programs, specialty

programs, detox treatments, and self-help groups.

CHRONIC SEVERE ALCOHOLICS

Although this category accounts for less than 10 percent of alcoholics, this is one of the

most detrimental alcoholism types. This group has some of the highest rates of antisocial

behavior, criminal behaviour, divorce, co-occurring mental disorders, and other

substance abuse. Moreover, this group also has the highest rates of:
  Alcohol-related emergency room visits

 Withdrawal experiences

 Alcohol-related problems at work, school, and in their personal lives

 Drinking more than they intended

In this group, the alcoholics are mostly men around 38 years old who have been

dependent on alcohol for at least 10 years. However, of all the types of alcoholics, those

in this group are the most likely to seek treatment for their dependence, with about t wo-

thirds seeking help in the form of self-help groups, detox programs, inpatient treatment,

and specialty rehab.

People drink alcohol for many reasons. But why do they start drinking at all? Here we examine

the reasons why people start drinking,

1. For the effect

Many people drink alcohol for the effect that alcohol has on the central nervous system. It is

both a depressant and a stimulant, and drinking can result in feelings of euphoria, disorientation

or a pleasurable release of tension.

2. Out of curiosity

People may drink simply to experiment with alcohol and judge whether or not drinking is for

them.

3. As a reaction to the social environment

We’ve all probably experienced some type of peer pressure in our lives. In fact, almost

everyone wants to fit in. Many people try alcohol when they are in a social setting where

everyone else is drinking in order to feel accepted and part of the environment.
 4. Because they see it modeled by others

Environmental factors, such as the influence of parents or older people, play a role in initial

alcohol use. For example, parents who drink more and who view drinking favorably may have

children who do the same.

5. As part of normal developmental transitions

Adolescents who are in the process of puberty (sexual maturation) and who experience more

independence and freedom may drink alcohol as part of the dramatic physical, emotional and

social change of adolescence. In other words, drinking is a part of self-exploration. Likewise,

young people in college or university may drink alcohol during this time transition to adulthood

in order to explore their own values and beliefs about alcohol.

6. To relieve stress

Some new drinkers may use alcohol as a way to escape or cope with problems. Alcohol may

temporarily relieve stress and focus attention elsewhere, but the problems remain well after you

stop drinking.

7. As a result of personality characteristics

People who start drinking early often share similar personality characteristics. These

characteristics include:

 aggressiveness

 anxiousness

 depressed

 difficulty avoiding harm or harmful situations

 dis-inhibition

 disruptivity
 hyperactivity

 rebelliousness

 thrill seeker

 withdrawn

8. Because it is culturally normalized

Today alcohol is widely available and aggressively promoted through TV, film, radio, ads, and

the Internet. This normalization makes alcohol use socially acceptable and normal, especially in

countries or places where drinking is a part of life, like Ireland. Why do the Irish drink so

much? This culture, for example, has drinking ingrained into the masses.

9. Because they expect a good experience

People who expect drinking to be a pleasurable experience are more likely to drink than people

who do not. So, the expectation that alcohol will be fun and enjoyable may actually cause a

person to start drinking.

10. Because it is accessible

Alcohol is pretty easy to get, even for teens. Family and friends are the primary sources of

alcohol for kids who drink, whether knowingly or unwillingly. Local alcohol retailers may also

accept fake IDs for underage drinkers. So relatively speaking and in comparison with other

illicit activities, alcohol is accessible to most anyone.

11. To Let Loose

If you are feeling inhibited or suffer from social anxiety, drinking alcohol can be a way to lose

your inhibitions. How many of us struggle with some sort of shyness and feel that alcohol can
 help loosen us up? After all, alcohol is often referred to as a “social lubricant,” and its purpose

in helping make situations easier for people is part of its appeal.

This is another example of using alcohol to avoid the real issues at hand. If we are that

uncomfortable in social situations that we use alcohol as a crutch, it will be that much harder for

us to imagine life without alcohol, even if it is no longer serving us well. We hear this often

from people who drink – “how will I dance?” “What will I do at a wedding?” These sorts of

questions and many others indicate a dependence on alcohol as a social lubricant that has gone

beyond a healthy relationship.

These are but a few of the reasons people drink, and some people drink for these reasons

without any issue. But as a friend or family member of someone seeking recovery or needing

help, you can do your part to help them and support them by knowing some of these triggers

and helping them to build a life not centered around alcohol.

Alcoholism or alcohol use disorder is a diagnosable condition. A woman can be diagnosed with

an alcohol use disorder if she displays 2 or more of the following signs and symptoms in a 12-

month period.

 Drinking more or for longer than planned. Women who are problem drinkers often set limits on

how much alcohol they plan to consume or how long they plan to drink. But with alcoholism,

this is difficult or impossible.

 Inability to cut down or to control use of alcohol despite a strong desire to do so. Many women

with alcoholism truly want to stop drinking. But addiction causes changes in the brain that can

reduce impulse control and judgment.

 Spending a lot of time getting, using, or recovering from the effects of alcohol. Addiction

becomes a full-time job. Women may spend excessive amounts of time procuring alcohol,

getting drunk, and recuperating from a hangover.

 Strong cravings to drink. Experiencing urges to drink alcohol can be a symptom of alcoholism

in women. Many people enjoy having a drink, but a woman with an alcohol use disorder may

feel that she “needs” a drink.

 Missing work, school, or neglecting home responsibilities, such as childcare. Alcohol impairs

coordination and judgment, and can interfere with daily responsibilities. The inability to manage

everyday tasks can be due to the effects of being drunk or from nursing a hangover or

withdrawal symptoms.

 Continuing to drink despite the fact that alcohol is causing problems in her life. When an

activity or substance creates problems, most people eliminate the problem-causing behavior. A

woman who is an alcoholic is usually unable to stop drinking simply by thinking of the

consequences.

 Continuing to drink after recurring negative social consequences. Alcohol use can create strain

in interpersonal relationships, specifically with family, friends, and significant others.

 Drinking in dangerous situations, such as before driving. Women are less likely to drive after

drinking. But a mother who has been drinking and needs to pick up her children might be

inclined to drive drunk.

 Continuing to drink after experiencing medical or mental health issues related to alcohol. As

listed above, alcohol affects physical and mental health. But this is often not enough to inspire

women to quit drinking. Proper treatment is important for recovery.

 Getting a DUI. Legal troubles are not necessarily part of the diagnostic criteria. But getting in

trouble for driving under the influence can be a red flag of an alcohol use disorder.
 Building a tolerance to alcohol. Over time, the body adjusts to the amount of alcohol that is

consumed, and a woman will need to drink increasing amounts to achieve the desired effect.

Tolerance is usually another indicator of a developing or established alcohol use disorder.

 Experiencing withdrawal symptoms when drinking is stopped. Chronic drinking leads the body

to adapt to the steady levels in the body. When drinking is stopped, a woman may experience

painful and even life-threatening withdrawal symptoms, including nausea, shakiness, anxiety,

sweating, insomnia, hallucinations, seizures, or delirium tremens.

 Drinking in the morning to relieve a hangover. Physical dependence on alcohol can cause

shakiness or other withdrawal symptoms to appear in the mornings, and a woman may take a

drink to “steady her nerves.” Drinking in the morning is usually a warning sign of alcoholism in

women, even if it is simply to relieve the symptoms of a bad hangover.

Alcohol affects women differently than men, both in the short-term and long-term.

Additionally, there are a number of risks that women face due to drinking.

Effects of alcohol on women include the following:

 Generally, women weigh less than men and have less water in their bodies. Alcohol is passed

through the digestive system and spreads through water in the body. Because women have

less water in their bodies, their brains and other vital organs are exposed to more alcohol and

toxic byproducts from metabolizing alcohol than men. This also makes women more

susceptible to the effects of alcohol.

 Pregnant women who drink are at risk of having a baby with fetal alcohol syndrome

(FAS). FAS is a preventable mental impairment caused by exposure to alcohol in the womb.

 Women who drink heavily are more likely to become a victim of sexual assault or violence.

This can be due to impaired judgment, loss of coordination, blacking out, volatile

relationships, fighting, or being in the company of individuals who may “take advantage” of
 a drunk woman. Women who drink are also more likely to face issues with interpersonal

relationships and the legal system than men who drink.

 The long-term effects of alcohol take a heavier toll on women, regardless of the amount of

alcohol or the length of alcohol use. This means that even if women drink less than men, and

for a shorter period of time, health effects are still more likely to show earlier.

 Women who drink alcohol are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. This is especially

true for women who have a family history of breast cancer or who have already gone

through menopause. Heavy alcohol use can also increase the risk of cancers of the head,

neck, and digestive organs.

 Women are more likely to suffer damage to the liver than men, including inflammation of

the liver and cirrhosis. Women are also more likely to die from cirrhosis than men.

 Long-term alcohol use can change the way the brain looks and works. Women are more

susceptible to developing brain damage from alcohol use even when they drink less than

men.

 Women who drink heavily are at higher risk of developing heart disease than men. Although

having one drink can reduce the risk of heart disease, heavy drinking can contribute to

diseases of the heart muscle, such as cardiomyopathy.

Regardless of gender, all cases of alcoholism are triggered by long-term, disruptive changes in

the levels of crucial brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These changes occur when

frequent heavy drinking leads to increases or decreases in normal neurotransmitter production.

The list of chemicals altered by heavy alcohol use includes:

 Dopamine, responsible for producing feelings of reward and pleasure

 GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), responsible for slowing down the rate of brain activity

 Glutamate, responsible for increasing the rate of brain activity

 Serotonin, responsible for mood regulation

Over time, the brain will come to accept the heightened or lowered output of these substances.

Once this acceptance has taken hold as the daily norm and expectation, the affected person has

clinical alcoholism, or alcohol dependence.

The NIAAA notes that women have several known risks for heavy drinking and alcoholism,

including:

 Exposure to sexual or physical abuse during childhood

 Having a partner or spouse with drinking problems

 Having a close relative with a history of drinking problems

 Having a higher tolerance to alcohol than the average woman

 Having a personal history of depression

Any alcoholic woman can develop two serious health problems also found in alcoholic men:

heart disease and liver damage. However, compared to a man, a woman has higher odds of

developing an alcohol-related heart malfunction. She also has higher odds of developing the

damaging, potentially fatal form of liver inflammation known as alcoholic hepatitis. Even when
not drinking enough to boost alcoholism risks, a woman who consumes alcohol can elevate her

risks for breast cancer. In addition, regardless of an alcoholism diagnosis, any woman who

drinks heavily during pregnancy puts her developing child at-risk for fetal alcohol

syndrome and other fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Consuming too much alcohol has risks for both men and women. Women who are problem

drinkers face additional risks that include:

* Liver Disease - The effects of alcohol on the liver are much more severe for women than for

men. In fact, more alcoholic women die from cirrhosis than alcoholic men. Alcohol-induced

liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis also develop more quickly in women.

* Reproductive Problems - Heavy drinking has been associated with menstrual disorders,

which can lead to fertility problems. Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy also put their

unborn baby at risk for a variety of health consequences, including Fetal Alcohol Syndrome,

birth defects and miscarriage.

* Cancer Risks - Women who consume alcohol are more at risk for developing cancer than

men who consume alcohol. The most common forms of cancer seen in alcoholic women are

liver and breast cancer. According to a study by the Journal of the American Medical

Association, women who drink two to five alcoholic drinks a day are 41 percent more likely to

develop breast cancer than non-drinkers. Excessive alcohol consumption has also been shown to

increase the risk of several digestive-tract cancers in women.

* Brain Damage - Most alcoholics have some loss of mental function, changes in the function

of brain cells, and reduced brain size due to their alcohol abuse. MRI images suggest that

women are more vulnerable to this alcohol-induced brain damage than men.

* Victimization - Women who consume alcohol increase their risk of sexual and violent

victimization. Studies show that female college students report a significant increase in sexual
victimization that’s directly related to the amount of alcohol they consume each week, and

female high school students are more likely to be victims of date rape and violence than non-

drinking female students.

* Other Health Problems - According to the Centers for Disease Control, women in the late

stages of alcoholism develop hypertension, anemia and malnutrition much more quicker than

alcoholic men. They are also at risk for developing depression, sleeping problems, and are more

at risk for personal injury. These risks are especially prevalent in older women who consume

alcohol.

At some point, a women suffering from alcohol abuse realizes she needs help. When that time

comes, she or her family must have the information on hand to act and get her the necessary

treatment. The right treatment program for a women depends on many factors, and it’s

important to take all of them into consideration when making this potentially life-saving

decision.

Inpatient vs. outpatient

Women may seek alcohol treatment at either inpatient or outpatient facilities. There are pros and

cons to both, and the decision may depend upon a woman’s personal needs, insurance coverage

and treatment availability.

Inpatient programs for women

Inpatient alcohol treatment programs will cost more than those provided on an outpatient basis,

because rooms, meals, recreational and therapeutic activities are part of the package, as is

round-the-clock supervision. Such programs may offer a holistic approach to alcohol treatment,

including nutritional counselling and a personalized exercise regimen. Depending on the

program’s location, substantial transportation costs may be involved. The length of time a

woman may need to participate in such a program varies, but usually ranges between one and

three months. Most inpatient alcohol treatment programs are gender-specific, so a woman won’t

share group counselling sessions or living facilities with men. While costs vary according to the

facility, expect to pay an average of $20,000 per month, although insurance may cover a

substantial portion.

Luxury women’s alcohol treatment

If you can afford it, there’s another level of inpatient alcohol treatment available. These luxury

treatment programs offer spa-like amenities and beautiful settings. People pay dearly for the

privilege, and this is the option taken by celebrities and the very well-to-do when battling

alcohol dependency.
 Women’s outpatient program

Outpatient treatment programs are those in which the woman does not live at the facility but

attends sessions at scheduled times. While outpatient programs are much less expensive than the

inpatient variety, they are better suited for women with moderate alcohol abuse issues rather

than truly severe ones.

Outpatient treatment success depends on various factors, but the woman’s living situation is

primary. If your home is dysfunctional and other members of the household drink, that is a less

promising situation for recovery than residing in a relatively quiet, alcohol-free environment.

For some women, leaving the family home and staying with a supportive friend or relative

during treatment may prove beneficial for the recovery process. Many outpatient facilities

provide a fair degree of flexibility, so that women can continue to work or attend school while

also receiving therapy.

Free support groups for women in recovery

For women who can’t afford an outpatient alcohol treatment, free support groups may help.

Although such groups do not offer therapy in a conventional sense, they help a recovering

alcoholic through her journey and develop tools to maintain sobriety. Although Alcoholics

Anonymous is the best known of these support groups, it is far from the only such organization.
Support groups are available in cities and town across the country and are often held in

community buildings or in churches.

Even if a woman is able to attend an inpatient or outpatient alcohol treatment program, joining a

support group post-treatment can play a strong role in helping a person stay sober.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Fermented grain, fruit juice and honey have been used to make alcohol (ethyl alcohol or

ethanol) for thousands of years.

Fermented beverages existed in early Egyptian civilization, and there is evidence of an early

alcoholic drink in China around 7000 B.C. In India, an alcoholic beverage called Sura, distilled

from rice, was in use between 3000 and 2000 B.C.

The Babylonians worshiped a wine goddess as early as 2700 B.C. In Greece, one of the first

alcoholic beverages to gain popularity was mead, a fermented drink made from honey and

water. Greek literature is full of warnings against excessive drinking.

Several Native American civilizations developed alcoholic beverages in pre-Columbian times.

A variety of fermented beverages from the Andes region of South America were created from
corn, grapes or apples, called “chicha”

In the sixteenth century, alcohol (called “spirits”) was used largely for medicinal purposes. At

the beginning of the eighteenth century, the British parliament passed a law encouraging the use

of grain for distilling spirits. Cheap spirits flooded the market and reached a peak in the mid-

eighteenth century. In Britain, gin consumption reached 18 million gallons and alcoholism

became widespread.

The nineteenth century brought a change in attitudes and the temperance movement began

promoting the moderate use of alcohol—which ultimately became a push for total prohibition.

In 1920 the US passed a law prohibiting the manufacture, sale, import and export of

intoxicating liquors. The illegal alcohol trade boomed and by 1933, the prohibition of alcohol

was cancelled.

Today, an estimated 15 million Americans suffer from alcoholism and 40% of all car accident

deaths in the US involve alcohol.

There are several alcoholic drinks that have prevailed since ancient times in India. The earliest

mention of alcohol is found in records made about the Harappan civilization in 3,000 B.C.

Interestingly , alcohol says as much about Indian culture and customs as Indian costumes, food,

or rituals. Here’s an introduction to the drinking culture in different parts of India.

Rice beer made by tribes in Assam

The indigenous tribes of Assam in Northeast India sure know how to keep their spirits

high. People of Mising and Adi tribes have been making a rice beer called Apong for

centuries. It is sort of the party alcohol for these tribes and batches of Apong are

especially made during annual festivals, weddings, and any happy occasion. The rice

beer is made of almost 30 different kinds of tree leaves, creepers, and grass. Ashes of
 banana leaf and bamboo are also used in the process along with rice.

A drink of rice and herbs in Jharkhand

Handia is a popular alcoholic drink in Jharkhand, Bihar, Orissa, and parts of Bengal. The

alcohol liquor is made of boiled rice and herbal tablets that are left to ferment for a week or so.

Handia is considered auspicious by the tribes and it has been part of their culture and customs

since ancient times. The drink is even offered to their local Gods and consumed during

celebrations and festivities.

A drink made of cereals in Himachal Pradesh

Lugdi is an alcoholic drink traditionally prepared from cooked cereal grains. The cereals are left

in mesophilic conditions for fermentation and then consumed without any distillation. Lugdi is

usually made in Himachal Pradesh during summers, as the climate helps the fermentation

process. The drink is saved for winters, since it helps to keep the body warm. Lugdi is also

consumed during celebratory occasions like religious festivals or weddings.

A drink made from a flower in Madhya Pradesh

The different kinds of alcohol brewed give an interesting history lesson about the cultural

heritage of India. While many drinks and their recipes went undocumented, Mahua was passed

on through generations. The drink is named after the flower it’s made from that grows on

Mahua lingofolia, a tropical Indian tree. Mahua is especially popular among tribes in

Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, and Chhattisgarh.

 A drink made with saffron in Rajasthan

Kesar Kasturi has a royal lineage. As the name suggests, kesar (saffron) is the most crucial

ingredient in this alcoholic drink. Along with it, there are more than 20 items mixed in the rare

spirit. Since saffron is expensive there are only a few families in Rajasthan that produce Kesar

Kasturi. This sweet alcohol had its fifteen seconds of fame when Roger Moore, the American

actor, mentioned that he loved the drink when he had it while shooting in Rajasthan.

A drink made from grapevines in Ladakh

Arak is a Ladakhi distilled alcoholic drink made from mature grapevines that originally came to

the Northern part of India from Persia. It is a colorless, unsweetened, anise-flavored drink and is
not very widely produced. The leaves are left to ferment for three weeks, after which they are

distilled and mixed with aniseed. To taste Arak, a traveler should talk to locals, who could point

to the right place to get some of the drink.

A drink straight from a tree in Kerala

Thaati Kallu is a palm wine beverage and is mostly found in the southern states of India due to

the abundance of palm and coconut trees. The drink is basically the sap collected from palm tree

stems. It is sweet at first, but then gets sour and, eventually, bitter. Local tribes usually have

Thaati Kallu fresh from the trees right after extracting the sap. They pour the wine on leaves and

pour it down their throat. Thaati Kallu is highly intoxicating.

 A drink from the palm trees in Andhra Pradesh

Toddy is another palm wine beverage but much milder. Toddy is also the extracted sap from

palm trees that is left to ferment. Within a couple of hours, the extract turns into a mild, sweet

drink with about 4% alcohol. Toddy is usually sold in toddy shops in South India and it’s a

tradition to end a hard-labored day with some toddy.

A drink made from cashew apples in Goa

Feni is a wine spirit exclusively made in Goa. The double-distilled alcoholic drink is made from

ripened cashew apples and the product has about 40% alcohol content. It is classified as

“country liquor,” and thus only sold in Goa, where it is produced. Feni has gained popularity

with Goa tourism over the years.

 A popular drink among villages in India

Desi daru is probably the most popular indigenous alcoholic drink available in India. It is made

from the byproduct of sugarcane, called molasses. Apart from the locally produced wine and

alcoholic drinks by tribes, desi daru is the mainstay for a major rural population in India.

A local spirit in Meghalaya

Kiad um is another rice based alcoholic drink that tastes sweet. Due to its medicinal properties,

the alcohol liquor is considered to be a powerful magical potent. The elders in Meghalaya drink

Kiad um during naming ceremonies and babies are feed few drops too. This ritual comes out of

the belief that, by doing so, the infant will grow strong and healthy. A concentrated version of it

(with 70% alcohol content) is sold illegally since the government banned it.
 WHO REPORT

It has been assessed by the World Health Organisation that an individual consumes about 6.2

liters of alcohol per year. Compared to the world average, the average Indian consumes about

4.3 litres of alcohol per year. In rural areas, an average individual consumes 11.4 litres of

alcohol, in any form, per year. About a third of India’s population consumes alcohol on a

regular basis and 11% of the total number of Indians are moderate or heavy drinkers. Moving to

state wise consumption, measured in consumption per capita, per week in milliliters. For Toddy

and country liquor, Andhra Pradesh and Telengana have the highest levels of consumption

which drops to the lowest levels in states like Jammu and Kashmir, West Bengal, Maharashtra

and Gujarat. The consumption in these states are as low as 100ml per capita, per week. Levels

of Toddy consumption have seen a sharp decline in the northern state of Bihar as well, which

still ranks in the medium to average range (101 – 500 ml. per capita per week).It has been

observed that the Union Territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Arunachal Pradesh, Andaman

and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana, Daman and Diu, Sikkim and Pondicherry are

among the highest consumers of spirits and alcohol varieties in India.

Total population: 1 210 000 000 ➤ Population aged 15 years and older (15+):
70% ➤ Population in urban areas: 30% ➤ Income group (World Bank): Lower middle income.

DEFINITION

ALCOHOL – A clear liquid that has a strong smell, that is used in some medicines and other

products, and that is the substance in liquors (such as beer, wine or whiskey) that can make a

person drunk.

ADDICTION - A strong and harmful need to regularly have something or do something.

CONSUMPTION - The act of eating or drinking something.

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION - Drinking of alcohol.

ALCOHOLISM - A medical condition in which someone frequently drinks too much alcohol

and becomes unable to live a normal and healthy life.

 Chapter-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Alcohol misuse appears to be rising to the extent that the UK Government considers tackling

problem drinking as a social and health priority (Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2004). The

alcohol related death rate in the UK has increased from 6.9 per 1,00,000 population in 1991 to

12.9 in 2005 (office for National Statistics, 2006). While the dangers of binge drinking have

been highlighted (e.g. Pincock, 2003),35% of all men (42% of those aged 16-24 years) and

20% of all women (36% of those aged 16-24 years) still reported exceeding daily benchmarks

on at least 1 day in the previous week to the 2005 Great Britain General Household Survey

(Goddard, 2006). A recent Government report estimated the societal costs of heavy drinking,

including costs to the NHS in treating alcohol-related injuries and illness (estimated at $1.7

billion per year), costs associated with alcohol-related crime and disorder (estimated at $7.3

billion per year), and costs due to lost productivity through illness and absence from work

(estimated at $6.4 billion per year; Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit, 2004). The latter estimate

includes the costs to the economy of alcohol related deaths. A further, less visible societal cost

arises because of alcohol-related impairment in the morning after an evening’s binge

drinking- due to the so called alcohol hangover.

Estimating the societal costs of hangover is prone to inaccuracy when one considers that

hangover effects may include lateness, accident risk, poorly performed work and disputes

(Crofton, 1987) in addition to absenteeism. Even the recent report by Pittler et al. (2005) cites

hangover cost estimates ($2 billion) that were made 20 years ago and without reference to the

original author’s cave at concerning the crude nature of the costing. A recent report by the

Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit (2004) estimates that the cost to the UK economy of alcohol-

related absenteeism from work (due in part to hangover) is between 1.2 and 1.8 billion per
year.However, this estimate does not take into account effects of depleted worker performance

and includes lost days due to long-term health problems associated with alcohol dependency.

In the grey literature, the BBC (BBC, 2004 ) cites research carried out by an employment

agency estimating that hangovers cost the UK economy £2.8 billion a year due to the average

of 2.3 sick days per person per year, augmented by a further 2.5 days per year that workers

spend, on average, hungover on the job. Wiese et al. (2000) cited an estimate of hangover

costs to the US economy of $148 billion a year, but this estimate was criticized by Becker

(2001). A fair conclusion would be that hangover costs are indeterminate but significant.

Several reviews of the hangover state have been undertaken. Finnigan and Hammersley

(1992) report findings from a small number of hangover and performance studies, although

this review has now become dated. In a brief review of hangover appearing as an editorial

piece, Calder (1997) recounted the findings of several performance studies but did not

conduct any critical evaluation. Swift and Davidson (1998) gave a detailed account of the

mechanisms and mediators of hangover but did not discuss performance effects. Wiese et al .

(2000) conducted a detailed systematic review of the causes, patho physiological

characteristics and treatment of alcohol-induced hangover. They defined hangover as ‘the

presence of at least two symptoms (out of: headache, poor sense of overall well-being,

diarrhoea, anorexia, tremulousness, fatigue, and nausea) occurring after the consumption and

full metabolism of alcohol with sufficient severity to disrupt the performance of daily tasks

and responsibilities’ (p. 898). However, the notion that hangover disrupts performance of

certain tasks is not as safe an assumption to make as it might at first appear. Certainly,

Wiese et al.(2000) do not make a convincing case. They reviewed several studies claiming to

show performance effects of hangover, but they recounted findings without any critical

evaluation, and they omitted a large number of published peer-reviewed hangover

performance studies.

The present review offers a more critical analysis of all published peer-reviewed papers on
hangover performance that we could find. For the purposes of this review, performance

effects are defined primarily as changes in cognitive functioning assessed using cognitive

tests. However, more everyday aspects of performance, such as driving or performance in a

management-style decision-making game are also considered. We began by searching the

PSYC Info database but this missed a large number of relevant studies and produced many

false positives (e.g. non-performance based studies). Therefore, while some papers were

identified from database searches, the majority were identified from references cited in papers

already obtained. Some further papers were identified using citation searching of obtained

papers (i.e. searching forwards for papers that cite the papers we had obtained). This was done

using the MIMAS Web of Knowledge database.

We briefly outline the biological mechanisms that may underlie hangover effects before

embarking on a detailed review of the literature on the performance effects of alcohol

hangover. We set out to include all the peer-reviewed studies published to date but it is

possible that one or two of the less well-cited studies will have been omitted.

Alcohol consumption in India doubled in 11 years: WHO report

New Delhi: The per capita alcohol consumption in India increased two folds between 2005

and 2016, according to the Global status report on alcohol and health 2018 released by the

World Health Organization (WHO) on Saturday.

Indians consumed 2.4 litres of alcohol in 2005, which increased to 4.3 litres in 2010 and

scaled up to 5.7 litres in 2016, the report said.

According to the report, the highest increase in alcohol consumption is expected in South-East

Asia, with an increase of 2.2 litres in India alone, from 2005 to 2016.

More than 3 million people died as a result of harmful use of alcohol in 2016, the report said.

More than three quarters of those reported dead were men. Overall, the harmful use of alcohol

causes more than 5% of the global disease burden.

The report highlighted that 51.1 men per 100,000 population and 27.1 women per 100,000

population suffered from liver cirrhosis. Cancers associated with alcohol abuse resulted in 181

men per 100,000 population and 126.4 women per 100,000 population.

Of all deaths due to alcohol, 28% were from injuries, such as those from traffic crashes, self-

harm and interpersonal violence; 21% due to digestive disorders; 19% due to cardiovascular

diseases, and the remaining due to infectious diseases, cancers, mental disorders and other

health conditions.

“Far too many people, their families and communities suffer the consequences of the harmful

use of alcohol through violence, injuries, mental health problems and diseases such as cancer

and stroke," according to Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director-general, WHO. “It’s time to

step up action to prevent this serious threat to the development of healthy societies."

According to the report, almost all (95%) of countries globally have alcohol excise taxes, but

fewer than half of them use other price strategies such as ban on volume discounts. The

majority of these countries have some type of restrictions on beer advertising, with bans most

common for television and radio, but less common for the Internet and social media.

“We would like to see member states implement creative solutions that will save lives such as

taxing alcohol and restricting advertising. We must do more to cut demand and reach the

target set by governments of a 10% relative reduction in consumption of alcohol globally

between 2010 and 2025," according to Tedros.

Globally more than a quarter (26.5 per cent) of all 15–19 year-olds are current drinkers,

amounting to 155 million adolescents

Per capita alcohol consumption in India has more than doubled from 2005 to 2016, according

to a report by the WHO. In India, the consumption of alcohol has increased from 2.4 litres in

2005 to 5.7 litres in 2016 with 4.2 litres being consumed by men and 1.5 litre by women, it

said.
The total alcohol per capita consumption (15+ years) is expected to increase in half of the

WHO regions by 2025 and the highest increase is expected in the South-East Asia Region. An

increase of 2.2 litres is expected in India alone which represents a large proportion of the total

population in this region, the report highlighted.

However, increases, although smaller, are also expected in Indonesia and Thailand (with the

second- and fourth-largest largest populations).

The second-highest increase is projected for the populations of the Western Pacific Region,

where the population of China is the largest, with an increase in per capita consumption of 0.9

litres of pure alcohol by 2025.

Total alcohol per capita consumption has increased globally after a relatively stable phase

between 2000 and 2005. Since then, total per capita consumption rose from 5.5 litres in 2005

to 6.4 litres in 2010 and was still at the level of 6.4 litres in 2016, the report stated.

However, diverging trends were noticed in different regions of the world.

The harmful use of alcohol is one of the leading risk factors for population health worldwide

and has a direct impact on many health-related targets of the Sustainable Development

Goals (SDGs), including those for maternal and child health, infectious diseases (HIV, viral

hepatitis, tuberculosis), non-communicable diseases and mental health, injuries and

poisonings.

In 2016, the harmful use of alcohol resulted in some 3 million deaths (5.3 per cent of all

deaths) worldwide and 132.6 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Mortality

resulting from alcohol consumption is higher than that caused by diseases such as

tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and diabetes. Among men in 2016, an estimated 2.3 million deaths

and 106.5 million DALYs were attributable to the consumption of alcohol. 0.7 million women

died and they experienced 26.1 million DALYs attributable to alcohol consumption.
The harmful use of alcohol is a causal factor in more than 200 diseases and injury conditions,

the report stated. Some 2.3 billion people are current drinkers. Globally more than a quarter

(26.5 per cent) of all 15–19 year-olds are current drinkers, amounting to 155 million

adolescents.

The WHO has emphasized on the development, implementation and evaluation of cost-

effective interventions for harmful use of alcohol as well as creating, compiling and

disseminating scientific information on alcohol use and dependence, and related health and

social consequences. The "Global strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol", negotiated

and agreed by WHO Member States in 2010, represents international consensus that reducing

the harmful use of alcohol and its associated health and social burden is a public health

priority.

The strategy provides guidance for action at all levels, including 10 recommended target areas

for policy options and interventions for national action to reduce the harmful use of alcohol

and the main components for global action to support and complement activities at country

level.

According to “International journal of humanities and social science studies (IJHSSS) “.

FACTORS LEAD TO ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.

In 2014, the World Health Organization or the WHO released its Global Status report on

Alcohol and Health.

According to the report, about 38.3 percent of the world’s population is reported to consume

alcohol regularly. The report only considers individuals over 15 years of age. The report says

that about 30 percent of India’s population, just less than a third of the country’s populace –

consumed alcohol regularly (as of 2010). According to an Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD) report released in May 2015, alcoholism increased by

about 55 percent between 1992 and 2012.

RELATED BOOKS:

This Naked Mind by Annie Grace-

In this book on alcohol abuse, dependence on alcohol is explained through neurological

science. It helps to guide you through the mental side of addiction by showing you how to

remove psychological dependence and cravings for alcohol. The author uses clarity, humor,

science, and storytelling to ensure it is engaging as well as helpful.

Refuge Recovery by Noah Levine-

The recovery text offers a systematic approach to recovery as an alternative to AA’s 12 Steps.

It makes sure that the more spiritual, religious and psychological sides of recovery are met

with its simple methods. This book offers Buddhist insight, which means that readers may not
be alienated by focusing on an external higher power, as they may be by other books on

alcohol addiction.Refuge Recovery guides people through processes such as meditation to

help them heal and awaken.

12 Steps And 12 Traditions – Alcoholics Anonymous-

This is a classic text from AA that is extremely helpful with 12-step alcoholism recovery. This

book lays out the steps to alcoholism recovery, how fellowship can help in the recovery

process and traditions that should be followed to ensure the survival of the group. It focuses

less on the narrative that the big book and is more of a guide.

Why Can’t I Stop? By John Grant-

Targeting risky, unwise and irrational behavioral traits, this story focuses on avoiding

expensive and dangerous compulsions such as gambling, alcohol and drug addiction. It

explains why it is so difficult to stop this kind of behavior in a manner which is easy to read

for those suffering from the compulsion, or for their family and friends. Diagnosis, treatments,

and symptoms are all talked about in this informative and interesting guide to compulsion.

A Happier Hour by Rebecca Weller-

Another alternative look at recovery, the text is in the form of a memoir. Rebecca Weller

pours her heart out onto the pages of the book, explaining her tale of alcohol addiction and

recovery. The book is enough to inspire anyone through the most challenging of times and

goes far beyond the usual self-help guides, delving into the darker side of addiction and

sharing information on what it takes to recover.

Beautiful Boy by David Sheff-

This text is another memoir, told from the perspective of a family father. Although this book

is based on David’s son, Nic’s addiction to crystal meth, it focuses on the challenge of

addiction itself. It explains how it feels to be the family member of an addict and the emotions

that come along with it. This book on alcoholism and the family will help give perspective to

the family and friends of an addict of any kind. It will help them see how to provide the best

support possible through understanding.

Courage to Change – One Day At A Time by Al-Anon-

The text is quite simple in its goal. It provides family members with daily reminders, prayers,

and meditations to share the recovery journey with loved ones. It aims to keep the

environment surrounding alcohol addiction as positive as possible, to give the addict the best

chance of recovery and to help their family and friends to understand and participate in the

process.

# For some women, heavy drinking can be a more serious problem than for men because

women sometimes become alcohol addicted faster. A woman’s recovery can present its own

challenges, so it can be helpful to pay attention to the literature only for women.

“The Big Fix”, by Tracy Helton Mitchell-

The text is written by a female alcohol addict for the female alcohol addict. There are many

useful recommendations for women on how to stop drinking alcohol. The author also

addresses the disadvantages of the rehab system in place today.

Girl Walks Out of a Bar, by Lisa F. Smith-

This book is written by using a different approach, focused on “functional alcoholism”. The

author describes her addiction that was a result of the pressures of being a young adult

struggling to make her way in the corporate world.

 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research comprises "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock

of knowledge, including knowledge of humans, culture and society, and the use of this stock

of knowledge to devise new applications."It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the

results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop

new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. Research

projects can be used to develop further knowledge on a topic, or in the example of a school

research project, they can be used to further a student's research prowess to prepare them for

future jobs or reports. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research

may replicate elements of prior projects or the project as a whole. The primary purposes

of basic research(as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation,

or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of

human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary

considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of

research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner

research, life, technological, etc.

Research definition:- Research is a careful investigation or inquiry specifically through

search for new facts in any branch of knowledge. It is an original contribution to the existing

stock of knowledge making for its advancement.

Research can simply be defined a task of searching from available data to modify a

certain result or theory.

Research Methodology refers to:-

 A systematic study

 Defining a problem

 Formulating a hypothesis

 Collecting and Analyzing data

 Deduction and Conclusion

Objectives of research –

 To gain familiarity or achieve a new insight towards a certain topic.

 To verify and test important facts

 To analyze an events, process or phenomenon

 To identify the cause and effect relationship

 To find solution to scientific , non scientific and social problem

 To determine the frequency at which something occurs.

Importance and need of the study:-

Alcoholism among our youth is degrading our future generation internally, need of

the problem is to aware them about the various bad consequences of alcoholism.

Research Methods Vs Research Methodology

Research Methods are all those methods and techniques that are used for conduction of

research. It refers to the methods the researchers use in performing research operations. It can

be put under three groups:-

1. Methods concerned with the collection of data

2. Statistical techniques used for establishing relationship between variables

3. Methods to evaluate the accuracy of the results.

 Research Methodology is a way to systematically solve a research problem. It is a science

of studying how research is done scientifically. Essentially it is the procedure by which the

researchers go about their work of describing, evaluating and predicting phenomenon. It aims

to give the work plan of research. It provides training in choosing methods materials,

scientific tools and techniques relevant for the solution of the problem.

Importance of research methodology

 Research inculcates scientific and inductive thinking and promotes development of

logical habits of thinking and organization.

 Research plays a dynamic role in several fields and it has increased significance in

recent times, it can be relayed to a small business and also to the economy as a whole.

 Most of the government regulations and policies are based on and are a result of

intensive result.

 Its significance lies in solving various planning and operational problems.

 It aids in decision making.

 It involves the study of causes and effects relationship between various variables and

help to identify behavior/ patterns/trends in certain variables.

Social work research and social research-

Social work research is the application of research methods to solve problems that social

workers confront in the practice of social work. It provides information that can be taken into

consideration by social workers prior to making decisions, that affect their clients, programme

or agencies such as use of alternative intervention techniques or change or modification of

programme/ client/objectives and so forth.

Following are some of the situations which call for application of social work research

methods and techniques:

  A social caseworker is interested in assessing the nature and extent of the problem of

her client who has been facing marital maladjustment. She may be interested in

obtaining information about the actual or potential effectiveness of the client. She may

also be keen to know to what extent the intervention would be effective.

 A group worker wishes to assess the extent to which the technique of role play is

more or less effective than group discussion in increasing knowledge of drug abuse

among school going children.

 A community organiser wants to know the views of the community before he takes a

decision to change the programme/objectives.

 A director of special school for mentally retarded children wants to know whether

group therapy is as effective as individual therapy in increasing adaptability of

mentally retarded children.

 A social work administrator is concerned about effectiveness of implementation of

new programme launched.

Social research- is a research conducted by social scientists following a systematic plan.

Social research methodologies can be classified as quantitative and qualitative.

 Quantitative designs approach social phenomena through quantifiable evidence, and often

rely on statistical analysis of many cases (or across intentionally designed treatments in an

experiment) to create valid and reliable general claims. Related to quantity.

 Qualitative designs emphasize understanding of social phenomena through direct

observation, communication with participants, or analysis of texts, and may stress

contextual subjective accuracy over generality. Related to quality.

While methods may be classified as quantitative or qualitative, most methods contain

elements of both. For example, qualitative data analysis often involves a fairly structured
approach to coding the raw data into systematic information, and quantifying inter-coder

reliability. Thus, there is often a more complex relationship between "qualitative" and

"quantitative" approaches than would be suggested by drawing a simple distinction between

them.

Social scientists employ a range of methods in order to analyse a vast breadth of social

phenomena: from census survey data derived from millions of individuals, to the in-depth

analysis of a single agent's social experiences; from monitoring what is happening on

contemporary streets, to the investigation of ancient historical documents. Methods rooted in

classical sociology and statistics have formed the basis for research in other disciplines, such

as political science, media studies, program evaluation and market research.

Research Design: The most important step after defining the research problem is preparing

the design of the research project, which is popularly known as the ‘research design’. A

research design helps to decide upon issues like what, when, where, how much, by what

means etc. With regard to an enquiry or a research study. A research design is the arrangement

of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to

the research purpose with economy in procedure. Infact, research design is the conceptual

structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection,

measurement and analysis of data (Selltiz et al, 1962). Thus, research design provides an

outline of what the researcher is going to do in terms of framing the hypothesis, its operational

implications and the final data analysis. Specifically, the research design highlights decisions

which include:

1. The nature of the study

2. The purpose of the study

3. The location where the study would be conducted

4. The nature of data required

 5. From where the required data can be collected

6. What time period the study would cover

7. The type of sample design that would be used

8. The techniques of data collection that would be used

9. The methods of data analysis that would be adopted and

10. The manner in which the report would be prepared

In view of the stated research design decisions, the overall research design may be

divided into the following (Kothari 1988):

a. The sampling design that deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for

the selected study;

b. The observational design that relates to the conditions under which the observations

are to be made;

c. The statistical design that concerns with the question of how many items are to be

observed, and how the information and data gathered are to be analysed; and

d. The operational design that deals with the techniques by which the procedures

specified in the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be carried out.

Features Of Research Design:

The important features of Research Design may be outlined as follows:

i. It constitutes a plan that identifies the types and sources of information required for the

research problem;

ii. It constitutes a strategy that specifies the methods of data collection and analysis

which would be adopted; and

iii. It also specifies the time period of research and monetary budget involved in

conducting the study, which comprise the two major constraints of undertaking any

research

Concepts Relating To Research Design:

Some of the important concepts relating to Research Design are discussed below:

1. Dependent And Independent Variables: A magnitude that varies is known as a

variable. The concept may assume different quantitative values like height, weight,

income etc. Qualitative variables are not quantifiable in the strictest sense of the term.

However, the qualitative phenomena may also be quantified in terms of the presence or

absence of the attribute(s) considered. The phenomena that assume different values

quantitatively even in decimal points are known as ‘continuous variables’. But all

variables need not be continuous. Values that can be expressed only in integer values are

called ‘non-continuous variables’. In statistical terms, they are also known as ‘discrete

variables’. For example, age is a continuous variable, whereas the number of children is a

non-continuous variable. When changes in one variable depend upon the changes in other

variable or variables, it is known as a dependent or endogenous variable, and the variables

that cause the changes in the dependent variable are known as the independent or

explanatory or exogenous variables. For example, if demand depends upon price, then

demand is a dependent variable, while price is the independent variable. And, if more

variables determine demand, like income and price of the substitute commodity, then

demand also depends upon them in addition to the price of original commodity. In other

words, demand is a dependent variable which is determined by the independent variables

like price of the original commodity, income and price of substitutes.

2. Extraneous Variables: The independent variables which are not directly related to the

purpose of the study but affect the dependent variables, are known as extraneous

variables. For instance, assume that a researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a

relationship between children’s school performance and their self-confidence, in which

case the latter is an independent variable and the former, a dependent variable. In this

context, intelligence may also influence the school performance. However, since it is not

directly related to the purpose of the study undertaken by the researcher, it would be

known as an extraneous variable. The influence caused by the extraneous variable(s) on

the dependent variable is technically called the ‘experimental error’. Therefore, a research

study should always be framed in such a manner that the influence of extraneous variables

on the dependent variable/s is completely controlled, and the influence of independent

variable/s is clearly evident.

3. Control: One of the most important features of a good research design is to minimize

the effect of extraneous variable(s). Technically, the term ‘control’ is used when a

researcher designs the study in such a manner that it minimizes the effects of extraneous

variables. The term ‘control’ is used in experimental research to reflect the restrain in

experimental conditions.

4. Confounded Relationship: The relationship between the dependent and independent

variables is said to be confounded by an extraneous variable, when the dependent variable

is not free from its effects.

5. Research Hypothesis: When a prediction or a hypothesized relationship is tested by

adopting scientific methods, it is known as research hypothesis. The research hypothesis

is a predictive statement which relates to a dependent variable and an independent

variable. Generally, a research hypothesis must consist of at least one dependent variable

and one independent variable. Whereas, the relationships that are assumed but not to be

tested are predictive statements that are not to be objectively verified, thus are not

classified as research hypotheses.

6. Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis Testing Research: When the

objective of a research is to test a research hypothesis, it is known as hypothesis-testing

research. Such research may be in the nature of experimental design or non-experimental

design. The research in which the independent variable is manipulated is known as

‘experimental hypothesis-testing research’, whereas the research in which the independent

variable is not manipulated is termed as ‘non-experimental hypothesis testing research’.

For example, assume that a researcher wants to examine whether family income

influences the school attendance of a group of students, by calculating the coefficient of

correlation between the two variables. Such an example is known as a non-experimental

hypothesis testing research, because the independent variable - family income is not

manipulated here. Again assume that the researcher randomly selects 150 students from a

group of students who pay their school fees regularly and then classifies them into two

sub-groups by randomly including 75 in Group A, whose parents have regular earning,

and 75 in Group B, whose parents do not have regular earning. Assume that at the end of

the study, the researcher conducts a test on each group in order to examine the effects of

regular earnings of the parents on the school attendance of the student. Such a study is an

example of experimental hypothesis-testing research, because in this particular study the

independent variable regular earnings of the parents have been manipulated.

7. Experimental And Control Groups: When a group is exposed to usual conditions in

an experimental hypothesis-testing research, it is known as ‘control group’. On the other

hand, when the group is exposed to certain new or special condition, it is known as an

‘experimental group’. In the afore-mentioned example, Group A can be called as control

group and Group B as experimental group. If both the groups, A and B are exposed to

some special feature, then both the groups may be called as ‘experimental groups’. A

research design may include only the experimental group or both the experimental and

control groups together.

8. Treatments: Treatments refer to the different conditions to which the experimental

and control groups are subject to. In the example considered, the two treatments are the

parents with regular earnings and those with no regular earnings. Likewise, if a research

study attempts to examine through an experiment the comparative effect of three different

types of fertilizers on the yield of rice crop, then the three types of fertilizers would be

treated as the three treatments.

9. Experiment: Experiment refers to the process of verifying the truth of a statistical

hypothesis relating to a given research problem. For instance, an experiment may be

conducted to examine the yield of a certain new variety of rice crop developed. Further,

Experiments may be categorized into two types, namely, ‘absolute experiment’ and

‘comparative experiment’. If a researcher wishes to determine the impact of a chemical

fertilizer on the yield of a particular variety of rice crop, then it is known as absolute

experiment. Meanwhile, if the researcher wishes to determine the impact of chemical

fertilizer as compared to the impact of bio-fertilizer, then the experiment is known as a

comparative experiment.

10. Experimental Unit(s): Experimental units refer to the pre-determined plots,

characteristics or the blocks, to which different treatments are applied. It is worth

 mentioning here that such experimental units must be selected with great caution.

Research Design Definition

Research design is defined as a framework of methods and techniques chosen by a researcher

to combine various components of research in a reasonably logical manner so that the research

problem is efficiently handled. It provides insights about “how” to conduct research using a

particular methodology. Every researcher has a list of research questions which need to be

assessed – this can be done with research design.

The sketch of how research should be conducted can be prepared using research design.

Hence, the market research study will be carried out on the basis of research design.

The design of a research topic is used to explain the type of research

(experimental, survey, correlational, semi-experimental, review) and also its sub-type

(experimental design, research problem, descriptive case-study).

There are three main sections of research design: Data collection, measurement, and analysis.

The essential elements of research design are:

1. Accurate purpose statement of research design

2. Techniques to be implemented for collecting details for research

3. Method applied for analyzing collected details

4. Type of research methodology

5. Probable objections for research

6. Settings for research study

7. Timeline

8. Measurement of analysis
 Research Design Characteristics

There are four key characteristics of research design:

Neutrality: The results projected in research design should be free from bias and neutral.

Understand opinions about the final evaluated scores and conclusion from multiple

individuals and consider those who agree with the derived results.

Reliability: If a research is conducted on a regular basis, the researcher involved expects

similar results to be calculated every time. Research design should indicate how the

research questions can be formed to ensure the standard of obtained results and this can

happen only when the research design is reliable.

Validity: There are multiple measuring tools available for research design but valid

measuring tools are those which help a researcher in gauging results according to the

objective of research and nothing else. The questionnaire developed from this research design

will be then valid.

Generalization: The outcome of research design should be applicable to a population and not

just a restricted sample. Generalization is one of the key characteristics of research design.

Types of Research Design

A researcher must have a clear understanding of the various types of research design to select

which type of research design to implement for a study.

Research design can be broadly classified into quantitative and qualitative research design.
Qualitative Research Design: Qualitative research is implemented in cases where a

relationship between collected data and observation is established on the basis of

mathematical calculations. Theories related to a naturally existing phenomenon can be proved

or disproved using mathematical calculations. Researchers rely on qualitative research design

where they are expected to conclude “why” a particular theory exists along with “what”

respondents have to say about it.

Quantitative Research Design: Quantitative research is implemented in cases where it is

important for a researcher to have statistical conclusions to collect actionable insights.

Numbers provide a better perspective to make important business decisions. Quantitative

research design is important for the growth of any organization because any conclusion drawn

on the basis of numbers and analysis will only prove to be effective for the business.

Further, research design can be divided into five types –

1. Descriptive Research Design: In a descriptive research design, a researcher is solely

interested in describing the situation or case under his/her research study. It is a theory-based

research design which is created by gather, analyze and presents collected data. By

implementing an in-depth research design such as this, a researcher can provide insights into

the why and how of research.

2. Experimental Research Design: Experimental research design is used to establish a

relationship between the cause and effect of a situation. It is a causal research design where

the effect caused by the independent variable on the dependent variable is observed. For

example, the effect of an independent variable such as price on a dependent variable such as

customer satisfaction or brand loyalty is monitored. It is a highly practical research design

 method as it contributes towards solving a problem at hand. The independent variables are

manipulated to monitor the change it has on the dependent variable. It is often used in social

sciences to observe human behavior by analyzing two groups – affect of one group on the

other.

3. Correlational Research Design: Correlational research is a non-experimental research

design technique which helps researchers to establish a relationship between two closely

connected variables. Two different groups are required to conduct this research design

method. There is no assumption while evaluating a relationship between two different

variables and statistical analysis techniques are used to calculate the relationship between

them.

Correlation between two variables is concluded using a correlation coefficient, whose value

ranges between -1 and +1. If the correlation coefficient is towards +1, it indicates a positive

relationship between the variables and -1 indicates a negative relationship between the two

variables.

4. Diagnostic Research Design: In the diagnostic research design, a researcher is inclined

towards evaluating the root cause of a specific topic. Elements that contribute towards a

troublesome situation are evaluated in this research design method.

There are three parts of diagnostic research design:

 Inception of the issue

 Diagnosis of the issue

 Solution for the issue

 5. Explanatory Research Design: In exploratory research design, the researcher’s ideas and

thoughts are key as it is primarily dependent on their personal inclination about a particular

topic. Explanation about unexplored aspects of a subject is provided along with details about

what, how and why related to the research questions.

# In this study descriptive research design is used.

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon being

studied. It does not answer questions about how/when/why the characteristics occurred.

Rather it addresses the "what" question (what are the characteristics of the population or

situation being studied?)

Some distinctive characteristics of descriptive research are:

1. Quantitative research: Descriptive research is a quantitative research method that

attempts to collect quantifiable information to be used for statistical analysis of the

population sample. It is an popular market research tool that allows to collect and describe

the nature of the demographic segment.

2. Uncontrolled variables: In descriptive research, none of the variables are influenced in

any way. This uses observational methods to conduct the research. Hence, the nature of the

variables or their behavior is not in the hands of the researcher.

3. Cross-sectional studies: Descriptive research is generally a cross-sectional study where

different sections belonging to the same group are studied.

4. Basis for further research: The data collected and analyzed from descriptive research can

then be further researched using different research techniques. The data also can help point

towards the types of research methods are to be used for the subsequent research.

There are 3 distinctive methods to conduct descriptive research. They are:

 Observational Method

The observational method is the most effective method to conduct descriptive research and

both quantitative observation and qualitative observation are used in this research method.

Quantitative observation is the objective collection of data which is primarily focused on

numbers and values – it suggests “associated to, of or depicted in terms of a quantity”. Results

of quantitative observation are derived using statistical and numerical analysis methods. It

implies observation of any entity that can be associated with a numeric value such as age,

shape, weight, volume, scale etc. For example, the researcher can track if current customers

will refer the brand by using a simple Net Promoter Score question.

Qualitative observation doesn’t involve measurements or numbers but instead just monitoring

characteristics. In this case the researcher observes the respondents from a distance. Since the

respondents are in a comfortable environment, the characteristics observed are natural and

effective. In descriptive research, the researcher can chose to be either a complete observer, an

observer as a participant, a participant as an observer or a complete participant. For example,

in a supermarket, a researcher can from afar monitor and track the selection and purchasing

trends of the customers. This offers a deeper insight into the purchasing experience of the

customer.

 Case Study Method

Case studies involve in-depth research and study of individuals or groups. Case studies lead to

a hypothesis and widen a further scope of studying a phenomenon. However, case studies

should not be used to determine cause and effect as they don’t have the capacity to make

accurate predictions because there could be a bias on the part of the researcher. The other

reason why case studies are not an accurate way of conducting descriptive research is because

there could be an atypical respondent in the research and describing them leads to poor

generalizations and move away from external validity.

 Survey Research

In survey research, respondents answer through surveys or questionnaires, or polls. They are a

popular market research tool to collect feedback from respondents. In order for a survey to

gather good quality data, it should have good survey questions, which should be a balanced

mix of open-ended questions and close ended-questions. The survey method can be

conducting online or offline which is makes it the go-to option for descriptive research where

the sample size is very large.

Advantages of Descriptive Research

Some of the major advantages of descriptive research are:

 Data collection: Descriptive research can be conducted by using specific methods like

observational method, case study method and survey method. Between these 3, all major

methods of data collection are covered which provides a lot of information. This can be

used for future research or even developing hypothesis of your research object.

 Varied: Since the data collected is both qualitative and quantitative, it gives a holistic

understanding of a research topic. This causes data that was not planned to be collected gets

tracked and the data is varied, diverse and thorough.

 Natural environment: Descriptive research allows for the research to be conducted in the

natural environment of the respondent and this ensures that high-quality and honest data is

collected.

 Quick to conduct and cheap: As the sample size is generally large in descriptive research,

the data collection is quick to conduct and is cheap.

 Forms basis for decision-making: As the data collected in descriptive research represents

a larger population and is robust, it is easy to make decisions on the basis of the statistical

analysis of that data.

 Disadvantages of Descriptive Research

Some of the major disadvantages of descriptive research are:

 Confidentiality: Respondents aren’t always truthful if questions are too personal or they

feel that they are being “watched”. This may negate the validity of the data.

 Halo effect: If the research observer has a potential bias towards the research topic or some

respondents in the research, the observations then maybe considered as invalid or untrue.

 Sample isn’t representative: Due to the randomness of the sample, it is very tough to

validate that the sample is an accurate representation of the whole population.

 No scope to learn cause: Since descriptive research only focuses on the “what” of an

objective or phenomenon, it does not delve into the “why or how” and that is a limitation in

learning specific causes.

Research Methods

Research methods can be defined as “a systematic ad scientific procedure of data collection,

compilation, analysis, interpretation, and implication pertaining to any business problem.

Types of research methods can be classified into several categories according to the nature

and purpose of the study and other attributes. In methodology chapter of your dissertation,

you are expected to specify and discuss the type of your research according to the following

classifications.

General Classification of Types of Research Methods

Types of research methods can be broadly divided into.

Two quantitative and qualitative categories.

  Quantitative research “describes, infers, and resolves problems using numbers.

Emphasis is placed on the collection of numerical data, the summary of those data and

the drawing of inferences from the data

 Qualitative research, on the other hand, is based on words, feelings, emotions,

sounds and other non-numerical and unquantifiable elements. It has been noted that

“information is considered qualitative in nature if it cannot be analysed by means of

mathematical techniques. This characteristic may also mean that an incident does not

take place often enough to allow reliable data to be collected”

Types of Research Methods According to Nature of the Study

Types of the research methods according to the nature of research can be divided into two

groups: descriptive and analytical.

 Descriptive research

 Analytical research, on the other hand, is fundamentally different in a way that “the

researcher has to use facts or information already available and analyse these in order

to make a critical evaluation of the material”.

Types of Research Methods According to the Purpose of the Study

According to the purpose of the study, types of research methods can be divided into two

categories: applied research and fundamental research. Applied research is also referred to as

an action research, and the fundamental research is sometimes called basic or pure research.

The table below summarizes the main differences between applied research and fundamental

research. Similarities between applied and fundamental (basic) research relate to the adoption

of a systematic and scientific procedure to conduct the study.

Applied Research Fundamental Research

§ Aims to solve a problem by adding to the

field of application of a discipline

§ Tries to eliminate the theory by adding to the basics of a § Often several disciplines work together for

discipline solving the problem

§ Problems are analysed from the point of one discipline

§ Often researches individual cases without the

§ Generalisations are preferred aim to generalise

§ Forecasting approach is implemented § Aims to say how things can be changed

§ Assumes that other variables do not change § Acknowledges that other variables are

constant by changing
§ Reports are compiled in a language of technical language

of discipline § Reports are compiled in a common language

Types of Research Methods according to Research Design

On the basis of research design the types of research methods can be divided into two groups

– exploratory and conclusive. Exploratory studies only aim to explore the research area and

they do not attempt to offer final and conclusive answers to research questions. Conclusive

studies, on the contrary, aim to provide final and conclusive answers to research questions.

Table below illustrates the main differences between exploratory and conclusive research

designs:
 Exploratory research Conclusive research

Structure Loosely structured in desing Well structured and systematic in design

Have a formal and definitive

Are flexible and investigative in methodology that needs to be followed

Methodology methodology and tested

Most conclusive researches are carried

Hypotheses Do not involve testing of hypotheses out to test the formulated hypotheses

Findings might be topic specific and

might not have much relevance Findings are significant as they have a

Findings outside of researcher’s domain theoretical or applied implication

HYPOTHESIS

Hypothesis is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction, that gives directional to the

researcher to answer the research question. Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the

formal statement of the tentative or expected prediction or explanation of the relationship

between two or more variables in a specified population

A hypothesis is a formal tentative statement of the expected relationship between two or more

variables under study. A hypothesis helps to translate the research problem and objective into

a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF HYPOTHESIS:-

It provides clarity to the research problem and research objectives.

• It describes, explains or predicts the expected results or outcome of the research.

• It indicates the type of research design.

• It directs the research study process. It identifies the population of the research study that is

to be investigated or examined. It facilitates data collection, data analysis and data

interpretation

FUNCTIONS:-

• It enables an investigator to start his research work.

• It may lead to formulations of another hypothesis.

• It leads to interpret results drawing conclusions related to original purpose.

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS:-

1. SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS -Simple hypothesis is that one in which there exits relationship

between two variables one is called independent variable or cause and the other is dependent

variable or effect. Ex. Smoking leads to cancer .The higher ratio of unemployment leads to

crimes.

2. COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS- Complex hypothesis is that one in which as relationship

among variables exists. In this type dependent and independent variables are more than two.

Ex. Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension, chest infections etc. The higher ration

of unemployment poverty illiteracy leads to crimes like dacoit etc.

3. EMPIRICAL HYPOTHESIS -Empirical which means it is based on evidence. In

scientific method the word "empirical" refers to the use of working hypothesis that can be

tested using observation and experiment. Empirical data is produced by experiment and

observation.

4. QUESTION FORM OF HYPOTHESIS- It Is the simplest form of empirical hypothesis.

In simple case of investigation and research are adequately implemented by resuming a

question. Ex. how is the ability of 9th class students in learning moral values?

5. NULL HYPOTHESIS -Null the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between

specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error. It

is denoted by H0

6. ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS- The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha. Is the

hypothesis that sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.

7. STATISTICAL HYPOTHESIS- A hypothesis which can be verified statistically called

statistical hypothesis. The statement would be logical or illogical but if statistic verifies it, it

will be statistical hypothesis.

8. DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS- Directional Hypothesis predicts the direction of the

relationship between the independent and dependent variable. Example- High quality of

nursing education will lead to high quality of nursing practice skills. Girls ability of learning

moral science is better than boys.

9. NON DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS- Non -directional Hypothesis predicts the

relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable but does not specific

the directional of the relationship. Example- teacher student relationship influence student’s

learning. There is no significant difference between 9th class boys and girls abilities of

learning moral values.

10. CASUAL HYPOTHESIS -Causal Hypothesis predicts a cause and effects relationship or

interaction between the independent variable and dependent variable. This hypothesis predicts

the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

11. ASSOCIATIVE HYPOTHESIS - Associative Hypothesis predicts an associative

relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. When there is a

change in any one of the variables, changes also occurs in the other variable

CHARACTERISTICS:

 A Hypothesis Needs to be Precise, Simple and Specific

 A Hypothesis must be Related to the Existing Body of Knowledge.

 A Hypothesis must be Capable of Verification.

# In this study empirical hypothesis is used.

Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is a way of gaining knowledge by

means of direct and indirect observation or experience. Empiricism values such research more

than other kinds. Empirical evidence (the record of one's direct observations or experiences)

can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Quantifying the evidence or making sense of it

in qualitative form, a researcher can answer empirical questions, which should be clearly

defined and answerable with the evidence collected (usually called data). Research design

varies by field and by the question being investigated. Many researchers combine qualitative

and quantitative forms of analysis to better answer questions which cannot be studied in

laboratory settings, particularly in the social sciences and in education.

Empirical cycle

A.D. de Groot’s empirical cycle :

1. Observation: The observation of a phenomenon and inquiry concerning its causes.

 2. Induction: The formulation of hypotheses - generalized explanations for the

phenomenon.

3. Deduction: The formulation of experiments that will test the hypotheses (i.e. confirm

them if true, refute them if false).

4. Testing: The procedures by which the hypotheses are tested and data are collected.

5. Evaluation: The interpretation of the data and the formulation of a theory - an abductive

argument that presents the results of the experiment as the most reasonable explanation

for the phenomenon

Empirical research can be conducted and analysed using qualitative or quantitative methods.

 Quantitative research: Quantitative research methods are used to gather information

through numerical data. It is used to quantify opinions, behaviors or other defined variables.

These are predetermined and are in a more structured format. Some of the commonly used

methods are survey, longitudinal studies, polls, etc

 Qualitative research: Qualitative research methods are used to gather non numerical data.

It is used to find meanings, opinions, or the underlying reasons from its subjects. These

methods are unstructured or semi structured. The sample size for such a research is usually
 small and it is a conversational type of method to provide more insight or in-depth

information about the problem. Some of the most popular forms of methods are focus

groups, experiments, interviews, etc.

Data collected from these will need to be analysed. Empirical evidence can also be analysed

either quantitatively and qualitatively. Using this, the researcher can answer empirical

questions which have to be clearly defined and answerable with the findings he has got. The

type of research design used will vary depending on the field in which it is going to be used.

Many of them might choose to do a collective research involving quantitative and qualitative

method to better answer questions which cannot be studied in a laboratory setting.

STEPS:-

Since empirical research is based on observation and capturing experiences, it is important to

plan the steps to conduct the experiment and how to analyse it. This will enable the researcher

to resolve problems or obstacles which can occur during the experiment.

Step #1: Define the purpose of the research

This is the step where the researcher has to answer questions like what exactly do I want to

find out? What is the problem statement? Are there any issues in terms of the availability of

knowledge, data, time or resources. Will this research be more beneficial than what it will

cost.Before going ahead, a researcher has to clearly define his purpose for the research and set

up a plan to carry out further tasks.

Step #2 : Supporting theories and relevant literature

The researcher needs to find out if there are theories which can be linked to his research

problem. He has to figure out if any theory can help him support his findings. All kind of

relevant literature will help the researcher to find if there are others who have researched this
before, or what are the problems faced during this research. The researcher will also have to

set up assumptions and also find out if there is any history regarding his research problem

Step #3: Creation of Hypothesis and measurement

Before beginning the actual research he needs to provide himself a working hypothesis or

guess what will be the probable result. Researcher has to set up variables, decide the

environment for the research and find out how can he relate between the variables.Researcher

will also need to define the units of measurements, tolerable degree for errors, and find out if

the measurement chosen will be acceptable by others.

Step #4: Methodology, research design and data collection

In this step, the researcher has to define a strategy for conducting his research. He has to set

up experiments to collect data which will enable him to propose the hypothesis. The

researcher will decide whether he will need experimental or non experimental method for

conducting the research. The type of research design will vary depending on the field in which

the research is being conducted. Last but not the least, the researcher will have to find out

parameters that will affect the validity of the research design. Data collection will need to be

done by choosing appropriate samples depending on the research question. To carry out the

research, he can use one of the many sampling techniques. Once data collection is complete,

researcher will have empirical data which needs to be analysed.

Step #5: Data Analysis and result

Data analysis can be done in two ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. Researcher will need

to find out what qualitative method or quantitative method will be needed or will he need a
 combination of both. Depending on the analysis of his data, he will know if his hypothesis is

supported or rejected. Analyzing this data is the most important part to support his hypothesis.

Step #6: Conclusion

A report will need to be made with the findings of the research. The researcher can give the

theories and literature that support his research. He can make suggestions or recommendations

for further research on his topic.

Advantages of Empirical research

There is a reason why empirical research is one of the most widely used method. There are a

few advantages associated with it. Following are a few of them.

 It is used to authenticate traditional research through various experiments and observations.

 This research methodology makes the research being conducted more competent and

authentic.

 It enables a researcher understand the dynamic changes that can happen and change his

strategy accordingly.

 The level of control in such a research is high so the researcher can control multiple

variables.

 It plays a vital role in increasing internal validity.

Disadvantages of Empirical research

Even though empirical research makes the research more competent and authentic, it does

have a few disadvantages. Following are a few of them.

 Such a research needs patience as it can be very time consuming. The researcher has to

collect data from multiple sources and the parameters involved are quite a few, which will

lead to a time consuming research.

 Most of the time, a researcher will need to conduct research at different locations or in

different environments, this can lead to an expensive affair.

 There are a few rules in which experiments can be performed and hence permissions are

needed. Many a times, it is very difficult to get certain permissions to carry out different

methods of this research.

 Collection of data can be a problem sometimes, as it has to be collected from a variety of

sources through different methods.

Why is there a need for empirical research?

Empirical research is important in today’s world because most people believe in something

only that they can see, hear or experience. It is used to validate multiple hypothesis and

increase human knowledge and continue doing it to keep advancing in various fields.

Sampling size

Sample size refers to the numbers of items to be selected from the universe to constitute a

sample.

The researcher chose forty seven samples from the ten wards of the lucknow among the youth

who consume alcohol.

Sampling design

A sample as the name implies, is a smaller representation of a larger whole. The use of

sampling allows for more adequate scientific work by making the time of the scientific work

count (Goode, 2006).

It is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. It refers to the technique
or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for the sample (Kothari, 2004).

The current study aims to use probability and cluster sampling technique. The researcher used

purposive sampling technique for choosing the male youth only.

Method and tools of data collection

The tools for data collection are Questionnaires, discussion, observation.

Here the researcher went to places to meet the respondents with questionnaire which is of

closed ended and open ended questions and collected data.

Target population of the study

The total population of the town as of 2011 census is 7343 of which 3824 are male. The

population here refers to all the ten wards selected for the study. It covers forty seven

respondents of youth; five each from the ten wards those who consume alcohol. In order to

know the social norms and practices and the response of the community to

youth alcoholism the researcher observed the peoples and places had discussion with the peoples in the

community
 Chapter 4

Analysis and interpretation

This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of collected data of consumption of alcohol

by youths. It is to evaluate data using an analytical method to examine the data collected in the

study from various sources. Reviewed and then analyzed to find the objective of the study and

give conclusion to it.

The study undertook quantitative and qualitative analysis in order to show the figure and frame

the number and reasons for youth alcoholisms. This data was collected from ten wards of

Lucknow town among the male youth. The data was collected in the form of questionnaire with

thirty questions on it and through observation of the said locality.

Therefore, this analysis of the data helped the researcher to examine and find out the socio-

cultural norms and practices, alcohol consumption pattern of youth, state policies and laws of

alcohol and the community respond to the youth alcoholisms.

The analysis and interpretation is presented below in graphs and figures accordingly.
 1. Age of the respondents

The Table 4.1 shows that seventeen year of age is the youngest and thirty two year is the

oldest among the respondents. It is understood that youth age ranging from seventeen to

thirty two year had the higher tendency to consume alcohol.

Table.4.1: Age of respondents

Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

17.00 4.3 4.3 4.3

18.00 4.3 4.3 8.5

19.00 8.5 8.5 17.0

20.00 6.4 6.4 23.4

21.00 6.4 6.4 29.8

22.00 8.5 8.5 38.3

23.00 6.4 6.4 44.7

24.00 17.0 17.0 61.7

25.00 2.1 2.1 63.8

Valid

26.00 10.6 10.6 74.5

27.00 6.4 6.4 80.9

28.00 6.4 6.4 87.2

29.00 4.3 4.3 91.5

30.00 4.3 4.3 95.7

32.00 4.3 4.3 100.0

Total 100.0 100.0

2. Religion of the respondents

Fig.4.2: Indicate the religion of the respondents where, Hindu is majority then the

Christian among the respondents. The population of the area include Muslim and

others religion too but they are not fall under alcohol consumption therefore it did not

show the data in the figure.

Fig.4.2: Religion of the respondents

3. Social category of the respondents

Fig.4.3: This figure shows the different percentage of social category of the

respondents. Schedule tribe (ST) and General holds the majority with compare to the

schedule caste (SC) and OBC.

Fig.4.3: Social category of the respondents

4. Education qualification of the respondents

Fig.4.4: shows the education qualification of the respondents. From the figure it is

understood that 48.94 percent of the respondent are in higher secondary level, 27.66

percent are in high school level and 23.40 percent are in graduate and above. The

education level of the area is low as the majority lies in higher secondary level.

Fig.4.4: Education qualification of the respondents

5. Consume of alcohol by respondents

Fig.4.5: This figure shows that 95.74 percent of the respondents consume alcohol and

negligible 4.25 percent of them don’t consume alcohol. Therefore it is understood that

majority of the youth consumes alcohol in the community.

Fig.4.5: consume of alcohol by respondents

4.5.1. Cross tabulation of education qualification of the respondent and consumption of

alcohol by youth

Fig.4.5.1: Shows those respondents 28.9 percent fall under the education level of high school

and they all consume alcohol, 46.7 percent of respondents fall to higher secondary and of

which

91.3 percent consume alcohol and 8.7 percent don’t consume alcohol and 24.4 percent fall

under graduate and above and they drink alcohol. This clearly stated that respondent of higher

secondary tense to consume more than the others.

Education qualification of the respondents * consume of alcohol by respondents Cross tabulation

consume of alcohol by Total

respondents

Alcohol Not consume

consume

% within Education

qualification of the
100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
respondents
High school
% within consume of

alcohol by respondents 28.9% 0.0% 27.7%

% within Education

qualification of the
91.3% 8.7% 100.0%
respondents

% within consume of
46.7% 100.0% 48.9%
alcohol by respondents

Education qualification of
Higher secondary % within Education
the respondents
qualification of the100.0% 0.0% 100.0%

respondents

% within consume of
24.4% 0.0% 23.4%
alcohol by respondents

Graduate and above

6. How often youth drink s alcohol

Fig.4.6: This show how often youth drinks alcohol, 46.67 percent of the respondents

drinks monthly, 37.78 percent drink weekly and 15.56 percent drinks daily. By this it is

understood that majority of youth drink monthly that is the positive part of it.

Fig.4.6: How often youth drinks alcohol

7. Society allow consuming of alcohol

Fig.4.7: depicts that 53.19 percent of the respondents says society allow consuming

alcohol whereas 46.81 says society did not allow consuming alcohol. As the societies

were of various community that have different customs, cultural and traditional ways of

practice, therefore consume of alcohol is allowed or not by society is more or less the

same.

Fig.4.7: Society allow consuming alcohol

8. Factors influencing youth to consume alcohol

Fig.4.8: This presents the factors influencing youth to consume alcohol. 55.32 percent of

the respondents say they drink because of the availability of alcohol, 27.66 percent

influence by family/elder and 17.02 states that they drink by the media advertisement. In

the locality alcohol are available as the local people made local wine and the place is

boarder with Assam state where alcohol are legally sold.

Fig.4.8: Factors influencing youth to consume alcohol

9. Places where youth mostly drink alcohol

Fig.4.9: shows the places were respondent’s drinks. 65.96 percent of the respondent’s

drinks in vendors, 27.66 percent takes in friend house, 4.25 percent drinks at home and

2.12 percent drinks in hotel. The majority drink in vendors which means sale of alcohol

is not legal but alcohol are found selling in the places and vendors are coming up

increasing day by day.

Fig.4.9: Places where youth mostly drink alcohol

10. Cultural norms allow youth to consume alcohol during celebrations

Fig.4.10: Shows 87.23 percent of respondents stated that cultural norms allowed

consuming alcohol during various celebration and 12.77 percent stated that culture of

drinking during marriage are allowed. As the society is of multi community and culture,

there are many festivals has been celebrated either of Hindu and Christian in the town a

year therefore the chances are high for the youth to become alcoholic and that could be a

serious issues in the society, education of youth.

Fig.4.10: Cultural norms allow youth to consume alcohol during celebrations

11. Why youth consume alcohol

Fig.4.11: depicts that 42.55 percent of youth respondents consume alcohol as part of

leisure time, 21.28 percent of respondents says because of peer pressure, 19.15 percent of

respondents stated they consume by own will, 8.51 percent of respondents says because

of family and cultural norms. The above are all reason behind for consumption of alcohol

by youth. As there is no alternative means for leisure time youth indulge in drinking this

should be change.

Fig.4.11: Why youth consume alcohol

 12. Types of alcohol

Fig.4.12: shows the types of alcohol found in the study area and consume by youth.

89.36 percent of respondents drink both local brew and Indian made foreign liquor,

10.64 percent drinks only Indian made foreign liquor. No person drink only local brew,

consumption of both types may harm farther to health and economy of youth.

Fig.4.12: Types of alcohol

 13. Sale of alcohol

Fig.4.13: present the sale of alcohol. Though the state Manipur was a dry state, sale of

alcohol is not legal but here it says 91.49 percent of respondents that alcohol are sold

openly and 8.51 percent only says it is not sold open. This means control policies are

very much lacking behind, this has to be taken care by the government concern to control

youth alcoholism.

Fig.4.13: Sale of alcohols

14. Amount of money spent

Fig.4.14: shows 44.68 percent of respondents spend 100-200 of money for alcohol

purchased, 29.79 percent of respondents spend 200-500 rupees, and 17.02 percent of

respondent’s sum of 500-1000 and 8.51 percent of respondents spend an amount of 1000

above for purchase of alcohol. This clearly depicts that most of the youth who are

unemployed has an economy issues for individual and family that can cause poverty.

Fig.4.14: Amount of money spent

14.1. Cross tabulation of the respondents of how often youth drink alcohol and

amount of money spend.

Fig.4.14.1: show that among daily drinker 4.8 percent of respondents spend 100-200

amount money, 14.3 percent spend 200-500, 50.0 percent spend 500-1000 daily for

alcohol and 25.0 percent of respondents spend 1000 above daily for alcohol out of the

total of 15.6 percent. Among weekly drinker 47.6 percent spend 100-200, 42.9 percent

spend 200-500 and 16.7 percent spend 500-100 whereas no one spends 1000 above

among who consume weekly out of 37.8 percent of total respondents. Among whom

drink monthly 47.6 percent spend 100-200, 42.9 percent spend 200-500, 33.3 percent

spend 500-1000 and 75.0 percent spend 1000 above out of the total 46.7 percent of the

respondents who drink monthly.

Fig.4.14.1: Cross tabulation of the respondents of how often youth drink alcohol

and amount of money spend.

 How often youth drink alcohol * Amount of money spend Cross tabulation

Amount money spend Total

of

100-200 200-500 500-1000 1000

Above

% within How often youth 14.3% 28.6% 42.9% 14.3% 100.0%

drink alcohol
daily
% within Amount of 4.8% 14.3% 50.0% 25.0% 15.6%

money spend

58.8% 35.3% 5.9% 0.0% 100.0%

% within How often youth

drink alcohol
47.6% 42.9% 16.7% 0.0% 37.8%
% within Amount of

money spend
47.6% 28.6% 9.5% 14.3% 100.0%
weekly
How often youth drink
% within How often youth
47.6% 42.9% 33.3% 75.0% 46.7%
alcohol
drink alcohol

% within Amount of

money spend 100.0%

monthly
15. Effects of Alcohol on education career

Fig.4.15: shows 53.19 percent of respondents says alcohol affect education career of

youth while 46.81 percent of respondents says it doesn’t affect education career, which

means the society and youth especially are not aware of the hazardous of alcohol to

students mental and health related problem.

Fig.4.15: Effects of Alcohol on education career

16. Consequences of alcohol

Fig.4.16: shows that out of the total respondents, 76.60 percent agreed with alcohol

consumption lead to domestic violence whereas 23.40 percent said alcohol drinking lead

to poverty. By this though both are the consequences of alcohol drink, domestic violence

is much prevalent in the family, society.

Fig.4.16: Consequences of Alcohol

17. Awareness on effects of alcohol

Fig.4.17: shows that out of the total respondents, 78.72 percent agreed ‘yes’ that they are

aware of the effects of alcohol to youth while 21.28 percent of the respondents said ‘No’

which indicate that youth are aware of its effect but still continue to drink alcohol.

Fig.4.17: Aware of the effects of alcohol by respondent

 4.17.1. Cross tabulation of alcohol consumption and awareness on effects of alcohol

Fig.4.17.1: Shows that out of total respondents 95.7 percent, 77.8 percent were aware of

the effects of alcohol and 22.2 percent were not aware of it and they consume alcohol

among the respondents who consume alcohol and 4.3 of the respondents were aware of

the effects of alcohol and they don’t drink alcohol. This speaks that majority were aware

but still they continue to drink by that its affects the education and the harmony of the

society.

consume of alcohol by respondents * Aware of the effects of alcohol by respondents

Cross tabulation

Aware of the effects of alcohol Total

by respondents

Yes No

% within consume of77.8% 22.2% 100.0%

alcohol by respondents

% within Aware of the

Alcohol consume 94.6% 100.0% 95.7%
effects of alcohol by

respondents

100.0% 0.0% 100.0%

% within consume of
consume of alcohol by
alcohol by respondents
respondents
% within Aware of the
5.4% 0.0% 4.3%
effects of alcohol by

respondents

Not consume
18. Sale of alcohol is legally allowed

Fig.4.18: shows the total of the respondents said sell of alcohol is not allowed. Here it is

clear that the respondents know the state is a dry state and not legal to sell alcohol.

Fig.4.18: Sell of alcohol is legally allowed

19. Should Sale of alcohol be legalized

Fig.4.19: shows that 61.70 percent of respondents want to legalize sell of alcohol

whereas 38.30 percent of respondent says not to legalize. This clearly says that the

majority of the respondents are not aware of the hazardous of alcohol to the individual

and society.

Fig.4.19: Should sale of alcohol be legalized

20. Legal institutions responsible to look after sell of alcohol

Fig.4.20: Shows the total respondents said that excise is one of the legal frameworks

responsible to control the sale of alcohol.

Fig.4.2o: Legal institutions responsible to look after sell of alcohol

21. Initiative to help alcoholic persons

Fig.4.21: Indicates 53.19 percent of respondent’s stated private organization took

initiative to help alcoholic persons and 23.40 percent each by government and NGO. By

this it’s clear that government initiatives are lacking to help for the alcoholic persons.

Fig.4.21: Initiative to help alcohol persons

22. Alcohol control policies

Fig.4.22: tells that the alcohol control policies according to the respondents are, 70.21

percent of respondents say collection tax to those who sell and 29.79 percent of

respondents said imposing fines. Though there are others mean also to control but the

above two are the vital measure taken to control alcohol.

Fig.4.22: Alcohol control policies implemented

23. Use of alcohol by youth

Fig.4.23: Shows the problem of used of alcohol of the respondents, 59.57 percent of the

respondents says used of alcohol is a serious problem, 29.79 percent accept as minor and

10.64 percent claimed as there is not at all a problem. From this figure it is understood

that used of alcohol by youth is a serious problem that affects individual and society.

Fig.4.23: Use of alcohol by youth

Thematic analysis

Community control systems

Church is one of the mechanism to control youth alcoholism spiritually instructs youth

not to drink alcohol. Now a day many people especially youth neglect to attain church or

in any functions instead they started to indulge in drink alcohol, partying. As they got

drunken making chaos in the society and lots of disturbances during church services by

the people who drink alcohol and attained church therefore church felt needs for control

of alcohol within the member. As youth is the time they need guidance and prohibition

alcohol among the church members that can easily be effective to control youth.

Elder people of the area scold the youth not to drink. The limited time to sale alcohol in

some area is structure. Area authority had given notice to closed vendors after 7:30 pm.

If not people goes drinking till late night making noise that disturbed the people from

sound sleep and to the children who are studying. So also there are certain conflicts mind

set of inter community as the society is of multiple culture, alcohol contribute more

trouble when people got drunk, jealousy arise among people as they are not mentally

ready to adjust good or bad. Therefore time frame of selling alcohol had mended for the

people.

Once there was a (meirapaibi) women group called CADA, coalition against drug and

alcohol mobilised women to bandh selling and drinking in the town. During those time

terrorist use to come drunk late night to any family demanding money from the family by

kidnapping the family members that who the practices with that youth also started to

imitate the terrorist and demand for money as they are not underground. All this bad

culture sprang up because of alcohol. As they want to drink but there is no money they

did so in lust of money bad things to the people. Therefore women society strongly

against the sale and drink of alcohol in the society by patrol, hunt around the place if
they find alcohol they gave punishment for the seller and beaten up to the people who are

going around with drunk in the town.

Youths knows their limit so till now there is no threat to it. Youth says so because parent

or elders are ignorance and they don’t have ideas of how alcohols are effecting

youth and society as whole. Elders they follows the tradition that alcohol has nothing

with the others but it’s a part of culture that is required for the purpose of ritual practices.

There is lack of organised effort which means there is no common platform to control

alcohol in the area though the state is dry state, alcohol are everywhere available. No

society is aware enough to control alcohol.

Police and commando, as police initial duty is to follow laws and orders and maintain the

harmony of the society they regularly patrol place to place to maintain peace and ensure

that nothing goes wrong within the society. Normally people move round till eight pm in

the town but by that time on the others side people who drink are the one creating

problems in the family and with neighbours. Therefore police are the one who takes care

of who are drunk and making controversies in the society.

Economy, especially the tribal community as part of their cultural activities prepare local

wine and some family of the locality livelihood depend on the selling of alcohol, rather

family as basic social institution have to understand the current issues and effect of the

alcohol. Youth are losing hope and terminating from their education career as the family

can’t support for the better education and as the family economy are low youth are force

to work into various work by which indirectly harming the future of youth. When they

work and thinking of the failure of their life youth take drinks as part relaxation and

leisure time which lead to alcoholism.

 Chapter-5

Findings and conclusion

This chapter discusses the issues and findings of the related factors for youth alcoholism.

The objectives of the research are described and others recommendations are given

below as per the study had found.

1. The societies living in lucknow are of various communities where they practice

different cultural norms and beliefs. Therefore especially Hindu and for the tribal

community alcohol is use as part of their culture during festivals, and rituals

practices. Whereas other religion like Christian and Muslim don’t encourage used

of alcohol.

Though almost all the respondents consume alcohol either Hindu, Christian or others

majority says that society allow people to consume alcohol and less than 50 percent of

respondent noted as the society did not alcohol to be used.

2. The study found that nearly half percent of youth consume alcohol monthly and

other remaining drink weekly and some consume daily and the influencing

factors are availability of alcohol in the place, media which means that youth are

influence by the western culture, and family also influence youth to consume

alcohol directly or indirectly by the practices of cultural and tradition. Youth

started to consume initially through leisure time, as the youth are free and there is

not any alternatives means to spend their time they start take alcohol. Peer

pressure is another thing that youth as to form social group and to have certain

identity they consume alcohol. For some of the youth they drink by their own will

to satisfy are fulfill the desire of one individual and to know the curiosity to test

the alcohol which lead to consume more and more.

3. The state itself is a dry state that sale of alcohol is not legal and many people

knows it but in spite of that people of the locality sell openly and made available

everywhere in the areas. There is not proper legal frame work to control alcohol

accept the excise who collect tax from people who brew local wine and impose

some fines to people who are caught drunk. Alcohol are available from different sources

but the control policies are lacking far behind that alcohol are everywhere in the place.

4. Community as mention above did many suggestive ways to control alcoholism

but as the government are lacking initiative to control alcohol there are lots of

problems in the society and the society it can’t handle alone. There are needs of

people concern and strict rule to be implemented by the government.

5. The education qualifications of the youth are worse as compare to the others part

of the Manipur and youth who are in the levels of higher secondary or ages

between seventeen to thirty-five are tense to be more risk consume of alcohol.

6. As the youth is a time of able to do and prevents circumstances there is little

cases of diseases that mention in the study but majority are free from that and

without knowing the effects of alcohol youths continue to consume alcohols.

7. There is lack of initiative to take care of the alcoholic persons by government

though there are lots of people facing different problems among the community.

Though they may mention that there are certain government, NGOs and private

organization to look after alcoholic but many of them doesn’t know the really.

The societies are not aware enough till now enhance for they continue to sale and

drink alcohol putting life into danger.

Recommendations

Family, as the basic have to understand the needs of the children’s from the early stage

and guide them into a meaningful life. Despite of family poor condition parents have to

improve their income and continue to educate children’s and to reduce the coercion of

tradition and cultural practices that lead youth to alcoholism.

Government should implement a strict rule by any means to control alcoholism by

knowing the consequences how it’s effects the students and largely to the society.

Educational system should be promoted to the youth so that they are inspired by the

intellectual and understand the hazardous of alcohol and spread the importance of

education for the youth to have better future for the societies as well as for one individual

to live prosper life.

Awareness for the youth and the mass is really required, the people are not aware enough

how alcohol effects the youth and the societies the consequences of alcohol to health,

mental and largely to the education career of the youth.

Alternatives means, youth as they are in the stage of adventuring new things in life there

should be sufficient activities for youth to enhance like skills development, games and

sports etc so that the free time which they have many spent meaningful rather than drink

alcohol as leisure time.

Conclusion

The purpose of this study was to analyse the relevance of socio-cultural norms and

practices of the people related to alcohol, the alcohol consumption patterns of youth and

state policies and laws on sale of alcohol in Lucknow. From this particular study, it has

given me new learning, experiences and gained lot of adequate knowledge about youth

alcoholism and its issues. There are relevant issues that lead to youth alcoholism and

give varies reason why youth consume alcohol such as lack of government restriction,

the cultural norms, and the negligent or inadequate awareness of the affects of alcohol in

the society.

Some of the findings are very congruent to the existing frames and positions of literature

that youth are influenced to alcoholism by the culture, peer pressure and most of the time

they drink because of the curiosity and for the sake of leisure time. The availability of

alcohol in the place though it is not legal to sell alcohol this shows that government have

to put more initiatives and control the wide spread of alcohol. With the awareness to the

people and especially for the youth who are the future of the society.
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 Appendix Questionnaire

A study on the consumption of alcohol by youth in District, Lucknow.

Objectives:

 To study the socio-cultural norms and practices in Lucknow that lead youths to

alcoholism.

 To understand the alcohol consumption pattern of the youths of the said locality,

and how does it affect them.

 To examine the state policies and laws on the sale, consumption and marketing

of alcohol rigidly implement.

 To understand what can be the role of community and social worker toward

alcohol.

Profile of respondent:

1. Name:

2. Age:

3. Sex: Male [ ] Female [ ]

4. Ward No: [ ]

5. Religion:

6. Category: General [ ] ST [ ] SC [ ] OBC [ ] Others [ ]

 7. Education qualification: High school [ ] Higher secondary [ ] Graduate

and above [ ]

Causes and patterns of alcohol consumption

8. Do you consume alcohol ? Yes [ ] No [ ]

9. How often ?

Daily [ ] weekly [ ] monthly [ ]

10. Did your society allow you to consume alcohol ? yes [ ] No [ ]

11. What influenced you to alcohol consumption ?

Availability of alxcohol [ ] family/Elders [ ] Media [ ]

12. Where do you mostly drink ?

At home [ ] Friend’s house [ ] Hotel [ ] Vendor [ ]

13. Is it your culture norm allow you to consume alcohol during celebrations such as

Marriage [ ] traditional meeting [ ] festival [ ]

14. What made you to consume alcohol?

Family [ ] Own will [ ] Peer pressure [ ] Cultural norm [ ]

Leisure time [ ]
 15. What types of alcohol you take?

Local brew [ ] Indian made foreign liquor [ ] Both [ ]

Others, specify.............

16. Is alcohol sold openly? Yes [ ] No [ ]

Affects related to health and society

17. Any disease suffered due to alcohol consumption?

You [ ] Family members [ ] Neighbours [ ] Name the

disease.....................

18. How much do you spend for purchase of alcohol?

100-200 [ ] 200-500 [ ] 500- 1000 [ ] 1000 Above [ ]

19. Does alcohol affect education career?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

20. Do you agree consumption of alcohol lead to Domestic violence [ ]

poverty [ ]

21. Are you aware of the effects of alcohol ?

Yes [ ] No [ ]
22. Are they legally allowed to sell alcohol ?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

23. What do you think, should sale of alcohol be legalized ?

Yes [ ] No [ ]

24. What are the legal institutions responsible to look after the selling of alcohol

Excise [ ] Municipality [ ] Others, specify...................

25. Is there any initiative to help alcoholic persons State government [ ] NGOs [

] Private [ ]

Describe the

initiatives................................................................................................

26. What Alcohol control policies have been implemented to varying degrees by

states and local communities to reduce alcoholism?

Tax [ ] Impose fines [ ] others, specify..............

27. What do you think, is use of alcohol by youth a

Serious problem [ ] Minor [ ] Not at all a problem [ ]

28. How has the community institutions responded to the widespread alcohol

consumption by the youth?

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29. What do you think should be done to prevent alcoholism among youths?

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30. Any other comment?

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