Grammar.

- Simple present verb to be (en general y situaciones del momento)

+) Suj + Aux + Comp - I’m from Mexico

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Comp - I’m not from Mexico Am/Are/Is

?) Aux + Suj + Comp - Am I Mexican?

- Simple present tense (hechos generales/acciones)

+) Suj + Base verb - I like coffee

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Base verb - I don’t like coffee Do/Does

?) Aux + Suj + Base verb - Do you like coffee?

- Simple past verb to be

+) Suj + Aux + Comp - She was a doctor

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Comp - She wasn’t a doctor Was/Were

?) Aux + Suj + Comp - Was she a doctor?

- Simple past tense

+) Suj + Verb in past - I bought a new car

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Infinitive verb - I didn’t buy a new car Did
?) Aux + Suj + Infinitive verb - Did you buy a new car?

- Present continuous/progressive

+) Suj + Aux + Base verb (ing) - He is staying in London

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Base verb (ing) - He isn’t stating in London Am/Are/Is
-ing
?) Aux + Suj + Base verb (ing) - Is he staying in London?

- Past continuous/progressive

+) Suj + Aux + Base verb (ing) - You were studying when she called

Was/Were
-ing
-) Suj + Aux + Not + Base verb (ing) - You weren’t studying when she called

?) Aux + Suj + Base verb (ing) - Is he staying in London?

- Present perfect

+) Suj + Aux + Past participle verb - I have been here for 2 hours

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Past participle verb - I haven’t been here for 2 hours Has/Have
?) Aux + Suj + Past participle verb - Have you been here for 2 hours?

- Past perfect

+) Suj + Aux + Past participle verb - He had slept well

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Past participle verb - He hadn’t slept well Had
?) Aux + Suj + Past participle verb - Had he slept well?

- Future (predicción/expresar promesa/decisión espontánea)

+) Suj + Aux + Base verb - I will play pay later

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Base verb - I won’t pay later Will

?) Aux + Suj + Base verb - Will I pay later?

- Future (planes de futuro/intensiones)

+) Suj + Aux + Going to + Comp - She is going to leave

-) Suj + Aux + Not + Going to + Comp - She isn’t going to leave Going to
?) Aux + Suj + Going to + Comp - Is she going to leave?

- Modals (modalidad/habilidad/posibilidad/necesidad)

Could: Podría. (Pasado de Can) – I couldn’t sleep last night

- Could you help me?

May: Puede. Indica posibilidades en el futuro – It may rain later

- You may leave if you like

Might: Puede. Indica posibilidades en el futuro

Will: tiempo en futuro. (Shall) – I Will help you

- Will you help me?

Should: Debería. (Ought) Recomendación - I should call my parents more often

- They should practice more

Must: Debe. Obligación/prohibición (una cita o una obligación personal)

- You must not drink and drive

- You must come to visit me

Have to: Tener que. Obligación (leyes, reglas, habrá consecuencias si no)

Would: Ria. Declarar preferencia y preguntar educadamente

- She would like to go to New York someday

- Would you like some coffee?

Conditionals

1st Conditional: Para futuro y en cosas que es muy probable que pasará.

Structure: If + Simple present… + Will + Base verb

- If she studies for the test, she will get a good grade Present/Future
- He will get a good grade, if he studies for the test

2nd Conditional: Posibilidad irreal en el presente, como un deseo; o para acción en el

futuro poco probable.

Structure: If + Simple past… + Would + Base verb

- If he won the lottery, he would quit his job Past/Would

- He would quit his job, if he won the lottery
- If I had wings, I would fly to Australia

3rd Conditional: Imaginar un resultado/ lo más probable

Structure: If + Past perfect… + Would have + Past participle

- If we had arrived earlier, we would have caught our flight

Comparisons

Comparative: (más)
Comparative/than
Smaller, faster, happier, friendlier, better, bad, worse, less, fewer…

- Cali is bigger than Cartago

- My house is larger than yours

Superlative: (lo que más)

The/-est
Smallest, fastest, happiest, friendliest, best, worst, least, fewest…

- This is the smallest box from the gallery

- Bogotá is the biggest city in Colombia

Equality: (tan como)

Countable nous: FEW/MANY

- They have as many children as we do

As… as
- We have as many customers as they do

Uncountable nouns: MUCH/LITTLE

- John eats as much food as Peter

- I can sing as well as you can
- My cooking is as good as yours

Passive voice

Structure: Suj + Aux to be + Past participle verb

- The house was built in 1975

- My wallet has been stolen

For example

- Active voice: He ate all of the cookies

- Passive voice: All of the cookies were eaten

 Simple present: is/are + past participle verb

The house is cleaned everyday / Paris is considered the most diverse city in France

 Simple past: was/were + past participle verb

The Brooklyn bridge was built in…