CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Name : Aficko Razaky Pratama

Student ID : B1B017040
Group : VIII
Subgroup :3
Assistant : Wakhyuningsih

PRACTICAL REPORT OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY I

MINISTRY OF RESEARCH, TECHNOLOGY AND HIGHER EDUCATION

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF BIOLOGY
PURWOKERTO

2018
 I. INTRODUCTION

A. Background

The circulatory system is the flow of blood which contains the results of
metabolism, oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body and from the whole
body. Blood circulation function in general is as a means of oxygen transport,
carbon dioxide, transport of food extracts and metabolic products (Montagna,
1963). There are two kinds of blood circulation systems, namely closed blood
circulation and open blood circulation. Closed blood circulation is the circulation
of blood where the blood never comes out of the vein, so there is no direct
relationship with the cells of the body around it (Djuhanda, 1982).
Blood provides material by diffusion through the thin wall made out from
capillary and returning to the heart through the arterial and venous systems. The
open circulatory system is a circulatory system that does not pass through the
vessels and there is a direct relationship with the body's cells. Blood has a high
and fast pressure on this system because it is equipped with vessels, so that
substances can be circulated quickly to organs and active tissues get more flow
than active organs or tissues get more flow than organs or less active networks
(Ville et al., 1988).
During circulatory activity will carry more oxygen to the muscles, because
without increasing availability of oxygen will soon drain the anaerobic energy
system and eventually cause fatigue due to the formation of lactic acid. Blood
carries the substance from where it is formed into all parts of the body and keeps
the body in order to perform its functions properly. Red blood cells carry oxygen,
white blood cells keep the body from invading invading organisms, while the
combination of platelets and clotting factors plays a role in blocking blood vessel
leakage without inhibiting its flow (Djuhanda, 1982).
B. Purpose
The objective of this lab activity are:
1. To observe the way of blood circulation in fish.
2. To be able to distinguish between artery and vein.
 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

A. Materials

The materials that used in this practical class are larvae of gouramy
(Osphronemus gouramy) and water.
The tools that used in this practical class are microscope and cavity slide.

B. Method

The work procedures that used in this practical class are:

1. Fish larvae was putted on cavity slide
2. Blood circulation was observed using microscope
3. The differences of vein & artery picture was taken & noted
 III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Result

Figure 3.1: Microscopic Figure of Circulatory system on Osphronemus

gouramy
Magnification: 10X
Figure Details:
1. Vein
2. Artery
3. Backbone
B. Discussion

The circulatory system is a transport system that transports nutrients and

O2 throughout the body and secretes metabolic waste and CO2. The function of
the blood circulation system in animals is to transport dissolved substances, to
transport heat throughout the body and to transport energy in the body (Rummer
et al., 2014). Circulation system based on its type is divided into two types,
namely the open circulation system and the closed circulation system. The open
circulatory system, namely the circulation of blood, is channeled throughout the
body not through the blood vessels but mixed with the body's interestial fluid.
The closed circulation system is the circulation of blood through the blood
vessels. The physiological state of fish blood varies greatly depending on the
stage of life, life habits and environmental conditions (Yustina, 2005). In
accordance with preparations used gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) has a
closed circulatory system According to Jasin (1989), fish have a heart with two
chambers, namely the atrium and ventricle.
The blood circulation system consists of a system of blood vessels (blood
vascular system) and lymphatic or lymphatic system (lymph vascular system).
The vascular system consists of the heart or cardiac that pumps blood, the
arteries that carry blood to organs and tissues, capillaries, small channels that
breathe and divide to exchange as substances between blood and tissue, and
veins that return blood to the heart (Barvelender & Judith, 1988). The heart is
encased in a pericardial bag consisting of two sheets. Blood vessels consist of
arteries and veins. Arteries are directly related to veins in the part of the
capillaries and venules that are connected by the endothelium. The circulation of
human blood is a closed blood circulation because blood is flowed from and to
the whole body through blood vessels and blood flows through the heart twice
so it is called dual blood circulation which consists of large blood circulation and
small blood circulation (Tambayong et al., 2016). The heart pumps oxygenated
blood to the body and deoxygenated blood to the lungs. In the human heart there
is one atrium and one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic
and a pulmonary circulation there are four chambers in total: left atrium, left
ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right atrium is the upper chamber
of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the right atrium is
deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be pumped
through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of
carbon dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs
as well as the pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be
pumped through the aorta to the different organs of the body. Blood is a transport
medium from the circulatory system. The main characteristic of circulation is
that circulation is a continuous path. This means that if a certain amount of blood
is pumped by the heart, the same amount flows through each part of the
circulation (Junquiera et al., 1995).
Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen from the lungs throughout the
body (Kimball, 1993). Veins are a large network of vessels that transfer
deoxygenated blood from different tissues to the heart. In the lower extremity,
an intricate system of superficial and deep veins is responsible for the transfer of
blood against hydrostatic venous pressure. Superficial veins include the small
saphenous vein, which is located in the back of the leg and runs from the ankle
until it meets the popliteal vein at the saphenopopliteal junction, and the great
saphenous vein, which is located in the medial side of the leg and runs from the
ankle until it meets the common femoral vein at the saphenofemoral junction.
Deep veins include the tibial, popliteal, femoral, deep femoral and common
femoral veins (MacColl, 2015). Based on the practice this time it is known that
gouramy (Osphronemus gouramy) has a closed and single circulatory system,
namely blood always flows through the vessels and only passes through the heart
once in the circulatory system. This is in line with Earley et al., (2013), fish have
a single circulatory system, consisting of a heart which is divided into one atrium
and one ventricle where oxygen exchange occurs in the gills.
According to research by Priatna et al., (2016), fish that live in waters that
contain heavy metals will absorb heavy metals passively in line with the aeration
process. Therefore, the Pb content in the highest fish is usually gills followed by
the digestive tract and fish meat. This is in accordance with the physiological
process in the body of the fish, namely the process of entering the metal together
with the water that is diffused absorbed by the gills and then spread throughout
the body through the blood, resulting in heavy metal accumulation in the meat.
 IV. CONCLUSION

Based on the result and discussion, it can be concluded that:

1. In the fish, the cor is the pump that generates the driving pressure for the
circulation of blood. The fish cor has one atrium and one ventricle. This is in
contrast to the mammalian cor that has two separate atrium and two separate
ventricles. It has single closed circulatory system type.
2. Veins have thin blood vessels and low pressure. The speed of blood flow is
slow while in the artery have thick blood vessels and high pressure. The speed
of blood flow is faster.
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