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.VI.BRA_TIO.N.C.O.NS.U.LT.A.NT.S.&.IN.S.TR.U.M.EN.TA.T.IO.N.L1.MI.TE.

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L VIBRATION SEMINAR
USING VIBSCANNER INSTRUMENT
L AND OMNITREND SOFTWARE

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L~ ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director
Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1 Page 1 of 7

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TAKING VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director
Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1 Page 2 of 7

POINTS TO NOTE WHEN OPERATING VIBSCANNER

BATTERY CHECK

It is advisable to ensure the Vibscanner battery level is satisfactory before loading a route.

After switching on the Vibscanner, if the


RED LED is flashing, the battery voltage is
too low

L To charge the battery, open the protective

L= cap on the battery and connect the Battery Charger to the battery and the power supply.
The maximum charging time is approximately 6 hours (10 hours for IS version)

L= Two LEOs on the battery indicate the charge level of the battery. The RED LED is lit when

L=
L= Protective cap Red/Green LED

L= the battery is charging and the GREEN LED lights up when the charge is completed. (If
the RED LED flashes for more than a few minutes, the battery is defective.)

L= The battery level is also shown in the bottom right hand corner of the Vibscanner screen.

L= A fully black battery symbol indicates a full charge.

L=
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L~
L=
L=
L= ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director
Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1 Page 3 of 7

ACCELEROMETER

The Accelerometer lead must always be connected to the BLUE CONNECTION ON THE
VIBSCANNER. The other connections are for accessories, such as a Tachometer for
synchronised readings or for data transfer.

A reading can be overwritten by pressing the left (escape) key, re-selecting the point and
then retaking the measurement.

Whenever possible, take readings at the same conditions of (for example) speed and
load.

Note that for variable speed or variable load machines the current, speed and/or load will
be requested by the meter.

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


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ROUTE
Follow rreter
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collect data at CHECK
rrachine rreasuring View Results:
___ poiF"!~ Reports, Trends,
Spectra on
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Check 'other'
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route
ALL Trends
(if requi red) ----!-
- - - - - - - - _ . __ .-. - .. - ---

End YES NO and Analysis BACKUP


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Route Routes now stored -+ DATA "'tI
on I-bst Q)

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Return to START
Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1
Page 5 of 7

EXAMPLES OF MEASURING POSITIONS

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1 Page 6 of 7

EXAMPLE 1

E F

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a:l
MOTOR
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PUMP

A B
c D

MONITORING POINTS FOR A TYPICAL TURBINE DRIVEN GEARBOX PUMP UNIT

EXAMPLE 2

A B

MONITORING POINTS FOR A TYPICAL MOTOR DRIVEN, SINGLE BEARING


OVERHUNG PUMP

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8001
Issue: 1
Page 7 of 7

EXAMPLE 3

AXIAL

1
A
MOTOR

PUMP

FOR VERTICAL MACHINES THE THREE AXES OF MEASUREMENT ARE AXIAL (AS
SHOWN), PORT TO STBD. AND FWD.TO AFT AT EACH BEARING POSITION

EXAMPLE 4

VERTICAL

HORIZONTAL
~
~: I
.. AXIAL

x
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)

MONITORING POINTS FOR A TYPICAL HORIZONTALLY MOUNTED PEDESTAL


BEARING

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 1 of 16

ACCEPTABLE LIMITS

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No, 58002
Issue: 1 Page 2 of 16

CHART OF VIBRATION DISPLACEMENT AGAINST FREQUENCY FOR NORMAL MACHINES


1250 r--------r----;---..,....-----r--_;--~__;_----r__---_-___:_____:"___:___;_..,....,

750 1------+---+---+---+---I--t-+-t-----t--------j--+---t--t-+-+-1

MACHINE~~ OPERATING
IN THIS AREA
REQUIR E URGENT
ATT!:NTION
250

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:>

Recommended Values
for Low Frequencies
--~---- Values of Constant Velocity ------..1
100 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1000 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10000
Speed Cycles/min

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


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GUIDANCE CHART
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RSNEW BEAAING URGfiNTLY
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--------:--------+----- -T--------T--------1--------T--------
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:BEARING FAILING: :
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-------T--------T---~----T--------1--------T--------
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:I BEARING
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SATISFACTORY
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o 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000


""0
Q)
Machine Speed (r.p.m.) <C
CD

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This Guidance Chart does not apply to Journal, Plain or Sleeve Bearings
Doc. No. 88002
Issue: 1 Page 4 of 16

INTERPRETATION OF ANALYSIS

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 5 of 16

I FREQUENCY ANALYSIS I
I 1xF I I UNBALANCE I
r-;;Fl MISALIGNMENT
L..:.::.J LOOSENESS

I NxF I CAUSED BY N COMPONENTS


e.g. COUPLING BOLTS
GEAR TEETH

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 6 of 16

FIG 1 VIBRATION SOURCE INDICATION TABLE SHEET 1


SOURCE FREQUENCY MAGNITUDE REMARKS

Unbalanced rotating 1x F Velocity & Displacement highest in radial Avery common cause of vibration, often caused by
components direction. Proportional to size of out-of - build-up on rotating components. In-situ dynamic
balance. balancing best solution.

Misalignment of 2 x F usual also 1 & 3 Velocity & Displacement large in axial A common cause of vibration. Flexible couplings should
couplings & bearings +xF direction not be relied on to overcome effects of misalignment.
Use clock gauges to check.

Damaged, worn or Relatively high in anti Acceleration level high in rolling element Often first component to show vibration though cause is
poor bearings friction bearings (1 kHz bearings usually elsewhere. E.g. unbalance. See also Appendix
- 5 kHz) 3.

Worn, damaged or Very high. Gear teeth Use velocity measurement. Acceleration Often vibration is accompanied by gear noise.
poor gears xF may also be used

Resonance, loose 1, 2 and higher orders Velocity & Displacement can be very A common cause of vibration. If looseness, tightening
components xF high. Big variations at joints between will cause big decrease in vibration. Resonant condition
components. often removed by strengthening foundations/bearing
support structures. See also Appendix 2.

Bending 1 and 2 x F Velocity & Displacement can be high. Check shaft bend by clock gauges. Check shaft
Often large in axial direction. material correct for operating temperature, no rubbing at
seals etc.

Electro-magnetic Number of electric Vibration disappears when power Switching off power provides simple test for this type of
effects in stator poles x F switched off. problem.

Unequal thermal 1xF Varies with load. A fundamental problem which should not be met often.
effects Vibration level alters with change in temperature.
Compromise balancing can sometimes solve this
problem

(F = Fundamental frequency [Hz} = Rotational speed r.p.m~


60

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director

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-. I i I I I r r r . r r .. r r ;
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Doc. No. 88002


Issue: 1 Page 7 of 16

FIG 1.(continued) VIBRATION SOURCE INDICATION TABLE SHEET 2

SOURCE FREQUENCY MAGNITUDE REMARKS

Aerodynamic forces Fan blades x F Velocity can be high if support structure Not usually troublesome unless support structure is
is resonant flexible, e.g. fin fans.

Hydraulic forces Impeller blades x F Velocity can be high in associated Not usually troublesome unless connected pipework
pipework if resonant etc. is resonant. Cure by stiffening pipework.
Cavitation in pumps and pipe bends can also produce
high frequency random vibrations.

Bad belt drives Varying 1, 2, 3 or 4 x F Velocity erratic Can be examined by using stroboscope to 'freeze'
belts. Examine belts for wear and slipping; also check
pulleys for wear.

Oil whirl App 1/2 or 1 x F Displacement & Velocity unstable and Can create alarming vibrations. Occurs only on high
increasing with time. Can be very high speed machines with plain bearings. Check for
excessive bearing clearances, try changing lubricating
oil temperatures and pressures.

Reciprocating 1, 2 or higher orders x Measure Velocity & Displacement These forces are inherent in the design of
F reciprocating machines and can only be removed by
altering the design. Usual practice is to use anti-
vibration mountings to prevent transmission to other
machines.

External forces Depends on source. Measure Velocity & Displacement A frequent cause of vibration, particularly on
Often 1 x F of separate suspended floors. Can easily be detected by shutting
machine down the problem machine and then taking vibration
readings with and without local machinery running.

(F =Fundamental frequency [Hz} = Rotational speed r.p.ro. )


60

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 8 of 16

...

...

MODE SHAPES

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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1
Page 9 of 16

VIBRATION MODE OF TYPICAL VERTICAL PUMP

.. - APPROXIMATE MODE SHAPE


(VIBRATION MEASURED AT BEARINGS)
11III( •

. -
.-
......

~!__-I.~
VIBRATION

POSSIBLE VARIATIONS IN MODE SHAPE


FOR A VERTICAL PUMP MOTOR
....
Figure 1 Figure 3
...

...

..
I \

ASSUMING ALMOST EQUAL


STIFFNESS ON WORKS TEST

Figure 2

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\:
.JI
COUPLED TO PUMP ON SITE

.JI ASSUMING ASYMETRIC BEARING


STIFFNESS ON WORKS TEST

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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director

. .JI
Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1
Page 10 of 16
..

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.....

....
.....

.. ...

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RESONANCE

..

..

...

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 11 of 16

RESONANCE

• M
A term widely used in discussions on vibration is 'RESONANT' and in view of its
importance it is essential that it is understood.
Any machine, structure, etc. is particularly susceptible to a vibration exciting foorce of
certain frequency - or frequencies. This is an inherent condition depending on the
"--- dimensions, weight and type of materials used in the construction.
These frequencies are known as the NATURAL FREQUENCIES of vibration.
In many cases the machine etc. is never acted upon by a vibration exciting force at its
natural frequency - or only for very short periods - and there is no problem. But if, for
'J

example, a vibration at or close to one of its natural frequencies continuously acts upon a
machine, then a relatively small vibration exciting force can create very large values of
vibration that might quickly result in serious damage or destruction.
The avoidance of these RESONANT or CRITICAL conditions is of primary importance to
machinery designers/operators for obvious reasons. The condition is best illustrated by the
following example of a 3000 rpm machine when the magnitude of its bearing pedestal
vibration was potted against increasing speed .

-
.
18
Resonance Curve for 3000 rpm Machine
720
,rltlcal Speeo Running Speed
1:950 rpm i (3000 rpm)

16 840


14 560

12 480

10 400

320

240

160

80

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000


Speed (Rev/mIn)

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 12 of 16

The curve shows the susceptibility of the machine to vibration at its running speed. For
example, if the machine could run at 2000 rpm then the vibration magnitude would be only
" a half of its value at running speed.
In this example the fault lies in the design of the machine and can only be corrected by
changing the running speed or, more practically, by trying to move the natural frequency
away from the running speed .

...

JII

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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director

..
Doc. No. S8002

.L-.._ Issue: 1
Page 14 of 16

•• ..I

. ....

BALANCING

. ...

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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director
I
_____________ J fj
Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1 Page 15 of 16

THREE POINT METHOD FOR BALANCING

_......
1. Measure vibration and record.
2. Place the calibration weight in three positions at approximately 1200 around
~ .....
from each other - note the vibration magnitude at each of these positions.
3. Divide a Polar Diagram into sections to represent the angular displacement for
~.-.J

each of the above positions, then plot the points on the Polar Diagram.
4. Join the first point to the second and bisect this line. Join the second point to the
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third point and bisect this line.


5. From the points of bisection of both lines, draw perpendiculars so that they
.""
intersect.

..,j
6. Using the point of intersection as the centre, draw a circle to cut each of the
plotted measuring points.

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7. The point at which the circumference of the circle is nearest to the centre of the
polar diagram is the point at which the balance weight needs to be fixed.

... 8. The amount of weight required (assuming that the trial weight was too small), is
given by: -

Initial Vibration Level


.... Trial weight x
Initial Vibration Level- Vibration Level at best position of circle

...

III


ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director
I-----
I
Doc. No. S8002
Issue: 1
Page 16 of 16

..... BALANCE EXAMPLE POLAR DIAGRAM

Vibration Velocity Comments


(mm/s R.M.S.)
7.5 Initial Vibration level
11.5 Trial Weight in Position 1
8.5 Trial Weight in Position 2
5.0
. ' ....
Trial Weight in Position 3

Final weight position: 20° from Position 3 towards Position 2.

(Trial Weight) x 7.5


Final Weight = =2.7 x (Trial Weight)
7.5 - 4.75

POS.1
105

Initial Vibration Level

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mmls R.M.S.

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315

270

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ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


,
Doc. No. S8003
Issue: 1
Page 1 of 7

USE OF VIBSCANNER INSTRUMENT

ISSUE AUTHORITY: Consultancy Director


Left operating Key
(escape key)

Right operating key


(function key)
Joystick

\UTHORITY: Consultancy Director

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