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INVESTIGATION REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Page No.
Page No.
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Annexes
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
This report presents the updated technical information on the drainage, hydrological and
hydraulic aspects of the Detailed Engineering Design and Construction Supervision of LRT Line
2 East (Masinag) Extension Project located along Marcos Highway. The report is one of a series
of documents produced during the conduct of study and the detailed design of the LRT Line 2
East (Masinag) Extension Project. The required services are provided by the joint venture firms
of Foresight Development and Surveying Co. in Joint Venture with Soosung Engineering Co. Ltd
and Korea Rail Network Authority. This is prepared based on and in accordance with the scope
of services stipulated in the Terms of Reference (TOR) and the Consultant’s appreciation of the
project requirements.
The findings and results of the field investigation and study will provide the necessary inputs to
support the detailed design and construction supervision of the LRT Line 2 project and
appurtenant drainage structures and its eventual construction.
The Government of the Philippines plans to expand the mass transit system in the Manila
Metropolitan area to solve the increasingly serious transportation problem. The LRT Line 2
Extension Project ("the Project") is a top priority project under DOTC's Manila Metropolitan Area
Transportation Master Plan and cited in the Comprehensive Integrated Infrastructure Program
(CIIP) of the National Economic Development Authority} (NEDA).
Based on these plans, the Philippine Government in 2011 sought the assistance of the
Japanese Government by requesting through Japan's Individual National Assistance for a
complete preparatory study for LRT Line 2 East Extension to Masinag. The study will focus on
the serious traffic congestion issue, air pollution and greenhouse gas reduction and climate
change mitigation that will address the aims LRT Line 2 by the extension of LRT Line 2 to the
east and to the west.
After more than five years in operation, it has been observed that the LRT Line 2 system greatly
contributed to the decongestion of the Recto Avenue-Legarda-Magsaysay-Aurora-Marcos
Highway corridor. However, it has also been noted that passengers boarding/alighting at the
existing Santolan Station are mostly from the eastern parts of Rizal (e.g. Antipolo, Cainta,
Taytay, and other towns).
Thus, the implementation of this project is being pursued to maximize the potential of the
existing Line 2 alignment from Recto to Santolan. It is envisioned that the extension will attract
117,000 additional daily passengers in 2015.
The LRT 2 East Extension Project is one of the identified priority projects included in the NEDA
Comprehensive Integrated Infrastructure Program (CIIP) 2009-2013. This project involves the
construction of a 4.2-km elevated rail extension from Santolan Station to Masinag in Antipolo
City along Marcos Highway. Two (2) additional passenger stations to be located at Emerald
near Sta. Lucia Mall and Masinag near SM Antipolo are to be constructed.
To maximize the operations and capability of the existing LRT Line 2.To enable the commuters
coming from the eastern side of Rizal to have easier access to faster mode of transportation. To
enable more commuters to use public transport system to ease the road traffic and save on cost
The following hydrologic and drainage undertaking is deemed necessary to carry out the
required above scope of work.
• To assess/evaluate the existing drainage structures along the project in terms of its
workability and hydraulic adequacy.
• To delineate physical characteristics of watershed areas and carry out flood flow
estimation of peak flow of major and minor waterways.
• To establish flood level for Railway vertical geometric design purposes;
• To undertake hydraulic analysis to determine the required waterway conveyance
structures such as side ditches, sizes of pipes and box culverts cross-drainage.
Railway drainage design is an integral component in the design of railway network. Drainage
design for the project facilities must strive to maintain compatibility and minimize interference
with existing drainage patterns, control flooding of the project surface for design flood events.
The design of the project drainage facilities is a process which evolves as an overall railway
design develops. The primary elements of the process include agency coordination, data
collection and field investigation, hydrologic analysis, hydraulic design and final design
documentation. Each of these elements is briefly described in the following:
Prior to the detailed design of railway drainage facilities, it is essential to coordinate with
concerned line agencies and other local entities that have interests in project and drainage
matters. The concerns of these agencies are generally related to potential impacts resulting
from the project drainage. Other entities with interests in project drainage as well as storm
drainage systems include local municipalities and developers. The local municipalities are
generally aware of proposed development in the vicinity of the project which may impact
drainage design.
Field reconnaissance involved field review of information from maps and plans, ocular
inspection and investigation of existing drainage structures, channels/structures condition
and flood flow characteristics, type and extent of vegetation, the limit and extent of flooding
condition and topographic features.
Inventory of existing drainage structures must be taken to include bridges spanning the
roadway, cross drainage such as box and pipe culverts, roadside ditches, storm drainage
systems and its appurtenant structures, etc. Whenever possible, interviews of residents
along the stretch of the project alignment should be conducted especially for alignment
situated along the floodplain areas. Information obtained such as the extent of depth of
flooding, duration and direction of flood flow, available high water mark elevations and
flooding history will have a considerable effect on the project vertical and geometric design.
The analysis and design of the hydrological and drainage aspects of the project cannot be
successfully conducted without the availability of a wide range of secondary base data. This
process involves assembling and reviewing technical data, background information, previous
studies and relevant documents including the following information:
The abovementioned data are further supplemented by primary data at the project site by
means of actual site inspection/investigation of existing structures.
The establishment of elevation along floodplains and the design of drainage structures are
based on hydrological criteria which are predominantly estimates of flow and flood levels.
The method of frequency analysis is undertaken to quantify the uncertainty inherent in
hydrologic data. The objective of frequency analysis of hydrologic data is to relate the
magnitude of extreme events to their frequency of occurrence or recurrence interval. The
recurrence interval, which is also called return period, is defined as the average interval of
time within which a hydrologic event of given magnitude is expected to be equaled or
exceeded exactly once. The hydrologic data subject to frequency analysis are assumed to
be independent and are gathered to provide inputs for the design of drainage and flood
mitigating structures in the project area. The data are processed statistically and are
analyzed and evaluated accordingly to come up with a design flow parameters based on
designated return periods. These shall serve as inputs for the determination of flood level as
well as the design of structures capable of withstanding the flow which passes through a
specific point or reach of the river that could be expected near the proposed project’s site.
The design of drainage structures consisting of bridges, pipes and box culverts and drainage
canals/ditches on identified waterways is based on hydraulic principles used to economically
carry out the selected design discharge. The hydraulic design opening to determine the span
and elevation of major structures such as bridges will be designed using the HEC-RAS
computer program. The sizes of drainage structures will be designed using Manning’s
equation for open channel flow and further facilitated using nomographs.
This process includes the preparation of documentation for the preliminary design plans
related to the hydrology and drainage aspects of the project. Design documentation includes
here to design report and its supporting hydrology and hydraulics analysis.
The report contains the following sections with a brief description of each chapter’s contents.
• Chapter 1: Introduction - Provides background information for the report and presents
the scope of work performed including contents of the report.
• Chapter 3: Project Area Features - Provides general description of the project area’s
physical and natural environment.
2. AVAILABLE INFORMATION
2.1 General
This section outlines the different types of information utilized in the detailed design of road
drainage including reference reports and documents as well as data, both previously available
and collected specifically for this road project.
A previous study was conducted by Parsons Brinkerhoff and TCGI Engineers. The Detailed
Engineering Design, Package 4, Marcos Highway (Evangelista to Masinag). The Drainage
Structure Designed by Parsons Brinkerhoff and TCGI Engineers was considered in this project.
Topographic maps of the project road were secured from National Mapping & Resource
Information Authority (NAMRIA)in the scale of 1:50,000.
2.4.1 General
The inventory of existing drainage structures (box culverts, and pipe culverts) were obtained
from actual site investigation, as shown in Annex A.
In order to identify actual flood and inundation conditions in the project road, interviews of
residents along the whole stretch of the road were also undertaken to determine the extent
or depth of flooding, duration and direction for the yearly as well as the largest flood
experienced in the area.
The update, analysis and design of the hydrological and drainage aspects of the project cannot
be successfully conducted without the availability of a wide range of secondary base data. The
data collected include climatological and rainfall data, climatological data and topographic maps.
The nearest rainfall station reckoned from the project site record is situated in Science
Garden. Daily Rainfall From 1993 to 2013 is considered in this project. The Rainfall-
Intensity-Duration-Frequency Data (27 years of record) was also obtained from PAGASA.
Raw Rainfall Data from 1993 to 2013 is shown in Annex B and Tables 2.5.1a and 2.5.1b
shows the Computed Extreme Values of Precipitation and Intensity of Computed Extreme
Values respectively (based on 27 years of records).
T 10 20 30 1 2 3 6 12 24
(yrs) mins mins mins hr hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs
T 10 20 30 1 2 3 6 12 24
(yrs) mins mins mins hr hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs
The nearest synoptic station for the project road is Science Garden. Climatological data
were obtained such as daily rain fall, temperature, relative humidity and wind data.
The LRT Line 2 Extension Project is situated along Marcos highway from Santolan Station to
Sumulong highway (Masinag) junction. The Project intercepts two (2) Creek namely Balante and
Halang Creek. The two (2) creeks are the most important drainage system that crosses the
project alignment.
The project starts at K023+000 (Santolan Station) and ends at K027+200 (Sumulong Highway
(Masinag) junction. The LRT Line 2 project location is shown in the Figure 3.1.1.
The Balante Creek has significant large watershed draining the area of Marikina city
including Marikina Heights in the North. Balante Creek has a catchment area of 11.88 sq.
km. (11880.00 hectares).
Halang Creek drains the immediate area north of Marcos Highway as well as the
southeastern area after Masinag Junction. Halang Creek has a catchment area of 4.55 sq.
km. (455.00 hectares)
The principal air streams, which significantly affect the area, are the southwest monsoon,
northeast monsoon, and Pacific trade winds. The southwest monsoon originating from the
north side of the Indian Ocean affects the area during the months of May to October. During
this period the distribution of rainfall is influenced by the vertical situation of shear line
between the South Pacific trade and southeast monsoon. The air mass is classified as
equatorial maritime and is warm and very humid. The northeast monsoon, which affects the
area from October to March, is most dominant during January and February. The North
Pacific trade winds generally prevail during April and May whenever the northeast and the
southwest monsoons are weak. In the Philippines, the northeast monsoon is associated
with the dry season while the southwest monsoon is linked with the wet season.
Tropical cyclones are the most influential factors that bring considerable rainfall in the
Philippines. There are three classifications of tropical cyclones, namely: depressions which
have wind speed of 45 to 63 kph, storms which have wind speed of 64 to 119 kph and
typhoons which have maximum speed of 120 kph or stronger. Typhoons usually occur from
June to December with highest frequencies in July and August. The mean annual number of
tropical cyclones that pass through the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) is about 20.
The cyclones originate in the region of Marianas and Caroline Islands in the Pacific Ocean
usually between 125°E and 170°E. Their movements follow westerly or northwesterly
course over the country and deposit substantial amount of rainfall. The most frequent
disastrous typhoons generally occur during the months of October and November.1
Tropical cyclones are classified according to their intensity. The World Meteorological
Organization (WMO) provides the following classification:
Studies at selected stations in the Philippines have shown that 47% of the average yearly
rainfall is due to tropical cyclones, 14% to monsoons and 39% to other weather disturbances
such as thunderstorm, easterly waves, International Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and
fronts.
Tropical cyclone tracks vary from year to year. In general, tracks during the months of
January, March, April, and May are located over northeastern Mindanao and the Visayas.
About 55 to 60 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the Pacific Ocean move westward. In
February, about 80 percent of cyclones have westward movement but dissipate before
reaching the east coast. In June, the track is across Luzon with 70 percent moving in a
generally westward direction.
From July to October, the tracks are located over Northern Luzon, reaching its northwest
position in the latter half of August. During this period, about 80 to 95 percent of the
cyclones approaching from the east moves toward the west. The position of cyclone tracks
shift southward around September and in November is located across Central Luzon with
secondary tracks over northeastern Mindanao and Visayas.
About 70 percent of cyclones during this month have generally westward movement. In
December, the track is located across Southern Luzon and Northern Visayas.
A secondary track passes through northeastern Mindanao and Visayas where about 80
percent moves toward the west.
3.3.4 Climate
The Climate of the Philippines is tropical and maritime. It is characterized by relatively high
temperature, high humidity and abundant rainfall. The Philippine climate is classified into four
types depending on rainfall distribution and pattern (Figure 3.3.1). The four climate types are
described as follows:
Type I: Two pronounced seasons. Dry from November to April, wet during the rest of the
year.
Type II: No dry season with a very pronounced rainfall from November to April and wet
during the rest of the tear.
Type III: Seasons are not very pronounced, relatively dry from November to April, wet
during the rest of the year.
Type IV: Rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year.
3.3.5 Rainfall
The nearest rainfall station reckoned from the project road with considerable and reliable
rainfall record located in Science Garden. Based on the 29-year record the area receives a
total (average) of 2,574.4 mm annually. The rainfall is evenly distributed throughout the year.
Highest monthly mean rainfall is about 504.2 mm in August. The months from June to
September generally experience intense rainfall. The monthly average maximum rainfall
values based on the record from PAGAGSA are shown as follows.
Rainfall, mm
Month
Average
Jan 18.5
Feb 14.6
Mar 24.8
Apr 40.4
May 186.7
Jun 316.5
Jul 493.3
Aug 504.2
Sep 451.2
Oct 296.6
Nov 148.8
Dec 78.7
3.3.6 Temperature
The temperature data for the project area are reckoned at PAGASA’s synoptic station
located at Science Garden. The monthly mean, minimum and maximum temperature are
shown as follows:
Temperature, °C
Month
Max Min Mean
Jan 30.6 20.8 25.7
Feb 31.7 20.9 26.3
Mar 33.4 22.1 27.8
Apr 35.0 23.7 29.4
May 34.7 24.7 29.7
Jun 33.1 24.6 28.8
Jul 31.9 24.1 28.0
Aug 31.3 24.2 27.8
Sep 31.6 24.0 27.8
Oct 31.6 23.5 27.6
Nov 31.4 22.7 27.1
Dec 30.5 21.6 26.0
Based on record, the mean monthly variation of temperature is relatively small with values
ranging from 0.0 °C to 0.9°C. The mean annual temperature is about 27.7°C. January is the
coldest month with a recorded temperature of 20.8°C while April is the warmest at 35.0°C.
The average annual relative humidity for the project area reckoned at the station is about
77.6%. The mean monthly values of the relative humidity range from a low of 67 percent to a
high of 84 percent. The most humid months usually occur during July to November while the
month of April is the least humid. The monthly relative humidity data for the project area is
shown below.
3.3.8 Winds
The easterly winds generally affect the project area throughout the months except during the
month of August where the prevailing wind direction is westerly. The average wind speed is
about 2.0 m/s.
The monthly normal and extreme wind speed and direction reckoned at nearest synoptic
station are shown below:
1
Normal
Month
Speed (mps) Direction
Jan 1 N
Feb 1 NE
Mar 1 SE
Apr 1 SE
May 1 S
Jun 1 SW
Jul 2 SW
Aug 2 SW
Sep 1 SW
Oct 1 N
Nov 1 N
Dec 1 N
Source: PAGASA
1
Period of Record: 1981-2010
4.1 General
This section discusses the various procedures used in estimating peak discharge to be
conveyed across and along the project site. The study activities consist of familiarization on the
present site conditions, field investigations, data gathering and hydrologic analysis.
Relevant and important items noted during this study, are as follows:
The size of the watershed or catchment basin is the most important parameter affecting the
determination of the total runoff. For given conditions, the peak flow at the proposed site is
approximately proportional to the drainage area.
The shape of a basin affects the peak discharge. Long, narrow basins generally give lower peak
discharges than pear-shaped basins. A basin orientation with respect to the direction of storm
movement can affect peak discharge. Storms moving upstream tend to produce lower peaks
than those moving downstream. The mean elevation of a drainage basin is an important
characteristic affecting runoff. Higher elevation basins can receive a significant amount of
precipitation.
The location of this divide and thus the perimeter of the basin is determined from the
topographic maps in the available scale of 1:50,000. The delineated waterways crossing the
project road is shown in Figure 4.2.1.
The main effect the slope has on water flow is the time of concentration, or the time it takes the
rainfall to flow from the farthest point in the watershed to the point under consideration (bridge
and culvert sites). Steep slopes cause a shorter time of concentration and, thus higher peak
discharge than do flatter slopes.
The time of concentration is a variable often used in computing surface runoff. The variable
indicates the response time at the outlet of a watershed for a rainfall event, and is primarily a
function of the geometry of the watershed. In flood hydrology, the time of concentration of a
watershed is normally considered as constant, independent of the magnitude of the flood.
The time of concentration is defined as the time required for a drop of water to flow to the
watershed outlet from the most distant point in the watershed. It is influenced by surface
roughness slope and flow patterns.
The minimum Tc for moderate slopes and paved is 10minutes, for areas which do not afford
surface storage and are steeper than 1:10 is 5 minutes.
Once the time of concentration Tc is estimated, the rainfall intensity (I), corresponding to a storm
of equal duration, obtained from Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (RIDF) table or graph.
Frequency analysis is concerned with estimating the relationship between an event and
corresponding return period of that event. It is generally based on assumed (population)
probability distributions and sample estimates of the population parameters.
The Rainfall Data Considered in this project is the raw Daily Rainfall Data from 1993 to 2013.
The Raw data will be analyze to come up with Probable Rainfall Intensity and probable
discharge at a given return period. Rainfall gauging stations are found available from the
following locations.
The process is undertaken in two stages, namely; (a) probable point rainfall frequency
analysis, (b) rainfall intensity duration frequency (RIDF) analysis.
Probable rainfall analysis has two sub-parts, namely frequency analysis and selection of the
best fit frequency distribution.
Frequency Analysis
This involves the fitting of theoretical frequency distributions to the annual maximum rainfall
data. Two types of theoretical distributions are used in this study, namely Extreme Value
Distribution (Gumbel), and Log Pearson Type III Distribution.
This distribution utilizes the Fisher-Tippet extreme value function, which relates
magnitude linearly with the logarithm of the reciprocal of the exceedance probability.
Working equations are the following:
RTr = R + KTr ⋅ S
KTr =
(YTr − Yn )
Sn
Tr
YTr = −(0.83405 + 2.3025 ⋅ log log )
Where: Tr − 1
RTr = Probable rainfall at return period Tr
R= Mean of the annual maximum rainfall series
S = Frequency factor at return period Tr
KTr = Standard deviation of annual maximum rainfall series
YTr = reduced variate at return period Tr
Yn, Sn = reduced mean and reduced standard deviation
n = number years of record
n Yn Sn n Yn Sn n Yn Sn
0 0.49522 0.94963 21 0.52519 1.06938 31 0.53714 1.11588
10 0.49522 0.94963 22 0.52673 1.07547 32 0.53803 1.11927
11 0.49969 0.96753 23 0.52819 1.08115 33 0.53889 1.12245
12 0.50348 0.98327 24 0.52959 1.08648 34 0.53959 1.12557
13 0.50699 0.99712 25 0.53084 1.09143 35 0.54026 1.12849
14 0.51000 1.00951 26 0.53202 1.09615 36 0.54107 1.13127
15 0.51285 1.02055 27 0.53326 1.10048 37 0.54177 1.13391
16 0.51542 1.03058 28 0.53419 1.10471 38 0.54243 1.13649
17 0.51770 1.03972 29 0.53533 1.10860 39 0.54294 1.13900
18 0.51978 1.04806 30 0.53616 1.11238 40 0.54363 1.14130
19 0.52177 1.05575
20 0.52352 1.06282
This method determines the probability that rainfall of a given intensity and duration is
equaled or exceeded.
From this probability determination, the return period of time interval measured in years, over
which a given storm event may be expected to occur again, can be predicted. The results of
the analysis are presented in curves or graphs that will relate rainfall intensity of a given
duration to the probable frequency of occurrence of said event. From these rainfall frequency
curves, the relationship between rainfall intensity and duration for any pre- determined return
period can be developed. Tables 2.5.1a and 2.5.1b shows the Computed Extreme Values of
Precipitation and Intensity of Computed Extreme Values respectively. Figures 4.4.1.3.2a
and 4.4.1.3.2b shows the Rainfall Depth Duration Curve and Rainfall Intensity Duration
Frequency respectively as shown as follows:
500
2 yrs.
400 5 yrs.
10.yrs.
300
15 yrs
25 yrs.
200
50 yrs.
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
300
250
2yrs.
5yrs
200
10yrs
15yrs
150
25yrs
50yrs.
100
100yrs
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Constants
Yrs. A d b
2 825.301 10 0.64239
5 1354.58 11.9 0.65959
10 1753.36 13.3 0.66948
15 1989.69 14 0.67441
25 2320.51 15 0.6822
50 2604.68 15.5 0.67489
100 3144.45 16.5 0.69248
Regression Analysis for Rainfall Intensity versus Rainfall Duration Equation of data from
PAGASA is presented in Annex C.
This distribution belongs to the family of distribution suggested by Pearson with log
transformation of rainfall data. The parameters used are the mean, standard deviation
and skewness coefficient. The working equations are the following:
RTr = R + KTr ⋅ S
2 G G
KTr = ⋅ {[( Kn − )⋅ + 1]3 − 1}
G 6 6
Where:
Kn P Tr Kn P Tr
-3.71902 0.99990 1.000 0.00000 0.50000 2.000
-3.29053 0.99950 1.001 0.17733 0.42960 2.328
-3.09023 0.99900 1.001 0.25335 0.40000 2.500
-2.87816 0.99800 1.002 0.52440 0.30000 3.333
-2.57583 0.99500 1.005 0.84162 0.20000 5
-2.32635 0.99000 1.010 1.28155 0.10000 10
-2.05375 0.98000 1.020 1.64485 0.05000 20
-1.95996 0.97500 1.026 1.75069 0.04000 25
-1.75069 0.96000 1.042 1.95996 0.02500 40
-1.64485 0.95000 1.053 2.05375 0.02000 50
-1.28155 0.90000 1.111 2.32635 0.01000 100
-0.84162 0.80000 1.250 2.57583 0.00500 200
-0.52440 0.70000 1.429 2.87816 0.00200 500
-0.25335 0.60000 1.667 3.09023 0.00100 1000
-0.17733 0.57040 1.753 3.29053 0.00050 2000
0.00000 0.50000 2.000 3.71902 0.00010 10000
This method determines the probability that rainfall of a given intensity and duration is
equaled or exceeded.
From this probability determination, the return period of time interval measured in years, over
which a given storm event may be expected to occur again, can be predicted. The results of
the analysis are presented in curves or graphs that will relate rainfall intensity of a given
duration to the probable frequency of occurrence of said event. From these rainfall frequency
curves, the relationship between rainfall intensity and duration for any pre- determined return
period can be developed. Tables 4.4.1.3.3a and 4.4.1.3.3b shows the Computed Extreme
Values of Precipitation and Intensity of Computed Extreme Values respectively (based on 21
years of records). Figures 4.4.1.3.3a and 4.4.1.3.3b shows the Rainfall Dept Duration Curve
and Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency respectively as shown as follows:
T 10 20 30 1 2 3 6 12 24
(yrs) mins mins mins Hr hrs hrs hrs hrs hrs
500
2 yrs.
400
5 yrs.
10.yrs.
300
15 yrs
25 yrs.
200
50 yrs.
100 yrs.
100
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
350
300
2yrs.
250 5yrs
10yrs
200
15yrs
25yrs
150
50yrs.
100 100yrs
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Figure 4.4.1.3.3a Rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (21 yrs record)
Regression Analysis for Rainfall Intensity versus Rainfall Duration Equation of Raw Rainfall
data from PAGASA is presented in Annex D.
Runoff is the amount of water that flows out of a watershed sub-area as a result of a storm
event. This value is equal to the amount of rainfall that occurs on the area, minus the amount of
rainfall that is infiltrated into the ground, intercepted by foliage, is lost through evaporation and
evapotranspiration or is held in small depressions.
1. Basin Area – the area of a drainage basin is the most important watershed characteristic
affecting any surface runoff calculation. Determining the size of the watershed area that
contributes to flow generation at the site of the drainage structure is the basic step in a
hydrologic analysis. This is regardless of the method used to evaluate flood flows, most
frequently determined from field surveys, topographic maps or aerial photographs.
2. Slope – the slope of a drainage basin is one of the major factors affecting the rate of
overland flow and time of concentration of rainfall runoffs. Steep slope tends to hasten
the arrival of maximum discharge while flat slope has the opposite effect, at the point
under consideration. The areas surrounding the site are predominantly rolling terrain.
3. Shape – the shape, or outline formed by the basin boundaries, affects the rate at which
water is supplied to the main stream as it proceeds along its course from runoff source to
the site of drainage structure. Long narrow watersheds generally give lower peak
discharge than do fan or pear shaped basins. The areas irregular, long and narrow.
Classification of “C” coefficient – any changes in C value will also cause increase or
decrease in surface water runoff. Ground cover characteristics are another critical factor
considered in runoff determination.
The values of “C” coefficients, taking into considerations the above mentioned factors, are
classified into 11 surface categories, as presented in Table 4.5.1.1.
As for long duration rainfall, the standard rainfall duration is an important factor to develop a
model hyetograph, which will be used for the evaluation of flood runoff analysis within the
drainage basin. In this case, mostly duration of rainfall was considered.
Rainfall event characteristics which are considered important to any highway drainage
design are:
The rainfall intensity from which the frequency of recurrence is based, dictates the design
frequency. Presented below are various selected standards to illustrate the principle.
These design frequencies, which were used, are not totally dependent on economic
consideration alone but also based on guidelines used in similar projects in the different
regions of the country.
The runoff model adopted in this context are the Rational Formula, which has been widely
used in the Philippines for the design of the rural or urban drainage improvement project with
an area less than or equal to 20 square km. and Unit Hydrograph for the areas greater than
20 square kms. The parameters necessary for the estimation using the said formula are as
follows:
1. Rational Method
Q = 0.278 CIA
Where:
Q = design discharge in cu.m/second
C = coefficient of runoff (refer to Table 4.5.1.1)
I = Rainfall intensity, in mm/hr
A = Drainage Area, in (sq. km)
Rainfall Intensity is estimated based on the calculated rainfall depth and duration. The
relationship between duration, intensity and frequency at any location maybe obtained
from analysis of rainfall records obtained at the location.
The rainfall intensity-frequency-duration data are useful in peak flow estimation of run-
off.
The general equation for rainfall intensity derived for the project area is:
I = A / (tc + d)b
Where:
I = average rainfall intensity in mm/hour for the selected frequency and for
a duration equal to the time of concentration.
Tc = storm duration, in minutes
A,d,b = constants depending on the frequency of occurrence and usually
derived by analytical method.
The minimum Tc for moderate slopes and paved is 10minutes, for areas which do not
afford surface storage and are steeper than 1:10 is 5 minutes.
Once the time of concentration Tc is estimated, the rainfall intensity (I), corresponding to
a storm of equal duration, obtained from Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (RIDF)
table or graph.
2. Unit Hydrograph
Peak floods of rivers or stream with catchments areas larger than 20sq. km. may be
computed using the Snyder Method and U.S. Soil Conservation Services (SCS) Method
– Unit Hydrograph – principle.
Existing bridge with long span or wide riverbed, with drainage area of more than 20 sq
km. may be hydrologically analyzed by the more accurate unit hydrograph method in
order to determine more accurately the new bridge opening and safe span.
The instantaneous unit hydrograph for each individual watershed may be derived from a
dimensionless graph prepared by the basin physiographic characteristics of respective
project sites as inputs.
For each watershed, the 50-year rainfall values at intervals equal to D the duration of
excess rainfall in hours ranging from 1/4 to1/5 of basin lag time may be derived from
designed rainfall intensity curves. The increments will be computed and rearranged into
a pattern that would yield maximum run-off.
The results of this analysis give the effective rainfall values to be used in the computation
of the flood hydrograph. For relatively small size watersheds along the project roads,
adjustment factors for area and duration may not be applied to the rainfall data furnished
by PAGASA, i.e. point rainfall is assumed equal to area rainfall.
In the absence of specific base flow data for each river or stream, mean monthly flows
from July to October which are generally the wet months in the country from stream
gages in the vicinity of the may be considered for analysis. The ratio of base flow to peak
run-off (as suggested by Te Chow in “Applied Hydrology”) is 0.01 at the start of the storm
while the maximum possible ratio is 0.10.
For each bridge site the roughness coefficient n should be estimated in the field using
Manning values for various bed conditions. The “n” values of all bridge sites along each
project road may be averaged and applied in the design of minor drainage structures.
The final step in the SCS Method is the computation of the flood hydrograph. This
requires the application of the convolution or superposition methods in order to
determine peak discharges. The method involves computing “Lg” (time to peak run-off)
and “tr” (duration of rainfall) by the modified Snyder’s Formula.
tp = Lg + ½ tr, in hour
Compute for the unit peak discharge (qp) in cms/sec per one millimeter depth of rainfall
in the basin.
qp = (0.278(Cp) (D.A)) / tp
Where:
Cp = basin coefficient ranging from 0.60 to 0.80
D.A. = Drainage Area in sq. km.
tp = time to peak, in hours
j
Qj = Σ R(i) U (j-i+1)
i=1
Where:
Qj= run-off at time j, cms
R (i) = excess rainfall during time j-i+1
U (j-i+1) = unit graph ordinate, cms
The drainage areas of each waterway were delineated from the scale 1:50,000 topographic
map produced by the NAMRIA which is basically the main source of information necessary
in the determination of the watershed area. The drainage areas were determined with the aid
of AutoCAD software. Delineation of the drainage watershed is done by connecting the high
points that enclosed the limit of drainage area. The continuous line defined is then allowed to
intersect with the road alignment, using the latter as the final line of closure. The delineation
of each waterway drainage areas is presented in Figure 4.2.1.
The method use in the computation of the discharge of the two creek namely Balante and
Halang creek is Rational method because the catchment area is less than 20 sq. km.
2. Using RAW RAINFALL DATA FROM PAGASA (21 years of record, 1993-2013)
In selecting Run Off to be considered in the Detailed Drainage Design of this project, we need to
consider the latest rainfall occur. Among the two alternatives that were used to determine the
Runoff, the calculated Runoff using the raw rainfall data from 1993 to 2013 is more reliable. This
data includes the rainfall occur in four (4) consecutive days. This happened on August 18,19,20,
and 21, their respective rainfall are as follows, 174.8,108.8,225.7 and 166.1mm. This event
rarely happens. From the raw rainfall data, it only happens once in 21 years.
The two (2) alternatives are reliable in computing probable rainfall intensity, therefore, in this
alternatives, we will consider whichever is larger. Runoff used in this project is presented table
below;
NO. CREEK Q
5-year 10-year 25-year 50-year 100-year
m3/s m3/s m3/s m3/s m3/s
5. HYDRAULICS
5.1 General
This document outlines and discusses the procedure of various hydraulic analyses in assessing
to determine and understand how different drainage facilities can be integrated to provide
complete drainage control. It also discusses the design standard and criteria adopted for the
design.
The following references were heavily relied on during the design process:
1. DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards
2. AASHTO Highway Drainage Guidelines
3. HDS 4 – Introduction to Highway Hydraulics
One way to select the design flood frequency is through the concept of economics by
establishing the least total expected cost for the structure. This concept considers the capital
cost, maintenance costs, and the flood hazard costs that are incurred due to damage by a
range of flooding events. The flood frequency that generates the least total expected cost for
the life of the project would be the one chosen for the design of the structure. The following
design flood frequency:
Highway hydraulics structure, perform the vital function of conveying, diverting, or removing
surface water from the highway right of way. One type of drainage facility will rarely provide the
most satisfactory drainage for all sections of a highway. Therefore, the designer should know
and understand how different drainage facilities can be integrated to provide complete drainage
control. They should be designed to be commensurate with risk, construction cost, importance
of the road, economy of maintenance and legal requirements.
Based on the study the drainage facilities adopted for this project are classified into two major
categories:
1. Cross Drainage – involves the conveyance of surface water and stream flow across or
from the highway right of way. This is accomplished by providing a culvert to convey the
flow from one side of the roadway to the other side or past some other type of flow
obstruction.
2. Open Channel – is a conveyance in which water flows with a free surface. The term is
generally applied to natural and improved watercourse, median swales, ditches, roadway
channels, curb and gutter flow, and others.
Outlet control analysis was done to minimize excessive velocities at outlet and to design the
headwater depth. Each proposed cross-culvert were analyzed as to whether inlet or outlet
control condition.
Inlet Control –occurs when the culvert barrel is capable of conveying more flow than the inlet
will accept.
A culvert flowing in inlet control has shallow, high velocity flow categorized as “supercritical”.
For supercritical flow, the control section is at the inlet of the barrel.
Outlet Control – occurs when the culvert barrel is not capable of conveying as much flow as
the inlet opening will accept.
A culvert flowing in outlet control will have relatively deep, low velocity flow termed “sub-
critical” flow. For sub-critical flow the control is at the outlet of the culvert. The tail water
depth is either critical depth at the culvert outlet or the downstream channel depth,
whichever is higher.
Design capacity is determined by the use of the Bernoulli’s energy balancing equation. Sizing of
Culverts was done by aid of AutoCAD Land Development Desktop software. There are two (2)
controls of flow in culvert namely:
For tail water (TW) elevation equal to or greater than the top of the culvert at the outlet,
set ho culvert height type equal, D or TW and find HW by the following equation.
HW = H + ho – LSo
Where:
HW - vertical distance in meters from culvert invert to the pool surface.
H - head loss in meters
For tail water (TW) elevation less than the top of the culvert at the outlet, use the
following equation of find HW:
HW = H + ho – Lso
Where:
ho = (dc + D) /2 or TW, whichever is greater
dc = critical depth
D = culvert height
For Unsubmerged it operates as a weir flow, the headwater is in low condition. A weir is
an unsubmerged flow control section where the upstream water surface elevation can be
predicted for a given flow rate. The Equation is express:
Where:
HW i = headwater depth above inlet control section invert, m
D = interior height of culvert barrel, m
Hc = specific head at critical depth (dc + Vc2/2g), m
Q = discharge, cms
A = full cross section area of culvert barrel, sq m
S = culvert barrel slope, m/m
K, M, c, Y = constant
Notes:
1. Equation for (unsubmerged) apply up to about Q/AD0.5 = 1.07
2. For beveled inlets use +0.7S instead of -0.5S as the slope correction
factor
3. Equation for (submerged) applies above about Q/AD0.5 = 1.22
The hydraulic design of open channel consists of developing a channel to carry the design
discharge under the controlling condition as follows:
The hydraulic capacity of a drainage channel is dependent on the size, shape, slope and
roughness of the channel section. For a given channel:
• The hydraulic capacity becomes greater as the grade or depth of flow increases.
• The channel capacity decreases as the channel surface becomes rougher.
• A rough channel can sometimes be an advantage on steep slopes where it is
desirable to keep flow velocities from becoming excessive high and reduce the flow
velocities
Open channel designs which lower the water surface elevation can result in excessive flow
velocities and cause erosion problems. A planned rise in water surface elevation can cause:
Open channel hydraulic design is of particular importance to highway design because of the
interrelationship of channels to most highway drainage facilities.
The hydraulic principles of open channel flow are based on steady state uniform flow
condition.
The Equations of open channel flow are based on uniform flow conditions. The Equation was
adopted:
3. Manning’s Equation – assuming uniform and turbulent flow conditions, the mean flow
velocity in open channel can be computed as:
V = (R2/3 S1/2) /n
Where:
V = mean velocity, m/sec
n = Manning coefficient of roughness (Table 5.8.4.1)
S = channel slope, m
R = hydraulic radius, m = A/Wp
A = cross sectional flow area, m2
Wp = wetted perimeter, m
An important factor in flood analysis is to estimate characteristics of the flow during flood times.
In order to do this, cross-sections of waterways are identified and representative cross sections
of the river channel are obtained by actual field survey. Mean bed slope of the stream is
obtained from actual survey of the waterway cross sections.
For a river or waterway where conventional stream gauging data are not available, the average
velocity for a given stage-height can be estimated using the Manning’s formula. The Manning’s
formula is essentially an empirical formula, based upon field observations and laboratory
measurements. This formula states that in steady uniform flow:
V = R2/3 S1/2/n
and,
Q = A R2/3 S1/2/n
Where:
V = average velocity, m/s
Q = discharge, m3/s
R = hydraulic radius, A/P
S = slope of the energy line
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
A = cross-sectional area, m2
P = wetted perimeter, m
The use of the above equation to estimate the peak discharge for a flood in which various
characteristics of the flow have been measured is often called the slope-area method. The
hydraulic slope of the river based on field survey is given as follows;
In reality, the value of n is highly variable and depends on a number of factors. The factors that
exert the greatest influence upon the coefficient of roughness include the surface condition,
vegetation, channel irregularity, variation of channel cross-sections and obstruction. Typical n
values that can be used in the project design are given below:
A box culvert may be defined as a drainage structure or conveyance structures and are
generally constructed to allow the continuation of a stream flow thorough a roadway.
The design of box culvert requires assessment of the characteristics of the waterway flowing
through it. For this, it is necessary to understand the factors that govern stream runoff, water
surface levels, scour and channel stability and hydrodynamic forces acting on the bridge.
In general, the presence of a box culvert in many locations cause the natural stream channel to
be somewhat constricted. Such case may reduce severely the area through which the water
must pass, particularly when the stream is at flood stage. In such event, the velocity of the water
through the box culvert opening may be considerably increased, with resultant danger to the box
culvert structure through scour at inlet and outlet headwalls, and the elevation of the water
upstream side may be increased subjecting the area above the culvert site to possible flooding.
It is therefore axiomatic that the box culvert must be designed to pass the flow occurring at flood
stage without excessive velocity and without damage to property located above the culvert
crossing.
Runoff at waterways crossing the roadway comes from intense rainstorms associated with
tropical cyclones or widespread and prolonged heavy rainfall associated with monsoonal
depressions. The hydrological characteristics of the study area is analyzed and estimated
through several approaches and techniques. The Rational Method is used to estimate the
peak runoff of Balante and Halang Creek.
Time of
Drainage Area Slope
Sites Station Concentration
(sq. km) (m/m)
(min)
Balante 24+962 11.88 0.01119 103.09
Halang 25+892 4.55 .00596 98.45
Flood Level
For the box culvert crossing Marcos Highway, the design flood levels of 5, 10, 25, 50, and
100 year return period were estimated using the HEC-RAS. The cross section at box culvert
site was used to derive the elevation and discharge relationship. Mean bed slope of the
stream was obtained from the waterways topographic map by scaled measurement of
distances between known spot elevations along the box culvert site survey. In this study, two
(2) cases of hydraulic analysis were performed. Case 1. Balante and Halang Creek was
analyst w/out dredging Balante Creek. Case 2. Balante and Halang Creek was analyst w/
Balante Creek Dredged Downstream. Result of this two case of hydraulic analysis presented
in Table 6.1.1 Flood Level and Depth. Hydraulic Analysis using HEC-RAS is presented in
Annex F.
6. SUMMARY OF RESULTS
From the Hydrology and Hydraulic Analysis of the LRT Line 2 Project, Several Flood depth ware
obtained. The 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 year return period were computed using HEC-RAS 4.0.
The computed maximum Flood level is located in K025+000.
The design of the surface drainage at the built-up areas will basically involve the proper
collection of storm runoff, its conveyance and disposal to the nearest discharge point. Computed
flood level and depth at various locations along Marcos Highway using the two (2) cases of
hydraulic analysis is presented below in Table 6.1.1. Flood Level and Depth. (All units are in
meters).
26+600 26+700
Return
Road Flood Flood Road Flood Flood
Period
Elev. Elev. Depth Elev. Elev. Depth
(Yrs.)
5 9.62 9.06 0.00 12.52 9.06 0.00
10 9.62 9.32 0.00 12.52 9.32 0.00
25 9.62 9.58 0.00 12.52 9.58 0.00
50 9.62 9.77 0.15 12.52 9.77 0.00
100 9.62 10.01 0.39 12.52 10.01 0.00
24+400
24+200 24+300
Emerald Station
Return
Road Flood Flood Road Flood Flood Road Flood Flood
Period
Elev. Elev. Depth Elev. Elev. Depth Elev. Elev. Depth
(Yrs.)
5 10.616 9.47 0.00 10.24 9.47 0.00 10.10 9.47 0.00
10 10.616 9.52 0.00 10.24 9.52 0.00 10.10 9.52 0.00
25 10.616 10.11 0.00 10.24 10.11 0.00 10.10 10.11 0.00
50 10.616 10.52 0.00 10.24 10.52 0.28 10.10 10.52 0.42
100 10.616 10.92 0.304 10.24 10.92 0.68 10.10 10.92 0.82
26+600 26+700
Return
Road Flood Flood Road Flood Flood
Period
Elev. Elev. Depth Elev. Elev. Depth
(Yrs.)
5 9.62 9.06 0.00 12.52 9.06 0.00
10 9.62 9.32 0.00 12.52 9.32 0.00
25 9.62 9.58 0.00 12.52 9.58 0.00
50 9.62 9.77 0.15 12.52 9.77 0.00
100 9.62 10.01 0.39 12.52 10.01 0.00
The corresponding Flood Depth Map for the 5-years, 10-years, 25-years, 50-years and 100-
years return period is shown in Annex G.