GaBi Database 19 - Upgrades and Improvements

Please read this document carefully, as it contains:
- Important information regarding changes in the databases

- Details on changes in process datasets and on cross-cutting changes
- Information on new datasets
- Information on discontinued datasets
GaBi Databases
2019 Edition
Upgrades & improvements
February 2019
About this document
This document covers relevant changes in the upgraded LCI datasets of the GaBi Databases. The
document will address both methodology changes and changes in technology, if any, and is struc-
tured by material or topic, e.g., electricity, metals, plastics, renewables. It also covers newly added
datasets to the database.
In the Annex you will find the list of datasets that are no longer updated.
thinkstep uses a professional issue tracking software (JIRA), so the issue numbers in the tables are
issue numbers from this software.
Key changes and affected datasets
In the following paragraphs, you will find a short summary of the most important changes that
took place in this year’s upgrade.
Important database-wide changes made in the 2019 database edition include:
- Energy update: all energy-related datasets, such as electricity, thermal energy, fuels and
the like, have been updated in line with the latest available, consistent international energy
trade and technology data. Please see Chapters 2.6 and 2.7 for more information.
- Land use: Land use for underground mining has been implemented in the database.
- Capital goods: Building infrastructure is now implemented for waste water treatment, com-
plementing the situation for the various types of renewable and fossil power plants and for
waste incineration. Separate datasets for transport infrastructure and production sites are
available, which now allow users to calculate the impact of building infrastructure consist-
ently throughout the entire life cycle.
- Halogenated substances: Since the use of certain halogenated substances has been
banned following the implementation of the Montreal Protocol, the following emissions are
not present anymore in the updated thinkstep datasets: Halon (1301), R 11 (trichlorofluo-
romethane), R 114 (dichlorotetrafluoroethane) and R 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) and R
22 (chlorodifluoromethane). Particularly R22, which has been removed, has the profound
effect of reducing the remaining, already greatly reduced ODP impacts by several orders
of magnitude for most datasets. This consequently further reduces the impact results for
ODP for many datasets in the database.
- Primary energy correction of wood and wood-based datasets: when using an economic al-
location along the life cycle, primary energy needs to be adjusted to guarantee a proper energy
balance. For wood and wood-based datasets, the primary energy has been adjusted accordingly,
based on the fresh mass of the related material considering the upper calorific value (measured
at oven-dry status and upscaled linearly for water content). The related elementary flow docu-
menting the renewable primary energy is the flow “Primary energy from solar energy.”
2
Additionally, the following issues resulted in noteworthy changes, which we would like to high-
light:
- Update of the quantity “Price”: The quantity “Price” was updated using mainly Euro-
stat data, and some unit conversion errors have been corrected. This leads to certain
changes in the database, where economic allocation on these specific flows is used.
However, concerning the update of GaBi datasets, the change due to this price update
was mostly moderate to low. For a complete list of the changes, please see the table
in Annex III of this document. 1
- BF Steel water balance: The topic of water assessment in LCA generally made a
significant step toward better definition and standardization of methods and character-
ization. Therefore, the water balance of BF steel could be improved. To close the water
balance of the blast furnace steel route, rain water was added and the blue water con-
sumption double checked and corrected in relationship to the most recent water ele-
mentary flows. Previously too, a lot of water was being emitted compared to the water
entering production. This has now been corrected. This change led to an improvement
toward a correct water balance and blue water consumption (for some steel sheet and
steep pipe datasets, the blue water consumption changed from negative to positive
values, from about -0.7 kg to 1.4 kg per kg of product).
- Infrastructure and land use information for waste incineration: For waste incinera-
tion, building (as capital good) and land use information was added. This addition
slightly increases the impact of all waste incinerations and introduces land use values
for this step. In waste incineration for ferro metals, another effect appears that de-
creases the (overall very small) impact of GWP by another 30%. Ferro metals do not
cause CO2 emissions because of the lack of substantial embodied C and only during
the consumption of auxiliary energy to run the plant. Therefore, the crediting of the
recovered iron components is influencing the overall low absolute GWP value. The
1
Any update will overwrite prices that have been changed by clients. Should this affect you and to avoid this in the future, please always
create own quantities for your needs.
3
effect is caused by slight change in the supply chain logistics of the recovered—and
thus credited—iron ore and certain regionalization effects of the applied waste water
treatment.
- Waste water treatment plant update: Due to our cooperation with End-of-Life experts
from TH Bingen, this year the waste water treatment plants received an update and
correction. With new advancements in measuring technology leading to new data from
a relevant scientific paper, diffuse emissions to air could now be included. Infrastructure
and land use were added to the datasets for consistency purposes, however they do
not significantly influence the overall results. Electricity consumption and the most im-
portant emissions to water could now be matched with the latest DWA (Deutsche Ver-
einigung für Wasserwirtschaft, Abwasser und Abfall e.V.) statistics for German waste
water treatment plants in 2016. Additionally, the calculation of the sludge output of the
pre-thickening and dewatering was recalculated and consistently reduced, as prior as-
sumptions could be identified as being too conservative. In the supply chain, a waste
water plant is generally of rather low absolute significance. Therefore, even slight
changes in details cause high relative changes in the waste water plant as such. The
sludge update leads to a relative decrease of about 80% of the GWP. When applicable,
regional waste water treatment plants are now used in the country-specific datasets.
This change especially improves the precision of US-specific datasets in the EP cate-
gory, where impacts increase due to the regional differentiation.
- Use of global copper dataset: Copper is produced and traded globally. In order to be
more representative, the GLO: copper mix dataset will replace the German copper mix
dataset. This substitution mainly influences the AP and PM impact categories, and de-
pending on the amount of copper used, the impacts will increase moderately to sub-
stantially (up to a maximum of 150% for AP and 140% for PM).
- German cement update: The German cement datasets have been updated using in-
formation from VDZ (Year 2015). 2 The main changes were done in the clinker produc-
tion, such as with the fuel mixture and emissions update. The resulting decrease can
be seen mainly when looking at Portland Cement: here AP decreases by about 40%,
POCP by about 30% and EP by about 15%.
- Update of ships: Emission factors were updated and now use consistently data ac-
cording to the IMO GHG report 2014. 3 The fuel consumption calculation related to DWT
was updated and new discrete fuel consumption values from IMO GHG report 2014
2
VDZ Umweltdaten 2015
3
Third IMO Greenhouse Gas Study 2014
4
are now used. Impacts decrease slightly overall, except for the category related to par-
ticle emissions, where the impacts increase up to 90% because of the updated emis-
sion factors.
- US trucks update: Relevant emission factors from EPA MOVES have been used to
update the US truck datasets. Apart from updating existing emission factors in these
US datasets, additional ones, such as Benzene and Nitrogen monoxide for VIUS da-
tasets and benzene and ammonia for SmartWay datasets, have been added. CO2 and
SO2 calculations remain unchanged, because they are calculated from fuel consump-
tion and are not based on emission factors from MOVES.
- End-of-Life update of building technology: End-of-Life for building technology da-
tasets were updated, as the amount and kind of used steel in the initial production was
harmonized with the related amount of steel and stainless steel in EOL for more appro-
priate crediting concerning the different recovered steel types.
- Aluminium: For datasets from Brazil and Ukraine, the ingot production was updated.
Recently available and updated IAI data was used.
- Gypsum mining: Dust emissions were added to the mining step. Now the gypsum
mining - like all other mineral mining processes in GaBi - is also inventoried with the
related dust emissions consistently.
- Update of Australian EPDs: 45 new EPD datasets from FWPA in Australia are now
available in addition to over 100 updated ones in the Professional database.
Further details and the related rationale are provided in Chapters 2 ff.
5
Authors:
Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Schöll steffen.schoell@thinkstep.com

Dipl.-Geoökol. Ulrike Bos ulrike.bos@thinkstep.com
MSc. Morten Kokborg morten.kokborg@thinkstep.com
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thilo Kupfer thilo.kupfer.ext@thinkstep.com
Dr.-Ing. Martin Baitz martin.baitz@thinkstep.com
Dr. Lionel Thellier lionel.thellier@thinkstep.com
Dipl.-Ing. Alexander Stoffregen alexander.stoffregen@thinkstep.com
Dipl.-Ing. Jasmin Hengstler jasmin.hengstler@thinkstep.com
Dr.-Ing. Marc-Andree Wolf marc-andree.wolf.ext@thinkstep.com
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
thinkstep AG
Hauptstr. 111 – 113, 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
Phone: +49 711 341 817-0 Fax: +49 711 341 817-25
E-mail: info@thinkstep.com
Websites: www.thinkstep.com www.gabi-software.com
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6
List of Contents
List of Figures ....................................................................................................... 9
List of Tables ........................................................................................................ 9
Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... 10
1 Introduction to the upgrade of databases available with GaBi .......... 11
2 GaBi Databases 2019 Edition ............................................................... 12
2.1 Principles ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2 Reasoning behind this document ....................................................................... 13
2.3 Regionalization .................................................................................................. 14
2.3.1 Land Use ........................................................................................................... 14
2.3.2 Regionalized Water ........................................................................................... 14
2.4 LCIA Method and factor updates and corrections .............................................. 14
2.4.1 ISO 14067 for GHG reporting ............................................................................ 14
2.4.2 Environmental Footprint (EF) ............................................................................. 14
2.4.3 Single substances.............................................................................................. 15
2.5 New datasets ..................................................................................................... 17
2.6 Inventories for electricity, thermal energy and steam ......................................... 18
2.7 Inventories for primary energy carriers............................................................... 32
2.8 Organic and inorganic intermediates.................................................................. 36
2.9 Inventories for metal processes ......................................................................... 41
2.10 Inventories plastic processes ............................................................................. 43
2.11 Inventories for End-of-life processes .................................................................. 44
2.12 Inventories for electronic processes ................................................................... 46
2.13 Inventories for renewable processes.................................................................. 48
2.14 Inventories for transport processes .................................................................... 51
2.15 Inventories for construction processes ............................................................... 54
2.16 Inventories for US regional processes ............................................................... 58
3 Industry data in GaBi ............................................................................. 62

4 General continuous improvements ...................................................... 67
4.1 Editorial ............................................................................................................. 67
4.2 LCIA Methods, Normalisation and Weighting factors ......................................... 68
4.3 Fixing and improvements of cross cutting aspects ............................................. 71
References .......................................................................................................... 75
7
Annex I: “Version 2018” discontinued datasets – Explanations and
Recommendations ................................................................................. 76
Annex II: EPDs with expired validity ................................................................. 82
Annex III: Price quantity changes ..................................................................... 84
Annex IV: Biogenic carbon content quantity changes .................................... 88
8
List of Figures
Figure 1: Process structure in GaBi databases 11
Figure 2: Development grid mix in Germany (left) and EU-27 (right) [Eurostat 2018] 19
Figure 3: Development grid mix United States [EIA 2017] 19
Figure 4: PED, GWP, EP, POCP and AP of electricity grid mixes DE, EU-27 and US 24
Figure 5: Changes in GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Professional 2019
Edition 25
Figure 6: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Professional 2018 &
2019 Edition 25
Figure 7: Development GWP for electricity supply in selected countries 28
Figure 8: Changes in GWP electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension Module
Energy 2019 28
Figure 9: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension module
Energy 2018 & 2019 29
Figure 10: Development GWP for electricity supply in selected countries 29
Figure 11: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension module
Full US 2018 & 2019 30
Figure 12: Changes in GWP electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension Module
Full US 2019 31
Figure 13: 26 eGRID subregions 32
List of Tables
Table 1: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—selected EU countries
(calculated based on [IEA 2018]) 20
Table 2: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—selected non-EU countries
(calculated based on [IEA 2018]) 20
Table 3: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—countries with significant
changes (calculated based on [IEA 2018]) 21
9
Abbreviations
AP Acidification Potential
ADP Abiotic Depletion Potential
BAT Best Available Technique
B2B Business-to-Business
B2C Business-to-Customer
CHP Combined Heat and Power Plant
CML Centrum voor Milieuwetenschappen (Institute of Environmental Sciences)
EF Environmental Footprint
EP Eutrophication Potential
EPS Environmental Priority Strategies (LCIA method)
EPD Environmental Product Declaration
GWP Global Warming Potential
ILCD International Reference Life Cycle Data System
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LCI Life Cycle Inventory
LCIA Life Cycle Impact Assessment
ODP Ozone Depletion Potential
PED Primary Energy Demand
POCP Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
UBP Umweltbelastungspunkte (Ecological Scarcity Method)
For chemical elements, the IUPAC nomenclature is applied. Country codes use the ISO 3166-1
alpha 2 2-letter code, plus a few 3-letter codes for regions, such as RER for Europe, RNA for North
America and GLO for global. The different combinations of the European Union, reflecting its growth
over time, are identified by the prefix EU and the Number of Member States (potentially plus “EFTA”
when including the countries of the European Free Trade Association, i.e., Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway and Switzerland).
10
1 Introduction to the upgrade of databases available
with GaBi
In total, around 50 thinkstep employees were involved in the upgrade of several thousand unit pro-
cesses and aggregated LCI datasets. The invested time, knowledge and dedication of our employees
resulted in the new GaBi Databases 2019 Edition, with about 12,500 plans and processes of the
regular Professional and Extension Databases, plus more than 2,000 processes as Data-on-Demand-
only datasets.
The process of continuous upgrades to the GaBi Databases is enabled and supported with domain
expertise along the team structure within thinkstep, which is illustrated in the figure below.
Figure 1: Process structure in GaBi databases
In the GaBi Databases, process documentation is directly integrated in the datasets. Additional infor-
mation about the modelling principles applied to all datasets can be found in the document GaBi Da-
tabases and Modelling Principles. 4 Furthermore, specific modelling information on specific topics can
equally be accessed on the GaBi Software website.
This document covers relevant changes in the upgraded LCI datasets of the GaBi Databases. The
document will address both methodology changes and changes in technology, if any, and is structured
by material or topic, e.g., electricity, metals, plastics, renewables. In general, all thinkstep-related da-
tasets have been upgraded.
4
http://www.gabi-software.com/index.php?id=8375
11
Methodological changes do not automatically imply endorsement by thinkstep, but have been intro-
duced when necessary. Methodological changes are only useful if these changes or improvements
are supported by relevant best practise cases, evolving or edited standards or by relevant stakeholder
initiatives with a respective practice approval.
2 GaBi Databases 2019 Edition

“Facts do not cease to exist because they are ignored.” – Aldous Huxley
2.1 Principles
thinkstep introduced the annual upgrade of the GaBi databases for three reasons:
• To keep your results as up-to-date and close to evolving supply chains as possible, including
automated upgrades of your valued work in alignment with the most current state.
• To avoid disruptive changes caused by multi-year intervals that are often hard to communicate
and interpret and that prolong the time that user results are affected by known data errors.
• To keep track of necessary methodological changes and implement them promptly.
thinkstep’s databases are based on technical facts and are internationally accepted and broadly ap-
plied. We preferably use standardized methods established by industry, science and regulatory au-
thorities. New methods are applied when they have proven to be based on a relevant standard, on
broadly and internationally accepted approaches or when enforced by relevant regulations.
Changes in datasets are often the result of many effects in supply chains. But “technical” reasons
should be carefully separated from methodological reasons. Necessary methodological adoptions due
to evolving standards, knowledge and frameworks may be useful, however, GaBi databases do not
undertake methodological trials on the basis of databases that aim to reflect technological reality.
Changes in the environmental profile of the datasets, from the predecessor GaBi Databases to the
most recent GaBi Databases, may be attributed to one or more of the following factors:
• Upgrade of the foreground and/or background systems. The market situation or newly
available technologies result in changed impacts. The environmental profile for the supply of
energy carriers or intermediates may be subject to short-term changes and affect the environ-
mental profile of virtually all materials and products to a varying extent. For example, a change
of the energy carrier mix or of the efficiency for electricity supply, changes the environmental
profile of all materials or products using that electricity supply.
• Improvements and changes in the technology of the production process. Improvements
or developments in production processes might achieve, for example, higher energy efficiency
or a reduction of material losses and of process emissions. Sometimes, the technology is sub-
jected to higher quality requirements that are defined further downstream at the final product-
level (e.g., more end-of-pipe measures to reduce emissions, stricter desulphurization of fuels)
and improved use phase performance. In addition, certain production routes might have been
phased out, have changed the production mix of a material, substance or energy. A frequently
12
changing and quite dynamic example are the electricity grid mix datasets, as some countries
reduce or phase-out certain types of energy or fuels in the electricity supply mix, which require
the introduction of alternative sources of fuels and energy.
• Further standardization and the establishment of regulative modelling approaches.
Modelling of realistic technology chains has always been the core focus of the GaBi database.
Further harmonization and improvement in the LCA methodology and feedback from clients
and employees have enhanced the modelling approach for the GaBi Databases. Detailed in-
formation is given in the document GaBi Databases and Modelling Principles. 5 Methodological
adoptions are carried out extremely carefully, passing through multiple levels of reviews by
thinkstep experts responsible for standardization, technology knowledge and quality assur-
ance. This internal review process was audited within the continuous improvement process by
our external verification partner DEKRA. GaBi database updates and upgrades focus on reli-
ability through consistency to ensure clients system models and results are not jeopardized
due to random methodological changes.
The degree of influence of each of these factors is specific to each process and cannot be generalized
for all cases, nor can a single factor be highlighted. However, as technological excellence is a core
value of thinkstep data, our focus is to update and apply ALL RELEVANT AND IMPORTANT improve-
ments and changes in technology and the supply chain and THE NECESSARRY AND ESTABLISHED
improvements and changes in the methodology.
Supply chain modelling of a single material involves hundreds or even thousands of single operations.
Therefore, even opposing effects (improvements of some processes and higher impacts of other pro-
cesses along the chain) may occur.
2.2 Reasoning behind this document

GaBi systems—e.g., leading to a single aggregated dataset—consists of multiple datasets within one
supply chain. This means, users could identify many reasons for changes within a single supply chain.
GaBi models must be able to reflect, in first instance, the necessary complexity of the reality to provide
realistic data. Reduction of complexity is only credible if the reality of the supply chains is still ade-
quately mirrored. The change analysis is a time consuming, but important process within thinkstep,
and the results are documented in this report.
However, the relevance of changes in the GaBi database related to the user’s own systems is highly
dependent on the goal and scope in the specific user application. This means the same dataset may
lead to significant changes for one user, whereas in another user’s system, the changes might be
irrelevant. To shorten the time for users to reflect on the relevancy of the GaBi database changes for
their own systems, the analyst function of GaBi Software may support you in an effective way. As a
means of guiding users to the relevant changes in their models that are due to changes in external
factors and GaBi background data upgrades, thinkstep also provides the present document “GaBi
Databases 2019 Edition - Upgrades and Improvements” in addition to the document “GaBi Databases
5
http://www.gabi-software.com/index.php?id=8375
13
and Modelling Principles,” complemented by close to 14,000 interlinked electronical documentation
files of the processes supplied with thinkstep databases.
The following sections will address the most relevant changes in the GaBi Databases for the different
areas.
2.3 Regionalization
2.3.1 Land Use

For land use assessment, the regionalization in mining and renewable resources datasets (agricultural
and wood biomass) as well as incineration, which cover the most important sectors of land occupation
and transformation, was further implemented and harmonized. Land use inventory flows for all culti-
vation and forestry processes as well as mining and waste incineration processes were checked and
updated, and missing information has been integrated. Land occupation [m²*a] and land transfor-
mation [m²] inventory information for mining processes were improved through updating the produc-
tion quantity and size of open pit mines and implementing land use flows for underground mining.
Furthermore, the occupied land use mining area was separated into “dump site”, “mineral extraction
site” and industrial area.” Thus, a more complete and further differentiated evaluation of land use
impacts is possible.
2.3.2 Regionalized Water

The regionalization of water flows was further implemented and expanded to the waste water treament
plants. The input and output water flows (input: ground water, river water, lake water; output: pro-
cessed water to groundwater, processed water to lake, processed water to river) are regionalized by
the country of the waste water treatment plant.
For further information regarding water assessment and how to ensure correct and coherent region-
alization at the input and output side, please see documentation in “Introduction to Water Assessment
in GaBi.”
2.4 LCIA Method and factor updates and corrections
2.4.1 ISO 14067 for GHG reporting

Four new quantities from ISO 14067 GWP (based on IPCC AR5) are now available. They use the
same characterization values as IPCC AR5, but split into fossil, biogenic, land use and aviation.
2.4.2 Environmental Footprint (EF)

The Environmental Footprint (EF) set of impact factors have been updated to version 2.0. Apart from
various more specific changes, the most visible update is the introduction of three sub-impacts to
climate change, namely fossil, biogenic and land use. These three impacts sum up to the total impact.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
14
With release of the GaBi Databases 2019 Edition, the official EF 2.0 characterisation factors are pro-
vided, as well as the mapping to the official units and official elementary flows via the ILCD export/im-
port function.
EF 2.0 is the only version to be used for PEF/OEF results and to create EF data as ILCD export file.
Do not use previous versions of EF characterisation factors and ILCD zip archives anymore! Earlier
versions of EF/ILCD LCIA methods and flow lists have no official status and datasets developed with
earlier versions may not be claimed EF-compliant. In case you have been using a previous version
of EF characterisation factors, please update any created dataset by re-export, respectively re-
calculate results using the EF 2.0 in GaBi (datasets created by users should also be double-
checked with recent official EF documents, before claiming compliance). In case you need any
support with this topic, please contact content@thinkstep.com
Additional information: EF 3.0 is in parallel online at the EC website, since December 2018. This
version may be used exclusively in context of new to-be-developed PEFCRs/OEFSRs in the transition
phase (and is hence not yet included in GaBi).
2.4.3 Single substances

• GWP characterization factors for the substances HCFC 142b and R 134a were corrected.
• Long-term emission of halogenated substances flows carry now GWP factors: R 134a (tetra-
fluoro ethane), R 143a (trifluoroethane), R 113 (trichloro trifluoroethane), R 141b (dichloro-1-
fluoroethane), R 152a (difluoroethane), R 114 (dichlorotetrafluoroethane), R 142b (chlorodi-
fluoroethane), R 124 (chlorotetrafluoroethane), R 115 (chloropentafluoroethane), R 116 (hex-
afluoroethane), R 125 (pentafluoroethane), Halon (1211), Halon (1301), R 13 (chlorotrifluoro-
methane), R 32 (difluoromethane), Tetrafluoromethane.
• A set of characterization factors for unspecified Cresol were calculated as an average of the
three isomers (ortho-, meta- and para-cresol) for ReCiPe, CML and USEtox.
• The long-term emissions of phosphorus are now available for several impact categories.
• The energy flow ‘Gas, mine, off-gas, process, coal mining’ used to be characterized via the
net calorific value in primary energy categories similar to, for example, natural gas in the GaBi
implementation of EF 1.8. However, the flow is not present in the official list of characterization
factors from EF 1.8 and EF 2.0 and has now been removed.
• Ecoinvent provided updated calorific values for three elementary energy flows which increased
by 30-50% in the Ecoinvent 3.5 database: hard coal, brown coal and peat. The primary energy
characterization of these flows will increase. Crude oil and natural gas changed very little (2-
3%).
• Several land use flows related to GWP were re-introduced into the GaBi database to remain
consistent with the EF2.0 flow list:
o Carbon dioxide, from soil or biomass stock (long-term)
o Carbon monoxide, from soil or biomass stock
o Carbon monoxide, from soil or biomass stock (long-term)
o Methane, from soil or biomass stock
o Methane, from soil or biomass stock (long-term)
15
• UK land use flows are removed, because they were already present as GB flows. The differ-
ence in land use characteristics between the two (Great Britain vs United Kingdom) is assumed
negligible.
• Land use flows without regional specification in the LANCA methodology were regionalized,
some causing changes of 30-100% to the LANCA impacts.
• The EPD flows PERM, PENRM, PERE and PENRE have been deleted. They are not used in
EPD-pilot solutions and carry a significant risk of double counting primary energy if not used
properly.
• Water flows with regional characterization were added for Saudi Arabia
• EPD EN 15804 flows were not linked to the respective EN 15804 impacts—this has been
corrected. If GaBi users were implementing EPD results directly using the EN 15804 flows,
these were previously ignored, but are now characterized. This is only relevant if users were
manually implementing finished EPD results (LCIA results). No standard datasets were af-
fected.
• Waste heat [Other emissions to air] had a characterization factor for POCP in ReCiPe 2016
v1.1, which was removed.
• SOx was not characterized as emission in ReCiPe 2016 v1.1 and is now corrected.
• Four water input flows used in the Ecoinvent database were a factor of 1,000 too low in the
WSI and AWARE water methodologies. Since output flows were correctly characterized, this
led to negative water consumption for Ecoinvent processes. This has been corrected.
• The Ecoinvent flow for water and turbine use, unspecified natural origin was wrongly charac-
terized in the GaBi implementation of UBP 2013 water resource quantity, leading to negative
water consumption for Ecoinvent processes. This has been corrected.
• Other water flows were corrected in UBP2013 leading to a 30-50% decrease in the character-
ized water footprint.
• Land use flows to/from/use as permanent crops in Costa Rica were not characterized in
LANCA, which has now been corrected.
• Phosphorus as emissions to water (P total) had mistakingly received a toxic classification in
ReCiPe 1.08. This has been corrected, leading to a nearly 100% decrease in toxicity for this
specific flow. Other impact methods are not affected.
• CAS number of 1-butene was corrected to 000106-98-9 with 025167-67-3 as synonym.
• Butane and iso-Butane both with CAS 000075-28-5 were merged and characterization factors
aligned.
• CAS code of SO3 was corrected from 007746-11-9 to 007446-11-9.
• Two flows of tin ore were not consistently characterized. The flows were merged.
• Vulcanized natural rubber had wastewater emissions set as water vapour. This has been cor-
rected.
• Flow duplicates were merged:
o Aldehydes to fresh water
o Aluminium to air
o Aluminium to sea water
16
o Sodium to fresh water
o Sodium to industrial soil
o Sodium to agricultural soil
• Phosphorus minerals had been characterized for resource depletion with the inverse value
(1.81E05 instead of 5.52E-06) in ‘CML’ and ‘ILCD 1.09 Resource use, minerals and metals’
and was corrected. The effect could go from being completely dominating on the resource
depletion to being close to zero.
• The name of the flow Butylglycol was changed to 2-Butoxyethanol
2.5 New datasets

With this year’s upgrade, 379 new processes and 141 new plans are available:
Professional DB:
3 new plans, 162 new processes
Third party datasets, GLO: copper mix, production of ships, different electricity,
regionalized tap water…
Extension DBs:
II “Energy”: 1 new plan, 84 new processes

Future electricity grid mixes (2025, 2030, 2040), gasoline mix E5 and E10, differ-
ent “EU-28 electricity from …” mixes
IXa “End of Life”: 13 new processes

Bulk waste truck, US: hazardous waste incineration plants, open biomass burn-
ing,…
New extension database IXb “End of Life parametrized models”:

137 new plans, over 40 unique new processes, plus many complementing pro-
cesses of energy sources, consumables, for crediting
XIV “Construction”: 24 new processes

CN/BR/SA Portland cement, several EPDs
XVII “Full US”: 27 new processes

Different waste incineration plants, Iron ore mix…
XX “Food&Feed,” XXI ”India,” XI “Electronics,” Ib “Inorganics”: jointly 25

new processes
IC produced in India, corn and grain drying, Ammonia, canola oil…
17
Details on the new datasets are available in this MS Excel file: http://www.gabi-software.com/filead-
min/GaBi_Databases/Database_Update_2019_DB_content_overview.xlsx and access to the com-
plete dataset documentation is available for searching and browsing by extension database online
under http://www.gabi-software.com/international/databases/gabi-data-search/.
2.6 Inventories for electricity, thermal energy and steam

Relevant changes in energy carrier mix for electricity generation after the upgrade
In the GaBi databases 2019, the reference year is 2015 for all electricity grid mixes and energy
carrier mixes. As an exception, the electricity grid mixes in the Extension Module XVII: Full US
(electricity grid mixes for US sub-grids and subregions under eGRID) have been updated from
reference year 2014 to 2016, using the most recent version of eGRID [EPA 2018].
Relevant changes in the life cycle inventory (LCI) of the upgraded national grid mix datasets
occur for a couple of countries, because of changes in the energy carriers that were used for
electricity generation, as well as changes in the amount of imported electricity and the country
of origin of these imports. The changes in the LCI data sets reveal the following trends:
• An ongoing trend in some countries is to increase the share of renewable energy in their
electricity generation, which is the case for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Ireland, Lithuania, Romania and Sweden, for example.
• Annual fluctuation in electricity generation from hydropower (availability of water for elec-
tricity generation) due to meteorological conditions. In 2015, lower water availability for
hydropower compared to 2014 resulted in higher shares of fossil fuels, for example in
Austria, Croatia, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia and Venezuela. In contrast,
higher water availability in Finland, Sweden and Turkey resulted in distinct higher elec-
tricity output from hydro power plants.
• As in previous years, several transition countries have an ongoing demand for increased
electricity production: In countries like China, India, Egypt, Saudi-Arabia, Vietnam or Tur-
key, electricity production has increased by 4 to 12%. In China, in contrast to previous
years, the extra electricity demand was not covered by electricity from coal. Around one
third of the 180 TWh of the increased electricity generation (5,860 TWh total gross pro-
duction) was generated by hydropower. The remaining increase in China was predomi-
nantly generated from nuclear, wind, natural gas and photovoltaic. In India, Egypt, Saudi
Arabia and Vietnam, the increased electricity demand was met by production from fossil
fuels, mostly coal or natural gas.
The following three figures present the development of the energy carrier mix for electricity gen-
eration in Germany, the European Union and the United States between 2000 and 2015.
18
Figure 2: Development grid mix in Germany (left) and EU-27 (right) [Eurostat 2018]
Figure 3: Development grid mix United States [EIA 2017]
Compared to 2014, the use of renewable energy sources for electricity generation in Germany
has increased from 27.0% to 30.0% 6 in 2015. The main driver of this increase in renewable
energies was electricity from wind. Generation from combustible, fossil fuels decreased from
56.4% to 54.7%.
For the EU28, the share of natural gas in the power mix increased from 14.5% in 2014 to 15.5%
in 2015, after a significant reduction from 22.8% in 2010. The generation from renewable energy
6
50 % of electricity from waste is accounted as renewable energy
19
carriers increased slightly, from 29.4% in 2014 to 30.0% in 2015. The increase was mainly driven
by an increase in wind power generation.
In the U.S., the trend of coal substitution by natural gas was also happening in 2015, decreasing
the share of coal use in the grid mix significantly, from 38.5% to 33%. The share of natural gas
for electricity generation increased from 27.4% to 32.5%.
In the following tables, the energy carrier mixes for 2014 and 2015 are displayed for selected,
economically most-relevant countries, or those with important changes.
Table 1: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—selected EU countries (calculated based on [IEA
2018])
France Germany Great Britain Italy Poland Spain

[ %]
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Nuclear 77.6 77.0 15.5 14.2 18.8 20.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.6 20.4
Lignite 0.0 0.0 24.9 23.9 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 33.6 32.0 1.1 1.2
Hard coal 1.7 1.7 19.0 18.3 29.8 22.3 15.2 15.0 47.9 47.1 14.7 17.1
Coal gases 0.4 0.4 1.7 1.8 0.3 0.3 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.5 0.5 0.5
Natural gas 2.3 3.5 10.0 9.8 29.7 29.5 33.5 39.3 3.4 3.9 17.0 18.7
Heavy fuel oil 0.3 0.4 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.6 5.1 4.7 1.0 1.3 5.1 6.1
Biomass (solid) 0.3 0.4 1.9 1.7 4.1 5.7 1.4 1.4 5.8 5.5 1.4 1.4
Biomass (Biogas) 0.3 0.3 5.0 5.2 2.4 2.1 4.5 4.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3
Waste 0.7 0.7 2.2 2.0 1.2 1.9 1.7 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5
Hydro 12.3 10.5 4.1 3.9 2.6 2.7 21.6 16.6 1.7 1.5 15.4 11.2
Wind 3.1 3.7 9.2 12.3 9.4 11.9 5.4 5.3 4.8 6.6 18.7 17.6
Photovoltaic 1.1 1.3 5.8 6.0 1.2 2.2 8.0 8.1 0.0 0.0 2.9 2.9
Solar thermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0
Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Peat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Table 2: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—selected non-EU countries (calculated based on
[IEA 2018])
20
Brazil China India Japan Russia USA
[ %]
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Nuclear 2.6 2.5 2.3 2.9 2.8 2.7 0.0 0.9 17.0 18.3 19.2 19.3
Lignite 1.3 1.3 0.0 0.0 15.6 11.3 0.0 0.0 5.7 5.7 2.1 2.0
Hard coal 1.8 2.0 71.1 68.8 59.3 63.9 29.8 29.3 8.6 8.6 37.3 32.1
Coal gases 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 3.7 3.7 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1
Natural gas 13.7 13.7 2.0 2.5 4.9 4.9 40.4 39.4 50.1 49.6 26.8 31.8
Heavy fuel oil 6.0 5.0 0.2 0.2 1.8 1.7 11.2 9.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9
Biomass (solid) 7.7 8.3 0.8 0.9 1.8 1.7 2.8 3.3 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1
Biomass (Biogas) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3
Waste 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4
Hydro 63.3 61.9 18.7 19.3 10.2 10.0 8.4 8.8 16.6 15.9 6.5 6.3
Wind 2.1 3.7 2.7 3.2 2.9 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.5
Photovoltaic 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.8 0.4 0.4 2.4 3.4 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.7
Solar thermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4
Peat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
Table 3: Energy carrier mix for electricity generation—countries with significant changes (calculated
based on [IEA 2018])
Belgium Denmark Greece Netherlands Portugal Turkey

[ %]
2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015 2014 2015
Nuclear 46.6 37.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Lignite 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51.0 42.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.9 12.4
Hard coal 3.1 3.2 34.4 24.5 0.0 0.0 28.6 36.1 22.6 28.1 14.6 16.0
Coal gases 3.0 2.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8
Natural gas 26.7 32.5 6.5 6.3 13.4 17.5 49.9 42.3 12.9 20.2 47.9 38.0
Heavy fuel oil 0.3 0.3 1.0 1.1 11.0 10.9 1.8 1.3 2.6 2.5 0.9 0.9
Biomass (solid) 3.6 5.1 9.2 9.7 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.7 4.8 4.8 0.0 0.0
Biomass (Biogas) 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.5
Waste 2.9 3.0 5.0 5.8 0.2 0.2 3.4 3.3 0.9 1.1 0.0 0.0
Hydro 2.1 2.0 0.0 0.1 9.1 11.9 0.1 0.1 31.1 18.7 16.1 25.7
Wind 6.4 7.9 40.6 48.8 7.3 8.9 5.6 6.9 22.9 22.1 3.4 4.5
Photovoltaic 4.0 4.4 1.9 2.1 7.5 7.5 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.5 0.0 0.1
Solar thermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Geothermal 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.9 1.3
Peat 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21
The following list summarizes countries with significant changes in their energy carrier mix for
electricity generation:
• Belgium (BE)  Due to a shutdown of several nuclear reactors (Doel 1, Doel3 & Ti-
hange2) in 2014 the generation from nuclear power decreased significantly from 46.6%
to 37.2%, the lower output was compensated for with natural gas (increase from 26.7%
to 32.5%), generation from renewables (increase from 19% to 22.5%) and higher elec-
tricity imports.
• Croatia (HR)  Relevant lower output from hydro power stations (decrease from 67.3%
to 57.5%) resulted in higher generation from combustible fossil fuels (increase from
25.8% to 32.7%).
• Denmark (DK)  An ongoing trend to increase the installed wind capacity and a higher
rate of annual full load hours resulted in a distinctly higher share of wind power at the
grid mix (increase from 40.6% to 48.8%). The share of renewable energies increased
from 55.6% in 2014 to 65.2% in 2015, substituting electricity from hard coal.
• Estonia (EE)  The share of generation from oil shale has been reduced from 82.8% to
76.7%. In absolute terms, generation from oil shale decreased from 10.3 TWh to 8 TWh.
A significant part of the decreased generation from oil shale power plants was compen-
sated for with imports.
• Great Britain (GB)  Output from all renewable energy technologies rose, resulting in
an increase from 20.3% in 2014 (7.6% in 2010) to 25.6 % in 2015. Wind power increased
from 9.5% in 2014 to 11.9% in 2015. Electricity from hard coal dropped from 29.8% to
22.3%.
• Greece (GR)  The share of generation from lignite power plants dropped from 51% in
2014 to 42.6% in 2015, compensated for with natural gas, hydro power and wind power.
• Netherlands (NL)  A part of the electricity from natural gas (decrease from 49.9% in
2014 to 42.3% in 2015) was substituted by electricity from coal (increase from 28.6% in
2014 to 36.1% in 2015).
• Portugal (PT)  The electricity output from hydro power stations dropped significantly
from 16.4 to 9.8 TWh, the relative share decreasing from 31.1% to 18.7%. Generation
from renewable energies without hydro power stayed stable at around 30%. To compen-
sate for the lower generation of hydro power, generation from fossil fuels (mainly hard
coal and natural gas) increased from 38.2% to 50.8%.
22
• Sweden (SE)  Higher electricity output from hydro power stations and wind power
increased the share of renewable energy sources in the grid mix from 55.7% in 2014 to
63.1% in 2015. The electricity from hydro and wind power substituted mainly electricity
from nuclear power (decrease from 42.2% to 34.8%).
• Slovenia (SI)  Due to the lower output from hydro power stations, the share of elec-
tricity from lignite has increased from 19.3% to 26.5%.
• Turkey (TR)  The share of electricity from natural gas dropped from 47.9% to 38.0%
due to higher output from hydro power plants.
Development GWP and other impact categories for electricity grid mix datasets
The following figures illustrate the absolute primary energy demand (PED), as well as global
warming potential (GWP7), acidification potential (AP7), eutrophication potential (EP7) and pho-
tochemical ozone creation potential (POCP7) per kWh of supplied electricity in Germany, the
European Union and the United States. In the 2019 edition databases, the emission factors for
the combustion of fuels in power plants have been kept unchanged compared to the 2018 edi-
tion, with the exception of the eGRID subregions (Extension Module XVII: Full US - electricity
grid mixes for US sub grids and subregions under eGRID) for which new data from eGRID 2016
was available. Therefore, the results are mainly influenced by the changes in the energy grid
mix, by changes in the power plant efficiencies and by changes upstream in the supply chains.
In Germany, the GWP for the electricity mix decreased from 592 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to
569 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2015, mainly due to increased gross production from wind power and
photovoltaics. Whereas the production from fossil combustible fuels remained stable, at 353
TWh, and a slight reduction of nuclear power, from 97 TWh to 92 TWh, generation from renew-
ables increased from 169 TWh to 194 TWh. Increasing overall gross production from 628 TWh
in 2014 to 647 TWh in 2015. The increase in renewable PED was driven by the increase of
electricity from renewable energy sources. Changes in AP, EP and POCP are low and are linked
to changes of the energy carrier mix.
For the EU28, the GWP (417 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 vs. 418 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2015), but also
AP, EP and POCP, remained almost unchanged. For electricity generation, the use of renewa-
ble resources increased only slightly, from 29.4% to 30.0%, natural gas increased from 14.5%
to 15.5% and nuclear decreased from 27.6% to 26.6%.
7
CML 2001, Updated Januar 2016
23
In the U.S., the GWP decreased from 614 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 585 g CO2-eq./kWh in
2015. The main reason for the decrease in GWP is an ongoing trend in the U.S. to substitute
hard coal (decrease from 37.3% in 2014 to 32.1% in 2015) with natural gas (increase from
26.8% in 2014 to 31.8% in 2015). EP has been decreased by 8%, AP by 12% and POCP by 9%
due to reduced combustion emissions from fossil power plants (mainly coal power plants).
Figure 4: PED, GWP, EP, POCP and AP of electricity grid mixes DE, EU-27 and US
24
The following figures present the percentile changes of the greenhouse gases for the upgraded
electricity grid mixes in the GaBi Professional database and the Extension Module Energy com-
pared to the 2018 edition (reference year 2014) data, as well as the absolute greenhouse gas
emissions per kWh in the 2018 and 2019 edition databases (reference year 2015).
Figure 5: Changes in GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Professional 2019 Edition
Figure 6: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Professional 2018 & 2019 Edition
For most cases, the changes in the national electricity grid mix datasets are related to the up-
graded energy carrier mix or imports:
25
• Austria (AT)  Due to lower electricity from hydro power station (decrease from 68.5%
to 62.2%), compensated for mainly with natural gas, the GWP increased from
309 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 356 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2015.
• Belgium (BE)  Due to a temporarily shut down of several reactors (Doel 1& 3, Tihange
2) during most of 2015, the share of nuclear power dropped in the grid mix from 46.6%
in 2014 to 37.2% in 2015. Around two thirds of the electricity was substituted by natural
gas, the rest by renewable sources (mainly wind and biomass).
• Denmark (DK)  The carbon intensity of the electricity supply in Denmark has been
further decreased from 352 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 248 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2015. The
30% decrease in greenhouse gases per supplied kWh electricity is related to higher a
generation from renewable sources (55.6% in 2014 to 65.2% in 2015), mainly realized
through higher capacities and output from wind power plants (share in domestic electric-
ity generation increased from 40.6% to 48.8%). Like the year before, relevant parts of
the electricity supply have been imported (36%), mostly from Sweden and Norway (84%)
with low carbon intensities. Importion from Germany, with a distinct higher carbon inten-
sity than the domestic production, has been reduced from 32% to 16%.
• Finland (FI)  Compared to 2014, the GWP per supplied unit of electricity in Finland
has decreased by 17.5% from 212 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 175 g CO2-eq./kWh in
2015. The decrease is related to higher electricity outputs from hydro power plants, a
higher production from wind power plants and a decrease from coal power plants, from
11.7% in 2014 to 7.5% in 2015.
• Great Britain (GB)  Due to an increase of electricity generation from renewable

sources (20.3% in 2014 to 25.6% in 2015) and an accompanied decrease of power gen-
eration from coal (29.8% in 2014 compared to 22.3% in 2015), the GWP decreased from
477 g CO2-eq./kWh to 417 g CO2-eq./kWh.
• Greece (GR)  Electricity production from lignite was significantly reduced from 51% in
2014 to 42.6% in 2015, partly compensated for with higher production from natural gas
power plants and renewable resources. The GWP per kWh of electricity decreased from
987 g CO2-eq. in 2014 to 861 g CO2-eq. in 2015.
• Portugal (PT)  As with years past, e.g., 2011/2012, lower water availability for power
generation (decrease from 31.1% in 2014 to 18.7% in 2015) resulted in higher output
from fossil power stations (hard coal and natural gas) and an increase of the carbon
intensity for power generation (380 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 compared to 472 g CO2-
eq./kWh in 2015).
26
• Spain (ES)  Similar to Portugal, lower water availability for hydro power generation
resulted in higher GWP values (increase from 345 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 415 g CO2-
eq./kWh in 2015). The lower output from hydro power stations was compensated for with
fossil power stations (hard coal and natural gas).
• Sweden (SE), France (FR)  The big relative GWP change for France and Sweden is
a result of the high sensitivity of changes in the energy carrier mix on electricity grid
mixes with low carbon intensities. In Sweden, the GWP decreased from 45g CO2-
eq./kWh in 2014 to 37g in 2015 due changes related the amount and origin of imported
electricity. In France, the GWP increased from 56 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 64 g in 2015,
mainly due to lower generation from hydro power, which was partly compensated for
with natural gas generation.
• Switzerland (CH)  The increase from 131 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 163 g CO2-
eq./kWh in 2015 is related to higher imports (28 TWh in 2014 compared to 34 TWh in
2015) and a higher share of imports from Germany. Exports to Italy remained stable at
around 35 TWh.
• Slovenia (SI)  The carbon intensity of the Slovenian grid mix has been increased from
335 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 386 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2015 because of lower output from
hydro power stations, compensated for with lignite power stations.
The following Figure 7 illustrates the GWP of the electricity supply in selected countries over the
last six years. Compared to 2008, the GWP in Germany has been reduced by 9% and in the EU
by 14%. The share of renewables for power generation has increased significantly, from 15% in
2008 to 30% in 2015, substituting mostly nuclear power and electricity from natural gas power
stations. In the U.S., the substitution of electricity from hard coal by electricity from natural gas
as well as a higher share of electricity from renewables, has decreased the GWP per kWh of
supplied electricity by 12%. In some of the EU Member States, relevant GWP reductions have
been achieved over the last seven years, mainly because of a substitution of fossil fuels by
renewable sources, e.g., Denmark -52%, Estonia -33%, Finland -44%, Great Britain -29%, Italy
-24%, Malta -34% and Romania -29 %. Small contributions to changes over the past 6 years
stem from error corrections and method adoptions.
27
Figure 7: Development GWP for electricity supply in selected countries
The following three figures illustrate the relative and absolute changes of the GWP for the elec-
tricity grid mix datasets in the extension module Energy, as well as the changes over time.
Figure 8: Changes in GWP electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension Module Energy 2019
28
Figure 9: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension module Energy 2018 & 2019
• Argentina (AR)  The increasing GWP (483 g/kWh in 2014, 540 g/kWh in 2015) is a
consequence of lower output from hydropower plants and increased demand, compen-
sated by higher generation from natural gas and fuel oil.
• Turkey (TR)  Electricity output from hydro power increased from 40 TWh to 67 TWh,
resulting in a relative share of 25.7% in 2015 compared to 16.1% in 2014, reducing the
share of natural gas in the grid mix from 48% to 38%. Consequently, the GWP dropped
from 694 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 613 g in 2015.
• Venezuela (VE)  Electricity output from hydro power stations dropped from 87 TWh
(68.3%) in 2014 to 75 TWh (63.7%) in 2015, increasing the carbon intensity of the elec-
tricity supply.
Figure 10: Development GWP for electricity supply in selected countries
29
Extension module XVII: Full US – electricity grid mixes US subregions
Figure 11 and Figure 12 illustrate the absolute and relative changes in GWP of the eGRID sub-
regions, as well as the five sub grids and the US average using data from eGRID2016 instead
of IEA data to calculate the energy grid mix. For the subregions (see Figure 13 to get an over-
view) and sub grids in GaBi, the reference year has been updated from 2014 in GaBi data sub
grids to 2016 in GaBi database 2019.
Figure 11: Absolute GWP of electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension module Full US 2018 & 2019
The changes in GWP are mostly related to the updated energy grid mixes and partly to changes
in combustion plant efficiencies, updates in the supply of energy carriers and infrastructure.
• AKGD  Increase in GWP from 543 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 688 g in 2016 is mainly
related to a decrease in conversion efficiency for natural gas power plants and to a minor
extent related to changes in the energy grid mix.
• AZNM  The increasing GWP (483 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 562 g in 2015) is pre-
dominantly influenced by lower output from low-carbon-intensive electricity generation
(nuclear, hydro, photovoltaics) compensated for with power generation from coal (share
increase from 21.3% in 2014 to 29.7% in 2016).
• HIMS & HIOA  The increase in GWP is for both subregions related to lower conversion
efficiencies of fuel oil power plants.
30
• NYCW  Change in GWP due to lower output from nuclear power stations, compen-
sated for with natural gas power stations. Increase of GWP from 367 g CO2-eq./kWh in
2014 to 417 g in 2016.
• NYUP  Decrease in GWP is a result of lower generation from hard coal power plants
and a higher share of nuclear and renewables.
• RMPA  The share of electricity from hard coal power plants was significantly reduced
from 68.1% in 2014 to 51% in 2016 due to distinct higher output from hydro power sta-
tions (3.1% in 2014, 12.5 in 2016), higher generation from wind power and substitution
of coal by natural gas. Consequently, the GWP per kWh dropped from 831 g CO2-eq. in
2014 to 677 g in 2016.
• SPSO  Similar to RMPA, the share of electricity from hard coal was significantly re-
duced, reducing the GWP from 744 g CO2-eq./kWh in 2014 to 666 g in 2016.
• Alaska  Mostly influenced by changes within subregion AKGD.
• Hawaii  See explanation for HIMS & HIOA.
Figure 12: Changes in GWP electricity grid mix datasets in GaBi Extension Module Full US 2019
Other impact categories, such as acidification or eutrophication, are in addition to the updated
energy carrier mixes also affected by updated emission factors for combustion power plants.
31
Figure 13: 26 eGRID subregions
Further developments in electricity datasets
Changes in electricity datasets from specific fuels:
Power plant efficiencies, calculated based on energy statistics, can significantly vary between
the reference years. The following reasons are considerations for variations over time:
• final or periodic shutdown of specific power plants,
• different share between CHP and direct production over time (e.g., different heat demand
over time),
• technology measures to increase efficiency,
• irregular usage over time (e.g., used as reserve capacity),
• rounding effects (if little fuel is used),
• correction of statistical errors,
• a combination of several factors listed above
2.7 Inventories for primary energy carriers

The reference year of the GaBi databases 2019 edition is 2015 for all energy carrier supply mixes,
like hard coal, crude oil and natural gas. The changes in the environmental impacts of the energy
carrier processes are described here.
32
Changes in the results of the lignite and hard coal mixes are related to the update of the country-
specific consumption mixes (mix of domestic production and imports) and changes in the background
data. All country-specific lignite and hard coal mixes show GWP changes of less than 5% except the
following mixes:
• Lignite mix of Turkey (TR)  GWP decreases by 6 % due to changes in background data.
• Hard coal mix of Austria (AT)  decreasing shares of hard coal from Czech Republic and
increasing shares of hard coal from Russia lead to a slightly lower GWP result (- 5%).
• Hard coal mix of Belgium (BE)  less hard coal imports from the United States and Australia
and significant higher imports from Russia increase the GWP by 12 %.
• Hard coal mix of Brazil (BR)  more hard coal from Colombia, Australia and Russia is imported
and less from the United States and Canada, which lead to an increase of 6% for GHG emis-
sions.
• Hard coal mix of Italy (IT)  the GWP increases by 10% due to less imports from the United
States, Canada and Spain and more imports from South Africa and Colombia.
• Hard coal mix of Slovenia (SI)  significant changes in the consumption mix (imports from
Colombia with a contribution of 41% to the consumption mix were substituted by imports from
Russia, Italy, Czech Republic and Germany) worse the GWP result by 11%.
The environmental impacts of the natural gas mixes changed due to the update of the country-specific
consumption mixes and changes in the background data. Additionally, heavy metal emissions to water
associated with the natural gas production were updated, effecting the toxicity potentials of the natural
gas mixes significantly (JIRA tracking number: GC-4944). Natural gas mixes with changes in the GWP
results higher than 5% are listed in the following:
• Natural gas mix of Austria (AT)  Austria's domestic natural gas production is drastically re-
duced and compensated by natural gas imports from Russia. As a result, the GWP increases
by 14%.
• Natural gas mix of Belgium (BE)  less natural gas imports from the Netherlands and Norway,
and higher imports from the United Kingdom and Qatar (via liquefied natural gas (LNG)
transport) increase the GWP by 11%.
• Natural gas mix of the European Union (EU-28)  slightly higher impacts (GWP + 6%) due to
increasing natural gas imports from Russia and decreasing imports from the Netherlands.
• Natural gas mix of India (IN)  the GHG emissions increase by 10% because India’s domestic
natural gas production and LNG imports from Qatar are reduced and substituted by LNG im-
ports from Nigeria, Equatorial Guinea and Australia.
• Natural gas mix of Lithuania (LT)  less natural gas imports from Russia and more imports
from Norwegian LNG lead to a reduction in the GWP result by 7%.
• Natural gas mix of the Netherlands (NL)  the GWP result of the Netherlands increases by
13% due to less domestic natural gas production and more imports from Norway, the United
Kingdom and Russia.
• Natural gas mix of Spain (ES)  decreasing shares of natural gas and LNG from Norway,
Trinidad and Tobago and Qatar, and increasing shares from France, Algeria and Nigeria
worsen the GWP result by 9%.
33
• Natural gas mix of Thailand (TH)  less domestic natural gas production and increasing LNG
imports from Qatar and natural gas imports from Myanmar lead to an increase of the GWP
result by 8%.
• Natural gas mix of Ukraine (UA)  The Ukraine expands its domestic production and replaces
natural gas imports from Germany, Hungary and Norway by Russian natural gas which re-
duces the GWP result by 9%.
• Natural gas mix of United Kingdom (GB)  the GWP result increases by 8% due to less im-
ports from the Netherlands and increasing LNG imports from Qatar.
The update of the country-specific consumption mixes and changes in the background data effect the
environmental impacts by more than 5% of the following crude oil mixes:
• Crude oil mix of Australia (AU)  the GWP result is reduced by 11% due to lower crude oil
imports from Nigeria, Congo and Russia, a higher domestic crude oil production and more
crude oil imports from the United Arab Emirates and Brunei.
• Crude oil mix of Austria (AT)  the GHG emissions increase by 5% because of major changes
in the crude oil consumption mix: less domestic production, less crude oil imports from Kuwait,
Nigeria, Kazakhstan, Saudi Arabia and Libya, but more imports from Mexico, Iraq, Tunisia,
Algeria and Azerbaijan.
• Crude oil mix of Finland (FI)  less crude oil from Norway and the United Kingdom and higher
imports from Russia and Angola lead to an increase in the GHG emissions by 9%.
• Crude oil mix of France (FR)  the GWP result increases by 6% due to major changes in the
consumption mix: less crude oil imports from Saudi Arabia, Libya, Norway, Russia and Egypt,
but more imports from Iraq, Angola, Mexico and Azerbaijan.
• Crude oil mix of Hungary (HU)  higher impacts (+ 21% for GWP) are caused mainly by the
reduction of crude oil imports from Russia and higher crude oil imports from Iraq.
• Crude oil mix of India (IN)  a more detailed data source is used for the crude oil consumption
mix of India leading to an increase of the GHG emissions by 7%.
• Crude oil mix of Ireland (IE)  the GHG emissions are reduced drastically (- 55 %) due to
decreasing shares of crude oil imports from Libya, Nigeria and Algeria and significant more
crude oil imports from Norway.
• Crude oil mix of Italy (IT)  major changes in the mix (less crude oil from Canada, Russia,
Saudi Arabia, Italy, Libya, Colombia and Norway and more crude oil from Iraq, Gabon, Egypt,
Congo, Azerbaijan and Angola) lead to higher GHG emissions (+ 9%).
• Crude oil mix of Lithuania (LT)  less crude oil imports from Russia and more imports from
Algeria, Nigeria, Azerbaijan and Iraq increase the GHG emissions by 11%.
• Crude oil mix: of New Zealand (NZ)  major changes in the mix (less crude oil from Indonesia,
the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Australia and more crude oil from
Qatar, Brunei, Russia and Malaysia) reduce the GWP result by 7%.
• Crude oil mix of Poland (PL)  less crude oil imports from Russia and higher imports from Iraq
and Saudi Arabia lead to an increase in the GHG emissions by 11%.
34
• Crude oil mix of Spain (ES)  the GWP result increases by 6% due to higher crude oil imports
from Kazakhstan, Gabon, Iraq and Brazil and lower imports from Russia, Colombia, Saudi
Arabia and Cameroon.
• Crude oil mix of Sweden (SE)  less crude oil imports from Nigeria and Russia and more
crude oil imports from Denmark reduce the GHG emissions by 6%.
• Crude oil mix of Thailand (TH)  a more detailed data source is used for the crude oil con-
sumption mix of Thailand leading to a GWP reduction by 20%.
• Crude oil mix of Trinidad and Tobago (TT)  the use of a more detailed data source for the
crude oil consumption mix of Trinidad and Tobago results in higher GHG emissions (increase
by 20%).
• Crude oil mix of Turkey (TR)  the GWP result increases by 5% because of higher crude oil
imports from Iraq and Russia and less crude oil imports from Nigeria, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkey
and Saudi Arabia.
• Crude oil mix of the United States (US)  the domestic production increases and substitutes
crude oil imports from Saudi Arabia, Canada, Mexico and Kuwait which reduces the GWP
result by 6%.
• Crude oil mix of South Africa (ZA)  a more detailed data source is used for the crude oil
consumption mix of South Africa leading to an increase of the GHG emissions by 18%.
Changes in the environmental impacts of the refinery products can be mainly related to changes in
the crude oil supply:
• Refinery products of Australia (AU)  GWP reduction by 6% to 9%.

• Refinery products of India (IN)  5% to 6% higher GWP results.
• Refinery products of South Africa (ZA)  the GWP results increase by 5% to 16%.
• Refinery products of the African region (RAF)  5% to 7% higher GWP results.
• Refinery products of the European Union (EU-28)  increased GWP results by 5%
• Refinery products of France (FR)  increased GWP results by 5%.
The environmental impacts of the fuel mixes (diesel and gasoline, at refinery and filling station) change
because of updated country-specific biofuel and fossil fuel consumption mixes, the update of the coun-
try-specific blending quota of biofuels and changes in the biofuel and crude oil supply chains. The
following country-specific fuel mixes show GWP changes of more than 5%:
• Gasoline mix of Australia (AU)  the GWP result is reduced by 7% because of the reduction
of GHG emissions in the crude oil supply chain of Australia.
• Gasoline mix of India (IN)  changes in the crude oil supply lead to an increase of the GWP
result by 5%.
• Gasoline mix of South Africa (ZA)  the GWP result increases by 9% to 10% due to the in-
creased GWP result of the crude oil supply.
• Gasoline mix of Africa (RAF)  higher GHG emissions for the crude oil supply result in a
higher GWP result for the gasoline mix (+ 5%).
• Diesel mix of Australia (AU)  the GWP result increases by 6% to 7% which is caused by the
correction of the blending quota (miscalculation of the blending quota in the data source).
35
• Diesel mix of India (IN)  changes in the crude oil supply lead to an increase of the GWP
result by 5%.
• Diesel mix of Malaysia (MY)  changes in the GWP result (+ 11%) are mainly related to
changes in the supply chain of bioethanol and crude oil.
Table 2- 1: JIRA issues for new energy datasets
JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in re- Affects Ex-

Tracking gory sults tension
Number module
GC-3928 New Thermal en- "EU-28: Process steam from New datasets Professional
ergy/steam biogas" is now available. database
mixes for re-
gions
GC-4258 New New EU-28 A new plan "EU-28: Electric- New datasets Professional
electricity pro- ity grid mix (production mix)" database
duction mix is now available in the Pro-
fessional database.
GC-6492 New New DE: Elec- A new process is now availa- New dataset Extension
tricity grid mix ble reflecting the German grid database II:
(2017) mix using 2017 data. energy
2.8 Organic and inorganic intermediates

Possible updates and upgrades of technologies may happen on 3 different levels. In the upgraded
datasets in most cases multiple effects can be observed: Due to possible breakthrough technologies
(improvements in the foreground system of the existing technology), due to changed situations in a
production or consumption mix of different technologies providing the same product, and lastly, due
to changes and updates in the background system of resources and energy supply. In addition, errors
in the data can affect a single dataset or several when the product is used downstream.
The required information to check and update the technologies and supply chains is based on the
knowhow of our engineers as well as on information shared by our clients who are active in the chem-
ical sector. The provided documentation of GaBi datasets serves as a viable basis to discuss supply
chain aspects and demands.
Our experts use scientific and engineering knowhow (e.g., thermodynamic laws, the mass- and energy
conservation, stoichiometric balances, combustion calculation and the like) as a basis to maintain and
update chemical LCA data. All chemical technologies were checked in this sense. In relation to pos-
sible breakthrough technologies, no major new technologies or significant process improvements on
existing technologies were identified by thinkstep experts in this year’s upgrade.
Changes in the background system mainly relate to:
• Upgraded distribution on primary, secondary and tertiary fossil resource extraction, like oil and
gas
• Upgraded market share of imported fossil resources
36
• Upgraded distribution of the type of resources used (oil, gas and coal, etc.)
• Increased amount of renewable feedstock and energy supply
Changes in the energy sector and supply chain are, in most cases, the drivers for overall improvement
throughout several impact categories. The intermediates are directly influenced by the upgraded per-
formance of the energy supply and the important resource, crude oil and natural gas.
The following table documents the issues in this sector, the principle effect on the results (if any) and
the affected extension databases. Issues with a larger affect on single or multiple datasets are high-
lighted with a bolded JIRA number:
Table 2- 2: JIRA issues for organic and inorganic intermediates
JIRA Issue Item Description Change in results Affects Ex-

Tracking Category tension mod-
Number ule
GC-2519 New Special 3 new datasets for spe- New datasets Professional
glass da- cial glass types are database
tasets now available:
EU-28: Glass lamp
bulbs (soda-lime -
BREF)
EU-28: Glass ceramic
production
EU-28: Borosilicate
glass production
GC-4361 New New Hy- Four new datasets for New datasets Professional
drogen hydrogen peroxide for DB
peroxide Belgium, Netherlands,
datasets France and Germany
are now available.
GC-5792 Editorial Renaming The Plastics Europe Does not change the re- All
of hydro- and the thinkstep hy- sults
gen da- drogen datasets were
tasets renamed adding the
production route in the
name. The naming of
all aggregated and
partly aggregated da-
tasets was harmonized
by using brackets. This
consistent naming
helps to find all hydro-
gen data at the same
place (e.g., by using
the GaBi search func-
tion or by using the da-
tabase content Excel
list available at the
homepage).
37
Number ule
GC-5913 Bug Mass bal- The mass balance was Acidification Potential rises Professional
ance of closed by adding air as by about 2% database
Tereph- input which is used in Eutrophication Potential Extension da-
the oxidation process. tabase XVII:
thalic acid rises about 3%
The water balance was full US
also closed by slightly Global Warming Potential
increasing the water rises about 5%
vapor output. Photochem. Ozone Crea-
Natural gas input was tion Potential rises about
changed to thermal en- 2%"
ergy from natural gas
since it is not used as
material but as energy.
GC-6040 Docu- Erase Synonym removed Does not change the re- All
mentation Glauber's from documentation sults
salt syno-
nym from
sodium
sulphate
GC-6357 Bug Correction Xylene on the PTA pro- Since a new step has been
of Purified duction was replaced added, all the impacts for
tereph- by p-xylene, as PTA PTA production increased:
thalic acid production requires p- - +8 to +20% for Tox indi-
(PTA) pro- xylene. cators and ozone layer de-
duction pletion
- +35% to +70% for Re-
sources indicators, Acidifi-
cation, Eutrophication,
Smog and POCP
- +80 to +120% for Abiotic
elements and GWP
PET production US is im-

pacted (Polyester resin,
and PET via PTA)
- +20 to +45% for Acidifica-
tion Resources (ADP fossil
elements) Eutrophication
Smog and POCP
- +67% for GWP
Partly bio-based PET is

also impacted (from sugar
cane, from corn and from
Wheat)
- +30 to +55% for Abiotic
and resources indicators
- +60 to 110% for GWP
GC-6793 Docu- Ali- It was added in the Does not change the re- Several
mentation phatic/aro- documentation (general sults
matic co- comment), that those
polyester processes fossil based
documen- but biodegradable
tation: fos-
sil based
38
Number ule
but biode-
gradable
GC-7046 Improve- Ammonia In general, the ammo- Correction distribution of Extension da-
ment production nia plant is producing CO2: tabase Ib: in-
- use of by- considerable amount of Due to this change, the organic inter-
carbon dioxide. For
product GWP is reduced for ammo- mediates
smaller plants or plants
carbon di- which are not inte- nia datasets with CO2 re- Extension da-
oxide grated in urea produc- covery by approx. 10% to tabase XVII:
tion, it is more likely 30%. For the datasets CO2 full US
that the CO2 is vented by-product ammonia, the
to air. For bigger, inte- GWP is reduced by 50%,
grated ammonia plants, AP, EP POCP and primary
the CO2 is recovered
energy demand by approx.
and used as by-product
or is directly used reac- 40%. The changes affect
tant in the urea synthe- Melamine and Urea (Stami
sis. carbon process) where
For the datasets which CO2 and ammonia are
are considering CO2 reused as precursor materi-
covery, the amount of als.
the by-product CO2 was
increased. Further-
more, the process CO2 Updated price allocation for
emissions (approx. 500 all ammonia/CO2 plan
kg per ton Ammonia) models: in the old price al-
from the primary re- location share, 60% was
former were removed in distributed to CO2 and 40%
the GaBi model, as
to Ammonia which is now
these emissions are al-
ready accounted via 15% to CO2 and 85% to
the provided thermal Ammonia. For the common
energy. impact methods like AP,
EP, POCP, GWP and pri-
Finally the allocation mary energy demand, this
between carbon dioxide allocation change leads to
and Ammonia has been
an increase of approx. 40%
updated to the latest
prices. Thus, 85% of to 70%. This change also
the environmental im- leads to an increase in the
pacts are allocated to LCIA impacts of the "Urea
ammonia and 15% to agrarian" datasets and
the by-product Carbon other fertilizers like CAN,
dioxide. MAP, UAN and NPK.
GC-7050 Improve- Use of re- Country specific deion- Water consumption does Several
ment gionalized ised water processes not change, however when
deionised are now used through- looking at regionalized wa-
water out the database. ter quantities impacts can
vary.
GC-7177 New New am- New datasets for am- New datasets Professional
monia da- monia production In database
tasets Europe, Germany and Extension da-
Great Britain are now
tabase Ib: in-
available.
- Ammonia (NH3) with organic inter-
CO2 recovery, by-prod- mediates
uct carbon dioxide
(economic allocation)
39
Number ule
- Ammonia (NH3) syn-
thesis with CO2 recov-
ery, by-product carbon
dioxide (without alloca-
tion)
In the last scenario, no

allocation is applied for
the two products am-
monia and carbon diox-
ide. This means, the
output inventory shows
both ammonia and car-
bon dioxide as product
flows. It enables the
user to connect these
flows to further use
(e.g., a part of the
amount of ammonia
and carbon dioxide
could be used to model
an own urea production
plant where both mate-
rials are needed as
feedstock).
GC-7304 Docu- Correction Density is now correct. Does not change the re- Several
mentation of density sults
Hydrochlo-
ric acid
GC-7357 Docu- Documen- Documentation for da- Does not change the re- Professional
mentation tation in tasets Deionised water sults database
deionised have been updated.
water
GC-7363 LCIA Water split The water regionaliza- No major change on re- Professional
between tion is now set correct sults database
global and for the following pro-
cesses:
regional
DE: Tap water from
surface water
US: Process water from
ground water
US: Process water from
surface water
GC-7441 Docu- Documen- Included datasets and Does not change the re- Several
mentation tation im- flow diagram were sults
provement added to the documen-
for hydro- tation
gen perox-
ide da-
tasets
40
2.9 Inventories for metal processes
All data and models have been checked by thinkstep metals experts regarding technological upgrades
and were identified as representative for their technology descriptions.
The main changes this year are the exchange of German copper with a global copper mix, the cor-
rection of the water balance in BF steel production and the introduction of the new IAI datasets.
Table 2- 3: JIRA issues for metal processes
JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in results Affects Exten-

Tracking gory sion module
Number
GC-2498 New EUROFER Two new datasets from New datasets Professional
stainless EUROFER for stainless database
steel da- steel are now available:
tasets EU-28: Stainless steel
cold rolled coil (430
Stab.)
EU-28: Stainless steel
white hot rolled coil (430
Stab.)
GC-2863 Improve- Update UA/ Brazilian aluminium in- BR: Aluminium ingot mix
ment CN / BR Al- got replaced by South AP: -7.9%
uminium in- American IAI 2015 data GWP: 8.4%
got/sheet/p Chinese aluminium in- EP: -22.9%
rofile got 2009 data replaced ODP: -31.4%
by Chinese IAI 2015 POCP: 12.6%
data
Ukrainian aluminium CN: Aluminium ingot mix
profile and sheet pre- AP: 17.3%
cursor data changed GWP: 9.6%
from EU to RU (IAI EP: 13.9%
2015) as IAI 2015 data ODP: -17.0%
includes "Russia and POCP: 19.3%
other Europe" (non-EU-
28) UA: Aluminium profile
US Calcium sulfoalumi- AP: -13.9%
nate cement alumina GWP: -24.0%
(GLO) input updated to EP: -36.0%
IAI 2015 data ODP: -69.3%
POCP: -7.7%
UA: Aluminium sheet

AP: -14.4%
GWP: -24.5%
EP: -40.2%
ODP: -76.5%
POCP: -7.4%
US: Calcium sulfoaluminate

cement
AP: 4.3%
GWP: 28.8%
EP: -5.7%
ODP: -49.1%
POCP: 31.1%
41
Number
GC-3563 Improve- Harmoni- The world share mix of Due to the change, the Professional
ment zation of Ferro-Silicon production common impacts methods database
Silicon and was updated based on AP, EP and POCP are re-
Ferro sili- information from United duced by approx. 30% to
con data States Geological Sur- 40%. The primary energy
vey (USGS). For the demand from ren. and non
Chinese and Russian ren. resources are reduced
production, the electric- by approx. 14%. The Global
ity consumption in the Warming Potential (GWP)
smelter furnace was re- is only reduced by approx.
duced from 43 MJ/kg 1%, since less electricity is
Fe-Si (90%) to 36 MJ/kg used but higher process
fe-Si (90%), based on CO2 emissions leads to a
information from nearly unvaried overall re-
ULLMANN'S Encyclo- sult.
paedia of Industrial
Chemistry and Best
Available Techniques
(BAT) Reference Docu-
ment. The carbon bal-
ance in the smelter fur-
nace was updated
which leads to higher
CO2 emissions.
GC-5811 Bug Elementary Elementary Cadmium Abiotic Depletion (ADP ele- Extension da-
Cadmium input is now 1.1 kg in- ments) increases by 10% tabase V: non-
input to stead of 1kg. ferrous metals
Cadmium
GC-6303 New New IAI da- 38 datasets from IAI (In- New datasets Professional
tasets ternational Aluminium database
Institute) are now avail-
able in the database.
They can be found un-
der Processes -> Indus-
try data -> IAI
GC-6361 Improve- Use of Copper is globally pro- High changes in single Several
ment global cop- duced and traded. For cases take place especially
per mix this reason, a German for AP. This is due to the dif-
copper mix was reference in both DE and
placed with the GLO: GLO datasets, which have
copper mix. a difference of 155% in AP
(higher value for GLO)
GC-6711 Improve- Check us- Process IN: Alumina, Changes are below 2%. Extension da-
ment age of ear- precursor Bauxite min- tabase XXI: In-
lier version ing changed from IN: dia
Aluminium Bauxite (2005 data) to
Data GLO: Bauxite (2015
data)
GC-7379 Bug Water con- The water balance of Blue water consumption in- All
sumption in the blast furnace steel creases for the steel da-
DE BF route was corrected. tasets. The relative
steel pro- Due to a double count- changes are quite high, for
duction ing, more water was be- the absolute numbers the
ing emitted than enter- increase of blue water con-
ing the production. Rain sumption is about 2 to 2.5
42
Number
water has been added kg. For some steel sheet
as additional input. and steep pipe datasets,
the blue water consumption
changed from negative to
positive values.
GC-7572 New Updated Three datasets from New datasets Professional
GC-6703 Copper DKI/ECI are now availa- database
GC-6195 DKI/ECI ble in an updated ver-
datasets sion:
EU-28: Copper pipe mix
(Europe 2015
{8e82d244-1022-4d20-
a862-46c3f54f6379}
EU-28: Copper Sheet
Mix (Europe 2015
{d4587458-3dd0-4c6e-
a1f8-73d440813310}
EU-28: Copper Wire
Mix (Europe 2015
{35a4b3f7-6e52-4e31-
9894-e09d72bc0367}
2.10 Inventories plastic processes

The environmental profile of polymers is largely influenced by the monomer impacts. thinkstep experts
checked whether the polymerisation technologies are still representative. To our knowledge, no com-
pletely new process designs in polymerization are in industrial use compared to last year. The
polymerization technologies in the GaBi Databases are considered representative. This is supported
by our experience within the chemistry and polymer industries.
More specific aspects are mentioned in the following table:
Table 2- 4: JIRA issues for plastic processes

Number module
GC-6182 New Update of injec- A new plastic injection mould- The default elec- Profes-
tion moulding ing unit process updated with tricity consump- sional data-
new information is now avail- tion was reduced base
able. Also, the function was by about 30%.
changed to be a parameter- Since this is the
ized process with free param- only impact con-
eters electricity input and tributor, impact
waste output. The previous results reduced
unit process has been moved by 30% equiva-
to the Version 2018 folder. lently for the in-
jection process
only.
43
Number module
GC-7428 Improvement Steam amount Using newer information, the Most relevant Several
in Styrene-buta- steam input for the S-SBR change occurs in
diene rubber (S- production was lowered GWP, where the
SBR) impact decreases
by about 8%.
GC-7724 Documenta- Documentation The documentation of the fol- Does not change Extension
tion of thinkstep car- lowing datasets has been up- the results database
bon fiber da- dated: VII: plastics
tasets - DE Carbon Fiber (CF; from
PAN; standard strength)
{d2e4cb14-c5fa-49a3-b6c2-
840a2b860d63}
- EU-28 Carbon Fiber (CF;
from PAN; standard
strength) {bda5f1b5-719d-
4d9b-8802-a4a9e16c0dd2}
Has been updated by deleting

the statement that the fibres
are graphitized. More details
about the surface treatment of
the fibres after carbonization
was added.
2.11 Inventories for End-of-life processes

All data and models have been checked by thinkstep metals experts regarding technological upgrades
and were identified as representative for their technology descriptions in 2018.
Major changes were done in the waste water treatment plants. Here diffuse emissions are now con-
sidered, infrastructure and land use integrated, as well as an inconsistency in the calculation of the
sludge amount coming out of the pre-thickening and dewatering corrected. Waste incineration plants
now have infrastructure and land use added as well.
Noteworthy is also the newly available “Extension Database IXb: end of life parameterised models,”
which contains 137 plan models with pre-configured settings, but which can be changed by the user.
Other more specific aspects are mentioned in the following table.
Table 2- 5: JIRA issues for end-of-life processes
JIRA Issue Cat- Item Description Change in results Affects Exten-

Tracking egory sion module
Number
GC-5886 Improve- Waste wa- Diffuse emissions to air The diffuse emissions will Professional
GC-5888 ment ter treat- are now incorporated in change the results from the database
ment the Waste Water Treat- WWTP a lot (e.g. +50% for
plants: Dif- ment Plant model, as GWP), so this shall be
fuse Emis- well as investment communicated to the cus-
sions to goods and tomers as an improvement
air, land use. coming from the latest
44
Number
Infrastruc- achievements in measuring
ture and rather than being a bug
land use that has been wrong so far.
added Both investment goods and
land use do not have a big
effect on the overall results
of a product, because the
mass of throughput
through a WWTP is so
high. Nevertheless, it is
good that we added this,
the EoL processes are now
more consistent regarding
investment goods and land
use than before.
GC-6766 Improve- Include Waste incineration da- Land use will increase Professional
ment capital tasets now have infra- when a waste incineration database
goods for structure and land use is used.
waste in- included.
cineration
plants (fol-
low up GC-
4550)
GC-7063 New Update 21 new datasets for do- New datasets Extension Da-
DE/EU domestic waste incinera- tabase IXb:
mestic tion for European coun- end of life pa-
waste in- tries are now available. rameterised
cinerations models
and create
remaining
for EU
countries
GC-7181 Documen- Typo in Typos in the technology Does not change the re-
tation documen- description were cor- sults
tation of rected.
Sludge
(hazardous
low level)
GC-7204 Documen- Clarifica- Depending on the ma- Does not change the re- Several
tation tion in doc- terial incinerated, elec- sults
umentation tricity and steam can be
of waste exported or is needed.
incinera- To clarify this, the fol-
tion pro- lowing sentences have
cesses been added to the tech-
nology description:
Materials reacting exo-
thermic in the incinera-
tion plant lead to en-
ergy generation (elec-
tricity and steam OUT-
put).
Materials reacting en-
dothermic in the incin-
eration plant lead to
45
Number
energy consumption
(electricity and steam
Input.
GC-7421 New New da- A new dataset for New datasets Professional
taset sorted glass cullets is database
"Glass cul- now available: "EU-28: Extension Da-
lets, Glass cullet, sorted" tabase IXb:
sorted" {ae26c0a4-c43c-4e55- end of life pa-
9426-28402256e592} rameterised
models
GC-7604 New German New wastewater treat- New datasets Extension Da-
regions ment plants processes tabase IXb:
waste wa- and plans for 7 German end of life pa-
ter treat- regions (Baden-Würt- rameterised
ment temberg, Bayern, Hes- models
plants sen, Nord, Nord-Ost,
NRW and Sachsen) are
now available.
GC-7675 New New open Two datasets for open New datasets Extension da-
burning of burning of biomass tabase IXa:
biomass (dung and garbage) are end of life
datasets now available and can
be used to estimate the
impact this method
would have.
GC-7780 Bug Sludge An inconsistency in the Big changes occur due to Several
drying in calculation of the this correction. GWP,
waste wa- sludge amount coming POCP, EP and PM de-
ter treat- out of the pre-thicken- crease by about 80%
ment plant ing and dewatering was
corrected.
GC-7735 New New End 137 new plans are now New datasets Extension Da-
of Life available with the new tabase IXb:
mixer for Extension database end of life pa-
different IXb: end of life parame- rameterised
routes and terised models. The models
fractions plan models use data
(domestic for Eurostat for waste
waste, treatment for domestic
glass, pa- waste, glass, plastics
per…) and paper. Additionally,
three different methods
(Cut-off, Avoided bur-
den or EF methodol-
ogy) can be evaluated.
2.12 Inventories for electronic processes

All data and models have been checked by thinkstep electronic experts regarding technological up-
grades and were identified as still representative for their technology descriptions in 2018. According
to thinkstep electronic experts, any possible differences when comparing the results of impact
46
categories with the same results for 2018 were due to changes in background data in the metals and
energy sector (see corresponding chapters in this document).
One noteworthy correction this year concerns some selected ICs, for which the electricity use in the
production was corrected.
Table 2- 6: JIRA issues for electronic processes

Number
GC-6556 Bug Node size The process "GLO: IC Does not change the re- Extension da-
for IC BGA BGA 48 (72mg) 8x6 sults tabase XI:
48 (72mg) mm MPU generic (14 electronics
8x6 mm nm node)" {4818d9f5-
MPU ge- 6b98-4f52-95b3-
neric 428fa7b40223} now
has the correct node in
the name (14nm) in-
stead of 130nm.
GC-6813 Editorial MLCC ca- The "D" in the flow Does not change the re- All
pacitor flow name was removed in sults
naming the following flows.
Capacitor ceramic
MLCC 1210 (50mg)
3.2x1.6x1.6 (Base met-
als) {a97db42d-f6b8-
45b7-adaa-
c008f031997f}
Capacitor ceramic
MLCC 0201 (0.17mg)
0.6x0.3x0.3 (Base Met-
als) {7b990070-5670-
4a32-918f-
95191cfef00a}
Capacitor ceramic
MLCC 2220 (450mg)
5.7x5x2.5 (Base Met-
als) {10b88694-0da7-
4b08-a428-
74a9367ad188}
Capacitor ceramic
MLCC 0603 (6mg)
1.6x0.8x0.8 (Base Met-
als) {f8db2875-4097-
4d05-bdaf-
1f315f43af6a}
GC-6887 Bug Fab emis- Parameters for PFC Minor changes in all impact Extension da-
sions for abatement in the model categories (< 3%). tabase XI:
CMOS were corrected. electronics
65nm sem-
iconductor
and IC
GC-7601 Bug Correction Several corrections For most ICs changes are Extension da-
of ICs were done in the IC around or below 5%. Larg- tabase XI:
model. All bond wire + est change is for IC DIP 24 electronics
bulk materials pro- (1.7g) 35.5x8.2 mm CMOS
cessing electricity was logic (250 nm node), where
increased. The back-
47
Number
end electricity factor changes about 32% for
was increased as well. GWP.
2.13 Inventories for renewable processes

The datasets, including renewable materials (e.g., crop cultivation), are modelled with a comprehen-
sive agricultural model. The model considers local and regional aspects of climate, soil and farming
practices on the technical side. In addition, it considers international guidelines, current scientific liter-
ature and available databases on the methodological side. The thinkstep agriculture and farming ex-
perts maintain and enlarge the model frequently, making it one of the most advanced LCA models
related to this topic.
As part of the 2019 annual upgrade the agrarian and renewable processing datasets have been re-
viewed and updated based on the most recent information identified by the thinkstep experts consid-
ering the aspects previously mentioned. In addition, the documentation of certain datasets has been
improved.
The biogenic carbon balance was harmonized in all the foreground and background systems when
renewable materials are involved, especially in case the economic allocation approach has been used.
The primary energy data has been harmonized and corrected in all the datasets used as fuel where
an allocation based on a different reference than mass has been applied.
Table 2- 7: JIRA issues for renewable processes
JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in results Affects Ex-

Tracking gory tension mod-
Number ule
GC-5507 Bug Water con- Wood water content By the implementation of this Several
tent for DE: calculator was added to change the most common
Sawmill estimate the wood (in LCIA results like GWP, AP,
sawdust wet basis) before the EP, POCP reduce by around
abs. dry drying process. It is as- 5%
(resinous sumed that the water
wood) content of the wood be-
fore drying is 44%
(based on the energy
requirement of the dry-
ing process).
GC-5515 Documen- Parameter The comments of the Does not change the results Professional
tation description parameters were im- database
for Carbon proved in a way to
correction make it clearer for the
process user to enter the re-
quired information
GC-5664 Improve- Exchange A few models were har- Due to the replaced fertilizers Several
ment of fertilizer monized regarding the datasets, the GWP excl. bio-
datasets use of fertilizer da- genic carbon in the winter
tasets. The main ef- rape cultivation is reduced by
fects are on following approx. 10 to 15%. For the
48
Number ule
data: EU WWTP processes, the
- Winter rape cultivation environmental impact
- EU Waste water treat- changes are high.
ment plant where ferti- For EU-28: Municipal waste
lizer data is used to water treatment (mix): GWP
give credits for the excl. biogenic carbon is in-
sludge creased by approx. 40%, AP,
EP and POPC increased by
20 to 30%. For EU-28: Mu-
nicipal waste water treatment
(agricultural sludge applica-
tion), GWP excl. biogenic
carbon is increased by ap-
prox. 190%, EP increased by
50% and AP POCP reduced
by approx. 200%
GC-5939 Improve- Merge two Two 12% Water corn Does not change the results All
ment corn flows flows existed. To avoid
confusion only one will
be available:
Corn, Seeds (12% H2O
content) {d95b77d9-
8365-453e-8e61-
efc5fea58447}
GC-5940 Improve- Biogenic Quantities C_bio- Does not change the results All. For de-
ment carbon gen_wt and (if product tails please
content in is 100% biogenic) see Annex
the flow C_total_wt were added IV
to several product
flows.
GC-6045 Improve- Leather For the following three All impacts increase around Extension
ment seat co- processes the final step 15% database
vers - pro- of cutting and sewing XVI: seat co-
cessing for application as seat vers
step covers was added:
DE Leather seat cover
(10 sqm/9.5 kg)
{a6a6524d-9ebe-4899-
b369-856ff1cbb200}
DE PUR synthetic
leather seat cover (10
sqm) {fbcdf61c-480d-
4114-a27b-
5f72d7a3d7e5}
DE PVC synthetic
leather seat cover (10
sqm/7.2 kg) {b45c62b9-
e81d-4bd8-91b9-
15e7a76e057e}
GC-6187 Documen- Documen- Added the following Does not change the results Professional
tation tation for sentence in the field database
Semi Deviation from LCI: "Al-
chemical location by mass be-
Fluting tween semi chemical
and the by-products
49
Number ule
Tall oil and Turpentine.
Influence of the alloca-
tion on the results very
low, since only small
number of by-products
are produced"
GC-6350 Improve- Harmoni- The newer corn dataset Almost no change in results.
ment zation of is now used in the mod-
used corn els.
datasets
GC-6638 Improve- Replace- For the process "DE: Extension
ment ment of Wheat grains, at farm database
wheat plan (14% H2O content)", XX: food &
the production of the feed
grains was updated
newer information.
GC-6756 Bug Change of The plan of corn grains By the implementation of this Extension
corn pro- at farm was replaced issue the most common LCIA database
cess in up- by the corn grains results such as GWP, EP, XIX: bioplas-
stream da- dried. Reason of ex- AP, ODP and ADP increased tics
taset change is that that by between 3-4% Extension
fungi may grow during database
the storage and trans- XX: food &
portation of corn when feed
the water content of
grains is high. For this
application the water
content of grains
should be lower.
EU-28: Thermoplastic
starch polymer (TPS),
unblended
EU-28: Glucose (via
starch hydrolysis from
corn)
GC-6757 New New Dry- Two new processes New datasets Several
ing grain were modelled:
unit pro- GLO Warm-air dryer
cess corn {19e65956-7ba2-
43af-9c3f-
4cc93c7e1507}
GLO Warm-air dryer
grain {b79e8945-35cc-
469d-9a91-
7483d12928db}
The processes are

meant to replace the
following:
GLO Drying grain
{895cc239-d11f-409c-
9cce-4d68d770943b}
GC-6890 Bug Functional The reference flow of The results slightly change Extension
unit of the leather datasets is for all impact categories due database
changed to 1 sqm as
50
Number ule
leather da- functional unit, respec- to the adaption of the func- XVI: seat co-
taset tively 0.95 kg painted tional unit. vers
leather or 0.88 kg un-
painted leather.
GC-7047 Bug Implemen- In the leather splitting, Due to the implementation of Extension
tation of al- no allocation between the allocation, the common database
location in grain leather and split impact methods like GWP, XVI: seat co-
leather leather was applied. AP, EP, POPC etc. are re- vers
splitting Due to the implementa- duced by 30% to 50%for the
tion of the allocation ac- cradle-to-gate leather da-
cording to the PEFCR tasets. Looking at the partly
leather pilot based on aggregated datasets with
the Protein-Nitrogen open input cattle hide, the re-
content, 63% of the en- duction is approx. between
vironmental burdens 20% to 30%.
are allocated to grain
leather and 37% to split
leather.
GC-7184 Documen- Documen- The technology de- Does not change the results Professional
tation tation for scription has been up- database
FEFCO/ts dated to clarify the
datasets origin of the picture
GC-7385 Improve- Carbon Flows now have the Does not change the results All
ment content in carbon content in the
flow quan- flow quantity.
tities for
US AHEC
Wood da-
tasets
2.14 Inventories for transport processes

In this year’s upgrade, global ship transportation datasets as well as US specific trucks received an
update.
Table 2- 8: JIRA issues for transport processes

Number ule
GC-3189 New New ships Datasets for the pro- New datasets Professional
production duction of bigger sized database
ships are now availa-
ble:
Container ships:
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(100,000t DWT)
{eab89a1a-f9a3-499b-
b7ba-9cb7c2861d57}
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(125,000t DWT)
51
Number ule
{7a79d755-fc87-446c-
be73-e59eeb90607f}
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(150,000t DWT)
{d5648855-384a-4ba5-
acaa-e1baaeaa10df}
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(200,000t DWT)
{d5b9688f-4434-48df-
aa5b-e93186954856}
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(50,000t DWT)
{cc2520a5-3cd1-4223-
b877-f76c5b9bd420}
GLO Ocean container
ship production
(85,000t DWT)
{7b35a94e-d6d2-4f7f-
ac71-b646c7b4e4ca}
Bulk carrier / Tanker

GLO Ocean bulk car-
rier/tanker ship produc-
tion (200,000t DWT)
{5c461eb6-7fdc-479c-
99bb-460db7c476bc}
GLO Ocean bulk car-
rier/tanker ship produc-
tion (50,000t DWT)
{e92b2123-c440-4b44-
bad7-3f2285f61d57}
GC-3611 Improve- Update The production of truck The truck and truck-trailer Professional
ment trucks tire tyres data was im- production datasets show database
production proved, affecting the very minor decreases (0-2%)
and truck truck and truck trailer in all impact categories. Only
tires incin- production. ADP decreases up to 28%.
eration Better data for the
chemicals used for vul-
canization was imple-
mented.
GC-4718 Editorial Harmoni- Dataset names for Does not change the results All
zation of "," truck and cars are now
and "." in harmonized with cor-
truck and rect use of "." and ",".
car dataset
names
GC-6375 Improve- Adjustment The average sulphur CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Acidi- Professional
ment of standard amount of Heavy Fuel fication Potential (AP) [kg database
sulphur Oil burned in ocean go- SO2 eq.]: -5%
amount for ing ships was adjusted
HFO in from 2.7 to 2.5 wt.%. CML2001 - Jan. 2016, Photo-
ships The following unit chem. Ozone Creation
52
Number ule
processes were Potential (POCP) [kg Ethene
changed: eq.]: -4%
GLO: Bulk commodity
carrier, 20,000 to
200,000 dwt payload
capacity, ocean going
GLO: Bulk commodity
carrier, average, ocean
going
GLO: Container ship,
27,500 dwt payload ca-
pacity, ocean going
GLO: Oil tanker, 10,000
– 300,000 dwt payload
capacity, ocean going
GLO: Oil tanker, aver-
age, ocean going
GC-7211 Improve- Replace Previous versions of Generally, the impacts de- Several
GC-7190 ment previous transport datasets were crease.
versions of replaced by current
transport ones.
with cur-
rent ones
GC-7408 Improve- Update of Emission factors were Most relevant result catego- Professional
ment ships - updated according to ries slightly decrease except database
transporta- IMO GHG report 2014. categories connected to par-
tion The fuel consumption ticle emissions, where results
calculation related to increase up to 90% due to
DWT was updated and new emission factor.
new discrete fuel con-
sumption values from
IMO GHG report 2014
GC-7470 Documen- Update of The picture in the ship Does not change the results Professional
tation ships - pic- transportation u-so pro- database
ture in doc- cesses show the formu-
umentation las that were used to
calculate the ship's fuel
consumption. These
have been updated.
GC-7786 Bug Correction Woodchip and pellet Primary energy demand and Extension
of use da- boiler use datasets climate change are reduced database
tasets for (Module B6) were har- by 60% to 97%. Acidification XIV: con-
woodchip monized regarding use and eutrophication are struction ma-
and pellet of facilities. All facilities around 90% to 103% com- terials
boiler (i.e. the boilers them- pared to the results before
selves were removed). the change. As the biogenic
Additionally, now the carbon content in the wood
correct wet wood flows flows had to be adapted, for
are used. some boiler processes a very
little rise in eutrophication re-
sulted due to a bigger
amount of ash that must be
deposed due to a higher bio-
genic C content in the wood
flow.
53
2.15 Inventories for construction processes
Foreground data and models have been checked by thinkstep construction experts regarding techno-
logical upgrades and passed. Identified technology improvements were updated in the database. In
total, 15 new EPDs datasets have been included in the extension database XIV: construction materi-
als. For EPD datasets with expired validity, please see Annex II.
Further changes leading back to the background system (energy, intermediates) are responsible for
the remaining differences between GaBi Databases 2018 and 2019 for construction.
Specific aspects for this year’s upgrade are mentioned in the following table.
Table 2- 9: JIRA issues for construction processes

Number
GC-2708 New Chinese New dataset for Chinese New datasets Extension da-
FGD gypsum FGD gypsum is now availa- tabase XIV:
ble. construction
materials
GC-4472 New New EPD Two new EPD datasets are New datasets Extension da-
GC-4473 datasets for now available: tabase XIV:
concrete DE: Concrete blocks with construction
blocks facing, grey mottled - Kron- materials
imus (A1-A3) {c54abf16-
c7a5-4a23-b1f8-
b1e8308c94d5}
DE: Concrete blocks with
facing, sanded surface-
Kronimus (A1-A3)
{5265acf0-1b70-4a9d-
bca0-c8134f5a524a}
GC-4626 New District heat- Four new datasets for dis- New datasets Extension da-
ing datasets trict heatings are now avail- tabase XIV:
able: construction
DE: District heating from bi- materials
omass (solid) CHP
DE: District heating from
hard coal CHP
natural gas CHP
waste CHP
GC-5861 New HPL EPD da- Two new EPD datasets are New datasets Extension da-
tasets from now available: EU-28: Dec- tabase XIV:
ICDLI EPD orative High Pressure Com- construction
pact Laminate (HPL) - materials
ICDLI (A1-A3)
EU-28: Decorative High
54
Number
Pressure Thin Laminate
(HPL) - ICDLI (A1-A3)
GC-5880 Bug Credits for Iron is recovered from the Module C4 increases in im- Extension da-
iron in mod- incinerated waste and can pact (due to iron credit now in tabase XIV:
ule C4 for be reused. So far, credits Module D), module D de- construction
waste incin- for iron were given in mod- creases. materials
eration plant ule C4, now they are cor-
rectly given in module D.
GC-5882 Improve- High impacts To produce quartz sand, a GWP decreases by about Extension da-
ment for siliceous wastewater treatment was 50%, AP also by about 50%, tabase XIV:
sand in the model. It has been re- EP decreases by about 70%. construction
moved for the process "DE: materials
Dried quartz sand (grain
size 0/2)
GC-6041 Bug Land Use in Land use in the clay pro- The impact of land use has Several
clay produc- duction now has the correct decreased drastically.
tion values. This affects clay da-
tasets and all datasets us-
ing clay.
GC-6111 Docu- Improve doc- Foreground model descrip- Does not change the results
mentation umentation tion and technological de-
of ready-mix scription have been up-
concrete da- dated for ready-mix con-
tasets crete datasets
GC-6270 Improve- Update ce- The German cement da- GWP increases by about 2%. Extension da-
ment ment datasets have been updated For Portland cement AP de- tabase XIV:
tasets with using information from VDZ creases by about 40%, construction
newest re- (Year 2015). Main changes POCP by about 30%, EP by materials
lease from were done in the clinker about 14%.
VDZ production, such as fuel
mixture and emissions up-
date.
GC-6286 Bug Check IN: The BF slag used now has Acidification, Eutrophication Extension da-
Portland slag the correct scaling factor and POCP decrease signifi- tabase XXI: In-
cement da- leading to the correct emis- cantly (by about a factor of dia
taset sion profile. 1000).
GC-6413 Improve- German Ce- Changed German cement For China: Impacts increase Extension da-
ment ment on CN to country specific cement. by about 10% tabase XIV:
and IN aer- construction
ated con- materials
crete plans
GC-6468 New New EPD Three EPD datasets for New datasets Extension da-
datasets of aerated concrete from Xella tabase XIV:
Xella light- are now available: construction
weight con- DE: Aerated concrete gran- materials
crete ulate (Ytong®) - Xella (A1-
A3 {63d5ed62-294c-413b-
9e08-52c8007e88c2}
55
Number
DE: Aerated reinforced
concrete - Hebel/Xella (A1-
A3) {5f78fc38-aebf-4827-
ba9e-3d7c207ffc19}
DE: Aerated concrete
(Ytong®) - Xella (A1-A3)
{ee4ae595-44af-4bfa-
a81a-e0d4488ccf12}
GC-6491 Improve- Packaging Packaging material is now Almost no change in results. Extension da-
ment material on not included anymore. tabase XIV:
stone wool construction
heating pipe materials
shell
GC-6883 Bug Carbon bal- The carbon balance for the Global Warming Potential in- Extension da-
ance for kraft paper dataset was cor- cluding biogenic carbon tabase XIV:
"Kraft paper rected. changed from 0.19kg CO2 eq. construction
(EN15804 to -1.1kg CO2 eq. materials
A1-A3)"
GC-6916 LCIA kg instead of The reference quantity is Does not change the results All
MJ in EPD changed to energy. No di-
ADPF flow rect impact on result. If us-
ers have manually con-
verted energy content of a
material into mass, then the
calculations might no
longer be correct.
GC-7002 Docu- Documenta- Documentation was Does not change the results Extension da-
mentation tion for In- changed to make the allo- tabase XXI: In-
dian slag cation used clearer. dia
GC-7129 Bug Conversion Conversion factor was cor- Almost no change in results. Extension da-
factor from rected from 0.0625 tabase XIV:
kg to piece kg/piece to 0.077 kg/piece. construction
for electric materials
outlet flow
GC-7197 Docu- Update doc- The graphic has been up- Does not change the results Extension da-
mentation umentation dated. tabase XIV:
picture of air construction
conditioner materials
GC-7210 Bug Precursor for The precursor used in the When looking at CML Extension da-
"Joint gasket model was checked and re- method, changes are -15% to tabase XIV:
tape, polyiso- placed: polybutadiene ter- -30% for ADP el.; ADP fossil; construction
butylene ephthalate is replaced by AP; EP; GWP; HTP, Primary materials
(EN15804 Polybutadiene energy demand, blue water
A1-A3)" use
GC-7392 New New FWPA 45 new EPD datasets from New datasets Professional
Australian FWPA in Australia are now database
available.
56
Number
EPD da-
tasets
GC-7553 Bug Wood input The transport of the sawn GWP decreased due to Extension da-
for strip par- lumber is now modelled higher uptake of CO2 in the tabase XIV:
quet UA and correctly. This leads to an wood. construction
BR increase of the wood input. materials
GC-7597 Bug Mass bal- Mass was corrected from Update of the mass in the Professional
ance of wood 3.1 to 2.1 kg/m. Thermal product and update of the database
windows energy production from the thermal energy consumed. Extension da-
sawdust produced has tabase XIV:
been updated to the latest For the following processes: construction
country specific standards. - CN: Wooden frame materials
- DE: Wooden casement
(EN15804 A1-A3)
- UA: Wooden frame
all indicators except GWP re-
duced between 18% to 40%,
GWP reduced between -
145% to -77%
For DE: WINDOW (IV 68

PINES) (1.0m x 1.5m)
+80% GWP
For DE: Wooden window
(1.00x1.50)
-30% GWP
GC-7423 New EUMEPS 7 new/updated datasets New datasets Extension da-

EPS boards added to Extension data- tabase XIV:
EPD da- base XIV: construction ma- construction
tasets terials: materials
EU-27: Expanded Polysty-
rene (EPS) Foam Insulation
(25 kg/m³)
(15 kg/m³)
(20 kg/m³)
(with infra red absorbers)
(20 kg/m³)
(with infra red absorbers)
(15 kg/m³)
(30 kg/m³)
EU-27: Expanded
57
Number
Polystyrene (EPS) Foam
Insulation (shape moulded)
(25 kg/m³)
2.16 Inventories for US regional processes

The datasets in the US extension database have been checked by thinkstep experts for their techno-
logical validity and have passed.
27 datasets have been added to the Extension database XVII: full US. Noteworthy here are especially
17 specific waste incineration processes.
Table 2- 10: JIRA issues for US regional processes

Number
GC-7241 Improve- US trucks Emission factors for US EP and PM decrease. Extension da-
ment updates trucks were updated. tabase XVII:
full US
GC-1119 New New da- Two new datasets for white New datasets Extension
tasets for paints (solvent and water database VIII:
white paints based are now available: coating
(US) US: Coating solvent-based
(industry; white) (estima-
tion)
US: Coating water-based
(industry; white) (estima-
tion)
GC-4361 New New hydro- A new dataset "US: Hydro- New datasets Extension da-
gen peroxide gen peroxide (100%; H2O2) tabase XVII:
datasets (integrated prod., 70% H2 full US
chemical synthesis, 40%
raw solut.)" is now availa-
ble.
GC-5723 New New US iron A new dataset for "US: Iron New datasets Extension da-
ore mix ore mix" is now available. tabase XVII:
full US
58
Number
GC-6431 Editorial PIMA data- The following EPD datasets Does not change the results Extension da-
sets rena- were renamed: tabase XVII:
ming full US 2019
RNA: Installation of Polyiso
wall insulation 4.9 (A5)
[PIMA] {6cea2d3b-ce23-
4149-8f1c-7ec42982aa99}
[PIMA] {b3d301a7-bc74-
4424-97a2-dfcfa00c1a3b}
[PIMA]{beb7db81-5ac6-
452f-9ce2-6817b41d7c40}
[PIMA] {3aae81af-5fd2-
457e-a6c1-0181e18d8d09}
GC-6528 Bug USLCI data- The inputs and outputs for Does not change the results Extension da-
sets correc- the datasets "Fertilizer, tabase XVII:
tions stover, 2022" and full US
"Pesticide, corn, 2022" Extension da-
were corrected. tabase XVIII:
NREL USLCI
integrated
GC-6781 New EPD dataset The dataset "US: Fabri- New datasets Extension da-
for fabricated cated steel reinforcement - tabase XVII:
steel rein- CRSI (A1-A3)" is now avail- full US
forcement able.
from CRSI
GC-6928 Improve- R114 emis- R-114 emissions were de- Does not change the results Extension da-
ment sions in leted where R-114 is used tabase XVII:
R143a pro- as an intermediate product, full US
duction since the emission is forbid-
den and will only occur in
case of an accident (which
is generally not accounted
in LCA)
US: Trifluoroethane
(R143a) (estimation)
59
Number
GC-6991 New US material 17 new US material specific New datasets Extension da-
specific mu- waste incineration are now tabase XVII:
nicipal waste available: full US
incineration US Polyvinyl chloride
(PVC)
US Polyethylene tereph-
thalate (PET)
US Polyurethane (PU)
US Polyethylene (PE)
US Polystyrene (PS)
US Polypropylene (PP)
US Polycarbonate (PC)
US Polybutadiene (PB)
US Polymethylmethacry-
late (PMMA)
US Polyamide (PA) 6.6
US Polyamide (PA) 6.6 GF
US Polyamide (PA) 6
US Polyamide (PA) 6 GF
US Acrylonitrile-butadiene-
styrene (ABS)
US Populated printed wir-
ing board (after RoHS)
US Populated printed wir-
ing board (before RoHS)
GC-7177 New New ammo- A new dataset for ammonia New datasets Extension da-
nia datasets production is now available. tabase XVII:
- Ammonia (NH3) synthesis full US
with CO2 recovery, by-prod-
uct carbon dioxide (without
allocation)
No allocation is applied for

the two products ammonia
and carbon dioxide. This
means, the output inventory
shows both ammonia and
carbon dioxide as product
flows. It enables the user to
connect these flows to fur-
ther use (e.g., a part of the
amount of ammonia and
carbon dioxide could be
used to model an own urea
60
Number
production plant where both
materials are needed as
feedstock).
61
3 Industry data in GaBi
Despite the fact that several associations have updated their data, some associations did not update
this year. Since they have their own cycle for upgrading their data, these processes cannot be up-
dated by thinkstep in the annual upgrade without permission. thinkstep must keep these pro-
cesses identical to those in the GaBi Databases 2018 Edition until the associations decide to update
and make them available for our system. However, several new association datasets use the GaBi
database to reach global customers.
New industry data added in GaBi Databases 2019 Edition:
From European Calcium Carbonate Association (CGA-Europe)
(https://www.ima-europe.eu/about-ima-europe/associations/cca-europe)
Coun- Process GUID Can be entered in the

Process name
try search tool
{c220ef06-50b6-4037-b6b2-
RER Ground calcium carbonate slurry 7562d01ea9e3}
From European Kaolin and Plastic Clays Association (KPC)
(https://www.ima-europe.eu/about-ima-europe/associations/kpc-europe)

Process name
try search tool
Processed kaolinitic clay, granular or powder, moisture content 0 to {17d07838-4b8f-42ea-83b5-

EU-27 14%, expressed in dry mass 77283a8807a6}
From European Bentonite Association (EuBA)
(https://www.ima-europe.eu/about-ima-europe/associations/euba)

Process name
try search tool
{2b78d6f1-2d78-4781-9701-
RER Bentonite granular, sodium activated 3d34e00f2762}
{a2eaa86a-57cd-4f78-9e5a-
RER Bentonite powder, sodium activated 9bc44458f6b0}
From European Lime Association (EuLA)
(https://www.ima-europe.eu/about-ima-europe/associations/eula)

Process name
try search tool
{5191d1aa-78e8-42d5-ae18-
EU-27 Hydrated Lime 211a3f5485f3}
{7c3d4590-c4dc-420b-89d2-
EU-27 Quicklime 7a5f717b1e29}
62
From Eurofer (http://www.eurofer.org)

Process name
try search tool
EU-28 Stainless steel cold rolled coil (430 Stab.) {ac231075-6766-4034-bdeb-
e52048b370b4}
EU-28 Stainless steel white hot rolled coil (430 Stab.) {1e605caf-68dc-45de-beea-
1b5d84601697}
From Nickel Institute (https://www.nickelinstitute.org)

Process name
try search tool
GLO Ferro Nickel (29% Ni) ILCD 2017 {1671ea28-ebe1-4ec0-9277-ab-
fbf2cbd5a8}
GLO Nickel (Class 1, 99.95%) ILCD 2017 {04dc7156-8fda-4c67-923e-
e779abd20e49}
From International Aluminium Institute (IAI) (http://www.world-aluminium.org)
Process GUID Can be entered in the

Country Process name
search tool
RLA Alumina production 2015 {1a3874c2-af16-41f1-92b7-
f52fc58e572c}
GLO Alumina production 2015 {16667cd1-1d8d-428f-b87a-
70e823298079}
EU-28 Alumina production 2015 {c40a16bb-ed5f-42f2-9ed0-
4d51b81bf95e}
OCE Alumina production 2015 {6bc432ce-b2c0-468a-84b8-
c178708e2df9}
CN Alumina production 2015 {38a4d785-8b4d-46f6-8aca-
3195dd194279}
RNA Alumina production 2015 {ec37caac-ac46-4ac1-891b-
2b3251555883}
OCE Anode production 2015 {cb15e931-e626-49dd-9d4a-
21c443250d79}
GLO Anode production 2015 {687876f0-9d73-4a28-ac66-
716c446070ce}
RME Anode production 2015 {39799948-28f3-4a9a-94f3-
665036c8a7a9}
CN Anode production 2015 {8d905fd3-f31f-4c85-ac97-
066485690493}
EU-28 Anode/Paste production 2015 {f17750e8-f721-4201-94dc-
679a9c1ae3af}
RNA Anode/Paste production 2015 {a590cf29-465a-4804-a041-
7b8a679040d8}
CA Anode/Paste production 2015 {67038581-d285-48a6-9075-
16b25950b189}
RLA Anode/Paste production 2015 {b7c31cf3-7400-4d61-9154-
98533785d9a5}
GLO Bauxite mining 2015 {05ac9ad7-6f85-4972-92da-
1c7c42e1fa79}
OCE Ingot casting 2015 {98cc9fdc-5a6d-4185-ace6-
93150bc0b77a}
63
Process GUID Can be entered in the
Country Process name
search tool
EU-28 Ingot casting 2015 {5053be34-7992-4394-b570-
f1e60bea78bb}
RLA Ingot casting 2015 {a57df78e-1951-4399-b933-
85f0b1334657}
CA Ingot casting 2015 {70113245-b5d4-4486-8e70-
5c0d5868360f}
RME Ingot casting 2015 {b5e35536-4d5e-4510-8ec7-
5eae241f4b6c}
GLO Ingot casting 2015 {2891db6d-a540-4c05-bf0d-
5ca031015ca3}
CN Ingot casting 2015 {7e6fa231-84e2-4cc7-af1a-
f7dce5dcf8c0}
RNA Ingot casting 2015 {cafc6dda-d0ab-4ed7-84b1-
97cbce5bf981}
GLO Paste production 2015 {29f08e8b-04eb-4181-8696-
fd0c192f9e7f}
RME Aluminium ingot mix IAI 2015 {1861bc3a-c181-4589-8968-
88136b2e5e44}
CN Aluminium ingot mix IAI 2015 {5b008e1e-890e-4876-81a8-
094d759d3044}
RU Aluminium ingot mix IAI 2015 {51723e62-6503-4d10-af5e-
03d36da5008e}
CA Aluminium ingot mix IAI 2015 {dc21fd62-0b94-4da0-9dff-
d81d353ceb56}
GLO Aluminium ingot mix IAI 2015 {241d1242-4d0f-4ded-9a96-
5181615b0bfb}
RME Electricity from natural gas (IAI 2015) {609599a6-919d-48f8-bdbc-
4c2c7a487bc5}
CN Electricity grid mix (IAI 2015) {54ada522-3e54-48da-8f5b-
bff5f69ee275}
GLO Electrolysis (Prebake) IAI 2015 {9e363c0c-5c4f-4017-a79a-
1cb1b2cc6035}
OCE Electrolysis (Prebake) IAI 2015 {3183ca2d-168c-443e-b917-
5b8b4ba717d6}
RME Electrolysis (Prebake) IAI 2015 {950d41e9-544a-47c9-a9d4-
b7352dd823c6}
CN Electrolysis (Prebake) IAI 2015 {c3ed6e88-f0da-4b20-9a5d-
0398c7555b53}
RNA Electrolysis (Prebake/Søderberg) IAI 2015 {aa91f79e-8bcc-4137-b7a5-
92391854e09d}
EU-28 Electrolysis (Prebake/Søderberg) IAI 2015 {54afbda9-91a4-4415-9dec-
f9923dd55d05}
CA Electrolysis (Prebake/Søderberg) IAI 2015 {1bf00fca-35cf-4ccc-9e82-
67f2956e45c7}
RLA Electrolysis (Prebake/Søderberg) IAI 2015 {f34ec162-d18e-4ec0-9380-
d35a03154910}
GLO Electrolysis (Søderberg) IAI 2015 {03b658cd-30df-4e6c-8852-
388ec6d014fd}
64
New data from Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA) (https://www.fwpa.com.au)

Process name
try search tool
AU Energy recovery from hardwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 C3) {aa05e5be-60df-4f52-bb8b-
43f71bfc6c23}
AU Energy recovery from hardwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 D) {509bd8a4-8b61-4b86-9359-
5b40164a4475}
AU Energy recovery from MDF, MR, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN {091c90cf-e28e-40f0-810e-
15804 C3) f0e73984845e}
AU Energy recovery from MDF, MR, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN {284c408f-faef-4e8f-a434-
15804 D) d56e69c397f0}
AU Energy recovery from MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm {e4083a13-e92b-4d5d-a8b9-
(EN 15804 C3) 5d25d0851013}
AU Energy recovery from MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm {c5238491-a552-46f9-a24c-
(EN 15804 D) 43ef010eef18}
AU Energy recovery from plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) {946ed01f-c4ba-4007-8c73-
(EN 15804 C3) 4667f3bed919}
AU Energy recovery from plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) {942497b6-740e-464d-a813-
(EN 15804 D) f0169e80a24a}
AU Energy recovery from softwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 C3) {84f99b7f-e4c5-4474-b24e-
85e99e598d3b}
AU Energy recovery from softwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 D) {4c515ae6-85f2-4229-9ab8-
63d69c5ecb62}
AU Hardwood Glulam, untreated (EN 15804 A1-A3) {02b968af-47ad-4233-8e69-fe58f2ce-
abd6}
AU Landfill of hardwood glulam, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 C4) {c88f7fb1-da78-488f-8836-
b67b447c18c4}
AU Landfill of hardwood glulam, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 D) {2ae25b37-6f7c-43f1-8ae1-
adc5751a623f}
AU Landfill of hardwood glulam, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 C4) {5644bc32-0a81-41a3-952b-
cbbb04c0221c}
AU Landfill of hardwood glulam, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 D) {a58017d3-0566-4570-b2db-
ef76437812a2}
AU Landfill of MDF, moisture resistant (MR), E1, melamine coated, 16 mm {2d5da2d4-8bce-4598-809f-
(NGA) (EN 15804 C4) d12fdc205a83}
AU Landfill of MDF, moisture resistant (MR), E1, melamine coated, 16 mm {58d0ffdf-03c5-4bf4-9e51-
(NGA) (EN 15804 D) 9645558ba29f}
AU Landfill of MDF, moisture resistant, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (typ- {a8618c8f-0b27-4955-a83b-
ical) (EN 15804 C4) 2ca53f71d181}
AU Landfill of MDF, moisture resistant, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (typ- {db165190-a621-440e-9d57-
ical) (EN 15804 D) 27765a213a92}
AU Landfill of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (NGA) (EN {7ba738c5-4487-4e54-85ff-
15804 C4) 008328037c19}
AU Landfill of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (NGA) (EN {5be4c37a-240d-4f67-82aa-
15804 D) a90f02b398bf}
AU Landfill of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (typical) (EN {6498a301-5c43-4355-b00c-
15804 C4) 1e209eae9388}
AU Landfill of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (typical) (EN {f285cc5a-fb9a-4cfc-a3db-
15804 D) 193d1b9b06eb}
AU Landfill of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (NGA) (EN {1dc0afe8-248e-4128-aabb-
15804 C4) dc666ffbbf76}
65
Process name
try search tool
AU Landfill of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (NGA) (EN {a3cb8b96-a0ce-47e4-842b-
15804 D) f39346a82a53}
AU Landfill of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (typical) (EN {8e285743-7d67-4dca-93e3-
15804 C4) 2bb52d77ed69}
AU Landfill of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (typical) (EN {ebafa1b2-1411-4261-acd5-
15804 D) 61cae3ecfd64}
AU Landfill of softwood glulam, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 C4) {936d2e0a-1225-4bb6-b2b1-
80c6be5030bf}
AU Landfill of softwood glulam, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 D) {28f28257-93f0-48a3-8187-
973cf34e1618}
AU Landfill of softwood glulam, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 C4) {92955e79-b0a0-43c9-883a-
090252eeaadc}
AU Landfill of softwood glulam, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 D) {72502e9f-23cb-43d4-9a65-
18e947e092ca}
AU MDF, moisture resistant (MR), E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN {ceeb1954-77e3-4781-adb7-
15804 A1-A3) b8d3ae65af90}
AU MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN 15804 A1-A3) {db6ba74d-2f62-49c7-a132-
9bc20c20177d}
AU Plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (EN 15804 A1-A3) {a876715b-e325-4874-acc9-
a7cb491980fd}
AU Recycling of hardwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 C3) {9d5a5f99-5ca6-484c-a36f-
02c18d0fdbac}
AU Recycling of hardwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 D) {0aaf89fa-8d2b-4ebd-896d-
be01d63b7e7b}
AU Recycling of MDF, moisture resistant (MR), E1, melamine coated, 16 {93130b4c-c409-4f68-ae47-
mm (EN 15804 C3) 4f3df813bb16}
AU Recycling of MDF, moisture resistant (MR), E1, melamine coated, 16 {b7731150-fbe4-4eb3-a9b0-
mm (EN 15804 D) bf336329eae4}
AU Recycling of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN 15804 {bf0ea8dc-53e2-480d-abaf-
C) e74d51395020}
AU Recycling of MDF, standard, E1, melamine coated, 16 mm (EN 15804 {8ee18457-b9ef-4740-a57a-
D) d83e1639f4db}
AU Recycling of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (EN 15804 {8279b06b-7dd6-4196-89bc-
C3) a0ad1f86f199}
AU Recycling of plywood, formply, B-bond, 17 mm (formwork) (EN 15804 {32cfc41b-ec80-4074-a173-
D) 90f1495388d6}
AU Recycling of softwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 C3) {327ff958-2aa0-4d03-8ec0-
ceb64134da50}
AU Recycling of softwood glulam, untreated (EN 15804 D) {85dbf989-14c4-4bad-ba7e-
cb6724ed26c2}
AU Softwood Glulam, untreated (EN 15804 A1-A3) {3651fb2c-a3cf-4144-8a6e-
13618171417b}
66
4 General continuous improvements
4.1 Editorial
Number module
GC-6189 Editorial Position of pro- Process folder "Forestry and Does not change All
cess folder logging" was moved. the results
"Forestry and
logging"
GC-6203 Editorial CAS number of CAS number in butene flows Does not change All
butene flows was changed. the results
GC-6274 Editorial Merge double Double valuable substance Does not change All
product flows flows for Aluminium foil and the results
Dimethylamine valuable were
merged, leaving only one
flow in the database.
GC-6459 Editorial Naming of Gyp- Gypsum plaster datasets Does not change All
sum plaster were renamed to Gypsum. the results
Alpha semihydrate was cor-
rected to alpha hemihydrate.
For easier identification of da-
tasets, additionally "from
FGD gypsum" was added to
the name.
GC-6562 Editorial Correct sum The flows Pentachlorophenol Does not change All
formula of Pen- now has the correct sum for- the results
tachlorophenol mula in the documentation.
in flow
GC-6586 Editorial CAS code of Io- Now the flow Iodine-131 Does not change All
dine-131 {B03F3A10-43DB-4C2B- the results
8612-34D5A66C63A1} has
the correct CAS number
010043-66-0. Additionally,
two synonym CAS codes
were added to the flow.
GC-7066 Editorial Spelling of VDA VDA material classification Does not change All
material classi- now is correctly spelled „2 the results
fication„2 Lights Light alloys, cast and wrought
alloys, cast and alloys“.
wrought alloys“.
GC-7084 Editorial Naming of EPD 8 flows in the folder "Oth- Does not change All
LCIA flows ers\EPD (EN 15804 Indica- the results
tors) were renamed to con-
tain the name 'Proxy' to indi-
cate that they should only be
used when no standard emis-
sion flow is available, i.e.
when only finished EPD char-
acterized results are availa-
ble.
Proxy for Abiotic depletion
potential for fossil resources
(ADPF) - EN15804 EPD re-
sults
67
Number module
Proxy for Abiotic depletion
potential for non fossil re-
sources (ADPE) - EN15804
EPD results
Proxy for Acidification poten-
tial (AP) - EN15804 EPD re-
sults
Proxy for Eutrophication po-
tential (EP) - EN15804 EPD
results
Proxy for Global warming po-
tential (GWP) - EN15804
EPD results
Proxy for Ozone depletion
potential (ODP) - EN15804
EPD results
Proxy for Photochemical
Ozone Creation Potential
(POCP) - EN15804 EPD re-
sults
GC-7102 Editorial CAS numbers CAS numbers for white and Does not change All
for red and red phosphorus are now cor- the results
white phospho- rect. Please check if flow
rus choice selection was made
based on CAS numbers.
GC-7294 Editorial Harmonization Name changed to "Lake wa- Does not change All
of flow name ter to turbine". the results
"Lake water, to
turbine"
GC-7309 Editorial Renaming of All datasets 'Petrol coke at Does not change All
'Petrol coke at refinery' were renamed to the results
refinery' da- 'Petroleum coke at refinery'.
tasets
4.2 LCIA Methods, Normalisation and Weighting factors

In this chapter, JIRA issues for LCIA and Normalization and Weighting are listed.
Number module
GC-6046 Documenta- Documentation The recommended geo- Does not change All
tion of water quanti- graphical use of each quan- the results
ties (WSI and tity was corrected
AWARE)
GC-6118 LCIA EPD quantity The energy content in the All
PERT double PERT quantity is deleted
counts renewa- from the 2 flows:
ble primary en- Wood, hard, standing
ergy in Ecoin- 01/06/2017 {5c49aff9-3cc2-
vent wood da- 4502-b212-31fec0f807b1}
tasets Wood, soft, standing
68
Number module
01/06/2017 {0dc6375b-4a9e-
4ad6-a12e-1b885c4b5a4e}
GC-6196 Bug Duplicate flows Duplicate flows for isobutane Only effects if All
for butane are confusing: 'wrong' flow was
Duplicate: Butane {f61e423f- used in product
89f0-431e-9a99- system with high
be39e98d21ff} butane emission
Flow kept: iso-Butane and running
{c2058222-e630-441e-ad42- ReCiPe 2016.
be03dd6dd353} Otherwise no ef-
The duplicate flow is not de- fect.
livered anymore.
GC-6201 LCIA Long-term 18 flows were corrected. Does not change All
GWP correc- the results
tions
GC-6385 LCIA Flow Sulphur The flow Sulphur oxides [In- When looking at All
Oxides not organic emissions to air] now AP in Recipe
characterized in has a characterization factor 2016 V1.1 the
ReCiPe 2016 v for Acidification Potential in impacts will in-
1.1 ReCiPe 2016 v1.1. crease depend-
ing on the
amount of Sul-
phur oxides
emitted.
GC-6599 LCIA Land Use flows Land use flows with regional Land use for cof- All
with no charac- reference GB were merged fee will increase
terization with UK flows. due to character-
CR flows are now characterization of CR
ized. land use.
GC-6776 LCIA Turbine water The Ecoinvent flow for water, Overall low re- All
in water re- turbine use, unspecified natu- sult changes.
sources UBP ral origin now has the correct Changes in all
2013 characterisation factor in the ecoinvent pro-
UBP 2013 water resource cesses, since
quantity. the water used
in turbines to
produce electric-
ity uses a very
big amount of
water. The out-
put flow had to
be set to zero to
close the bal-
ance.
GC-6875 LCIA Characteriza- The input factors for the fol- No effect on All
tion factors for lowing flows are now correct. thinkstep da-
some water Water, well, in ground tasets as these
Ecoinvent flows {67c40aae-d403-464d-9649- are ecoinvent
for WSI and c12695e43ad8} flows.
AWARE Water, cooling, unspecified
natural origin {fc1c42ce- Strong effect on
a759-49fa-b987- ecoinvent. Cur-
f1ec5e503db1} rently, there is a
Water, lake {1acb026e-9de6- negative water
69
Number module
48fe-9e0d-be4d24125bbc} consumption in a
Water, river {8c75e7ab- lot of processes
8ab8-41e4-b394- as the input here
c166ff5b050d} is a factor 1000
too low but out-
put values are
correct. This is
corrected. This
will mean close
to a 100%
change for most
processes.
GC-6892 Editorial Reference for Added complete reference to Does not change All
odour potential method. the results
impact category
GC-6909 LCIA Mass quantity Mass deleted from radioac- Does not change All
in flow Radium tive emission. the results.
(Ra226)
GC-6977 LCIA POCP factor for The flow Waste heat Decrease in 98- All
waste heat in {C15EA0F9-D5FB-4338- 100% of all ReC-
ReCiPe 9469-7DA533 C28879} now iPe 2016 v1.1
has the characterization fac- POCP values -
tors for POCP removed. both human
health and eco-
systems quantity
GC-7100 LCIA Regionalized New flows for Saudi Arabia Does not change All
water flow for were created. Additionally, the results
SA (Saudi Ara- the dummy processes for wa-
bia) ter regionalization are now
updated and include this flow.
GC-7130 LCIA Characteriza- The flow Zinc-65 now does Electricity sce- All
tion factor for not have the toxicity charac- narios in ecoin-
toxicity in ReC- terization factors in Recipe vent are most af-
iPe 1.08 for 1.08 anymore. The ReCiPe fected. Reduc-
Zinc-65 2016 and other methods tions on ReCiPe
(CML, PEF, Traci, USEtox) 1.08 toxicity re-
were not affected. sults of 2-98%.
GC-7209 LCIA ISO 14067 Four new quantities based on New quantities All
Global Warm- ISO 14067 (based on IPCC
ing Potential AR5) are now available: avia-
quantities tion, biotic, fossil and land
use
GC-7237 Bug 3 EPD flows for All three flows are deleted, as Does not change All
PERM PERM should be entered in the results
the Quantity and specific to a
product flow.
GC-7364 Bug Correct land Important change on LANCA Results vary de- All
use characteri- land use values. Factors for pending on the
zation factors non-regionalized land use are flow used.
now correct.
GC-7537 LCIA Move quantity Moved environmental quan- Does not change All
"ILCD/PEF rec- tity "Impacts ILCD/PEF rec- the results.
ommendation ommendation v1.09" to folder
v1.09" "Earlier versions of methods"
70
Number module
GC-7545 LCIA Ecoinvent en- Characterization factors "Ura- This only applies All
ergy flows ad- nium, in ground", "Peat, in to Ecoinvent da-
justment in EF ground", "Oil, crude, in tabase - GaBi
2.0 ground", "Coal, brown, in datasets are not
ground", "Gas, natural, in affected.
ground", "Coal, hard, unspec-
ified, in ground" for the EF The calorific
2.0 quantity "Resource use, value of some
energy carriers" were up- flows was in-
dated. creased by 30-
50%:
- hard coal
- brown coal
- peat
This means the
ADP fossil val-
ues will go up for
EF2.0 and other
ADP fossil im-
pacts to the
same extent.
Uranium energy
flow remain con-
stant
Crude oil and
natural gas
change very little
(2-3%).
GC-7590 LCIA Remove the CF Characterization factor in EF Does not change All
in EF 2.0 Re- 2.0 for Resource use, energy the results
source use, en- carriers was removed for the
ergy carriers for Ecoinvent flow "Gas, mine,
"Gas, mine, off- off-gas, process, coal mining"
gas, process, {9cd05a6f-ca4c-40c8-a88c-
coal mining" 992f51cd1265}
4.3 Fixing and improvements of cross cutting aspects

In this chapter, JIRA issues for bugs and improvements of process datasets and a few other dataset
types are listed.

Number module
GC-1081 Improvement Refractory ma- The consumption of furnace Due to the Professional
terials (infra- refractory materials is now change, minor database
structure) in considered in the glass pro- changes occur.
glass models duction, based on the given The common im-
information from BREF pact categories
(Source: like GWP, AP,
71
Number module
http://eippcb.jrc.ec.eu- EP and POCP
ropa.eu/refer- increase by ap-
ence/BREF/GLS_Adopted_0 prox. 1%.
3_2012.pdf). The amount is
about 5 to 10 kg refractory
materials per tonne of glass.
Bug Price quantity Price information in the quan- Changes vary Several 
GC-3609 update tity "Price" were updated us- between da- details see
GC-6922 ing mainly information from taset. Annex III
GC-7036 Eurostat.
GC-5719 Improvement Calculation of The calculated own con- Significant All
own consump- sumption (of the net) and the changes for
tion (system) grid losses are now correct. electricity mixes
and grid losses of countries with
high own con-
sumption (e.g.,
LU and LT.
GC-5779 Improvement Capacity fac- The model for electricity from Does not change All
tor/effi- wind power is annually up- the results
ciency/full load dated with the average full
hours wind load hours of all existing wind
power (photo- power installations in a coun-
voltaics) try. From now an average
over a longer period is used
which reduces the fluctuation
between two years.
GC-5929 Improvement Update of infor- Heating value, density and Environmental All
mation in diesel carbon content are updated impact will de-
flows in the diesel flows using infor- crease slightly
mation from the JRC Well-to- wherever diesel
wheel study. is combusted
due to better
heating values.
GC-6101 Documenta- CAS Code of CAS code is now correctly Does not change All
tion SO3 7446-xx-x and not 7746-xx-x the results
GC-6243 Documenta- Documentation The documentation for the Does not change Extension
tion for infrared dataset GLO: Infrared Ther- the results database X:
thermoforming moforming (LDPE, HDPE, machining
dataset PS, PVC, PMMA, PA-6) was processes
improved.
GC-6277 Improvement Update of 2 The chain saw dataset used For models us- Several
stroke motor in several models has been ing chainsaw
emissions updated with updated emis- (primarily renew-
sions factors for 2 stroke mo- able materials):
tors - higher AP and
The emissions are based on EP (up to 80%)
a study done for DUH due to higher
(Deutsche Umwelt Hilfe) by NOx emissions
TÜV. An average of the two - lower GWP
stroke motors above and un- due to lower CO2
der 50cm3 has be done and emissions (up to
applied to the existing two -44%)
strokes motors in agreement - higher HTP
with our Farm experts. (+14%) due to
72
Number module
higher NMVOC
(+230% in the
basis process)
and Higher NOx
emissions
- higher POCP
(up to +50%)
due to higher
CO emissions
and NMVOC
GC-6382 Improvement Integration of Underground mining land use Land use will in- All
underground information is now imple- crease through-
land use infor- mented in the database. out the data-
mation base.
GC-6464 Bug Credit correc- A credit for a catalyst in the CML2016 ADP Extension
tion for Non- background system which elements now no database
ionic surfactant caused negative ADP values longer has a XV: textile
(fatty acid deri- was corrected. negative value. finishing
vate) GLO: Non-ionic surfactant
(fatty acid derivate)
{91d72fe2-709d-4bfe-a739-
c520bbf4366b}
GC-6495 Improvement Dust emissions Gypsum mining (open pit) Impacts will in- Professional
in gypsum min- now also has dust emissions. crease when database
ing looking at the
impact catego-
ries for PM.
GC-6683 Improvement Update of re- The residual grid mixes were Changes de- Extension
sidual grid updated using the latest pend on the database II:
mixes available report. country. Switzer- energy
land has the
greatest
changes in all
categories. ODP
for Malta and
Croatia in-
creased signifi-
cantly also,
since now nu-
clear energy is
included.
GC-6877 Bug Beverage car- The unit in the parameters Will change re- Professional
ton converting was changed from kg/m^2 to sults if parame- database
unit process g/m^2. The grammage pa- ter for gram-
rameter is now used for the mage is
calculation of the input mate- changed.
rials aluminium, LDPE and
liquid packaging board.
GC-7260 Documenta- Documentation For some flows, further ex- Does not change All
tion for specific planation on the usage was the results
flows ('forbid- added. Thinkstep does not
den flows') recommend using certain
flows to e.g. avoid double
counting. For further infor-
mation please refer to the
73
Number module
document "GaBi Databases
and Modelling Principles".
74
References
EIA, U.S. Energy Information Administration: Electricity Data – Generation and thermal out-put by
energy source, total of all production types, release date January 2017, http://www.eia.gov/electric-
ity/data.cfm#generation
EPA, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “eGRID2016 - Emissions and Generation Resource
integrated database (eGrid)”, 2016 data, Washington, 2018, https://www.epa.gov/energy/emissions-
generation-resource-integrated-database-egrid
Eurostat, Energy Database - Supply, transformation, consumption - electricity - annual data

[nrg_105a], Luxembourg, 2018
IEA, International Energy Agency Data services: World Energy Balances, World Energy Statistics,
Electricity Information (2018 edition), Paris, 2018
thinkstep, “GaBi Database & Modelling Principles”, 2019
thinkstep, “Introduction to Water Assessment in GaBi”, 2019
thinkstep, “The GaBi refinery model”, 2019
thinkstep, “The Agricultural LCA Model Documentation”, 2019
thinkstep, “Land Use Change Emissions in GaBi Documentation”, 2019
thinkstep, “Documentation of land use inventory in GaBi”, 2019
thinkstep, “Documentation for Passenger Vehicle Processes”, 2019
thinkstep, “Documentation for Duty Vehicle Processes”, 2019
75
Annex I: “Version 2018” discontinued datasets – Explanations and Recommenda-
tions
For various reasons, there are a few processes in the Databases 2019 Edition that are no longer appropriate. These have been moved into a
folder called “Version 2018.” They are still available for clients who need to work with them, but will not be upgraded anymore and are
not part of the delivery scope for new GaBi clients. There are two reasons behind this approach:
i) thinkstep is committed to not provide information that is not up-to-date, and, at the same time,
ii) thinkstep wants to enable users who have used the dataset to decide if it is still appropriate for their specific goal and scope.
The tables in Annex I and Annex II list all those processes along with the explanations and recommended alternatives where applicable.
76
Version 2018 processes Alternative process to be used instead
Process GUID (can be
Coun-
Process name Type Source entered in the search Country Process Name Source GUID
try
tool)
Beverage carton convert- {6118E7C9-98CE-46F9-
EU-28 u-so ACE/ELCD
ing A3DF-95CC3F8F8B2E}
Liquid Packaging Board {7D580A76-D2A4-46FE-
EU-28 agg ACE/ELCD
(LPB) production A3A3-C6C8ED585382}
Continuous filament glass {D1BEFC51-AF18-4725-
RER agg APFE/ELCD
fibre (assembled rovings) B356-3C79BE66B249}
Continuous filament glass {6756D1F6-8661-452F-
RER agg APFE/ELCD
fibre (direct rovings) BADF-BD386A8B947A}
Continuous filament glass {B1661CC6-B2F5-46AE-
RER agg APFE/ELCD
fibre (dry chopped strands) 8CE0-F1D33AC7E1AF}
Waste incineration of bio-
degradable waste fraction {3C0A1214-F4B2-4254-
EU-28 p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
in municipal solid waste 8FCA-1D9E6EE9839F}
(MSW)
Waste incineration of bio-
degradable waste fraction {898618BC-3306-11DD-
EU-28 agg ELCD/CEWEP
in municipal solid waste BD11-0800200C9A66}
(MSW)
Waste incineration of ferro {870ED176-3E13-4BAA-
metals 8488-BBC3C9579EC5}
Waste incineration of ferro {89863FC7-3306-11DD-
metals BD11-0800200C9A66} If relevant, please con-
Waste incineration of {89863FC8-3306-11DD- tact data on demand
glass/inert material BD11-0800200C9A66} from thinkstep for alter-
EU-28
Waste incineration of mu-
p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
{4F035020-4599-424D- native processes
nicipal solid waste (MSW) 8F48-627B35DD1A7F}
Waste incineration of mu- {898618BA-3306-11DD-
nicipal solid waste (MSW) BD11-0800200C9A66}
Waste incineration of paper
{898618BB-3306-11DD-
EU-28 fraction in municipal solid agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
waste (MSW)
Waste incineration of plas-
{400AF2CE-8EC3-45A7-
EU-28 tics (Nylon 6 GF 30, Nylon p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
B700-8FBC50B16346}
66 GF 30)
{89863FC5-3306-11DD-
EU-28 tics (Nylon 6 GF 30, Nylon agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
66 GF 30)
{14D74618-44F7-40D7-
EU-28 tics (Nylon 6, Nylon 66, p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
8B35-4364E23C76BB}
PAN)
{89863FC4-3306-11DD-
EU-28 tics (Nylon 6, Nylon 66, agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
PAN)
Waste incineration of plas- {89863FC2-3306-11DD-
tics (PE, PP, PS, PB) BD11-0800200C9A66}
Waste incineration of plas- {E01167AD-6CF8-47A7-
tics (PE, PP, PS, PB) 8DF9-E89BF35CB704}
77
Coun-
try
tool)
tics (PET, PMMA, PC) BD11-0800200C9A66}
Waste incineration of plas- {9C0CF135-02AA-46A1-
tics (PET, PMMA, PC) AE22-DFA2683C9BD8}
tics (rigid PVC) BD11-0800200C9A66}
Waste incineration of plas- {962FEE73-E692-4AE2-
tics (rigid PVC) 812D-FFAC7EDCE7BA}
tics (unspecified) fraction in {46D6BD5B-16E1-459C-
municipal solid waste A018-340F33ED2F72}
(MSW)
tics (unspecified) fraction in {89863FC1-3306-11DD-
municipal solid waste BD11-0800200C9A66}
(MSW)
Waste incineration of tex-
{7E2BFB23-9F75-4976-
EU-28 tile fraction in municipal p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
AF0A-1DFEF7FB3EC3}
solid waste (MSW)
Waste incineration of tex-
{89863FC0-3306-11DD-
EU-28 tile fraction in municipal agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
solid waste (MSW)
Waste incineration of un-
{89863FC9-3306-11DD-
EU-28 treated wood (10.7% H2O agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
content)
Waste incineration of un-
{C6F0B870-89BC-414F-
EU-28 treated wood (10.7% H2O p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
A7B4-3398F56EAE25}
content)
Waste incineration of wood
{39F61D7A-9CEA-4E61-
EU-28 products (OSB, particle p-agg ELCD/CEWEP
B292-50AD6EE05CCC}
board)
Waste incineration of wood
{89863FCA-3306-11DD-
EU-28 products (OSB, particle agg ELCD/CEWEP
BD11-0800200C9A66}
board)
Aluminium extrusion profile
(2015) [p-agg]
{09215EB0-5FC9-11DD- EU28+E {DD3BC399-A4E9-4150-
RER Aluminium extrusion profile agg ELCD/EAA European Aluminium
AD8B-0800200C9A66} FTA 8879-8421A04F8579}
Please note: Aluminium ingot
needs to be added
Aluminium sheet (2015) [p-
EU28+E agg]
{09215EB1-5FC9-11DD- {1BFA0B24-DB14-4785-
RER Aluminium sheet agg ELCD/EAA FTA+Tu European Aluminium
AD8B-0800200C9A66} BF69-35966F2E807E}
rkey Please note: Aluminium ingot
needs to be added
ELCD/Plas- {C71F9B0F-BE89-4BE7-
RER Hydrogen chloride p-agg If relevant, please con-
ticsEurope A00C-086230324492}
78
Coun-
try
tool)
RER
Polybutadiene granulate
p-agg
ELCD/Plas- {4575C944-457D-4825- tact data on demand
(PB) ticsEurope 82FF-17528D28B3AC} from thinkstep for alter-
Polyethylene low density ELCD/Plas- {46C09193-AB51-43AE- native processes
RER p-agg
granulate (PE-LD) ticsEurope 957F-E6383B67E73D}
Polyethylene terephthalate ELCD/Plas- {028B2915-00A5-4967-
RER p-agg
granulate (PET, amorph) ticsEurope B356-34BCE19960C3}
Polypropylene granulate ELCD/Plas- {0DC3D65B-7FF8-4C92-
RER p-agg
(PP) ticsEurope A694-748FB28070A9}
EPS - expanded polysty- Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
{E269749D-E259-4719- {be07b79f-794b-4d02-
RER rene (grey, 15kg/m3, cra- agg EUMEPS EU-27 Foam Insulation (with infra red EUMEPS
87E8-DA4882869D6E} 867d-4def6e97e73f}
dle-to-gate, A1-A5) absorbers) - EUMEPS (A1-A3)
{E96A6123-EAC7-4893- {98c5cd32-d0cb-4ca1-
RER rene (grey, 20kg/m3, cra- agg EUMEPS EU-27 Foam Insulation (with infra red EUMEPS
87BA-1A3FD959397A} 997f-b42e216e968f}
dle-to-gate, A1-A5) absorbers) - EUMEPS (A1-A3)
{E4982F06-2938-4E4F- {15edb9dc-1ac4-4acc-
RER rene (white, 15kg/m3 cra- agg EUMEPS EU-27 Foam Insulation - EUMEPS EUMEPS
B206-4ADCC1953AEA} a051-fbc458d11a4e}
dle-to-gate, A1-A5) (A1-A3)
{9F091455-46C3-4A6F- {c51b9ced-6675-4b31-
RER rene (white, 20kg/m3, cra- agg EUMEPS EU-27 Foam Insulation - EUMEPS EUMEPS
9E76-CD92CB7D865A} 8d51-a72a2c6bbe24}
{35CF06A0-50CA-411F- {0892d2b6-1459-40c6-
9A41-14E2E433A3BB} a8f3-8533b73dca3f}
{F1AF9EB7-2F07-4AB1- {0c46eb9d-2dd8-4d5b-
834B-A414CD0CF863} b536-a39899f65b3c}
EPS - expanded polysty-
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
rene, shape moulded {F5AEE319-DB4D-41BD- {7f535a3b-9d3d-4e94-
RER agg EUMEPS EU-27 Foam Insulation (shape EUMEPS
(white, 25kg/m3, cradle-to- B3EC-466691767B67} 909f-09a4dd8b1087}
moulded) - EUMEPS (A1-A3)
gate, A1-A5)
Calcium carbonate > 63 {6006D87E-CCEE-42B1- If relevant, please contact data on demand from thinkstep for alternative processes
EU-28 agg IMA-Europe/ELCD
microns B203-F67C7C0BAD97}
{4A1EBE7C-6835-4A22- Kaolin calcined, granular or {2857FC5B-CDE6-486C-
EU-28 Kaolin coarse filler agg IMA-Europe/ELCD EU-27
8B2E-3201F1CD32E8} powder 8DC0-759A727AD7BE}
Very fine milled silica sand {B81D1E8F-5A19-483A- If relevant, please contact data on demand from thinkstep for alternative processes
EU-28 agg IMA-Europe/ELCD
d50 = 20 micrometer 8077-4799839ECF26}
Polyiso Manufacturing {0125DD2F-3F16-4FD8-
US agg PIMA
(Roof - R15.3) 9D64-D3EC06E34FA0}
Polyiso Manufacturing {2D9A4FC5-5942-45EC-
US agg PIMA
(Roof - R15.3) B060-9016875DCA8A}
Polyiso Manufacturing {0F7C2789-13DC-4D51- No direct replacement available, however different datasets for Polyiso manufacturing from
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R13.0) BBF9-6CDA164AA4EC} PIMA are available.
Polyiso Manufacturing {671D6D99-3527-4741-
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R14.6) A144-86A595D895B4}
Polyiso Manufacturing {71F3DD37-C9AB-409E-
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R19.5) A66C-395E243F4E6F}
79
Coun-
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tool)
Polyiso Manufacturing {5669F12B-9CB8-4DD6-
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R4.9) 8734-17F09E30A671}
Polyiso Manufacturing {7B139F40-B1F7-4813-
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R6.5) A68C-A1EA1C377302}
Polyiso Manufacturing {BD7E29A8-E51C-464E-
US agg PIMA
(Wall - R9.8) 9BA3-04F433F30D82}
Bath- and shower tub {9757AC2E-D613-4DDC- Bath- and shower tub acrylic {1bb51e8e-680c-413a-
EU-28 agg ts EU-28 ts
acrylic (1kg) (EN15804 C3) 9186-2F91D3E0FCC2} (1kg) (EN15804 C4) a9b9-75ed0dfce81f}
Construction waste treat- {9CB7100E-F2D1-480E- Construction waste treatment {78d97b2f-6abd-466b-
DE p-agg ts EU-28 ts
ment plant 9A3F-F06B9B705C8E} plant (C3) adff-745f907f8630}
{9F9558C3-DB76-4D14-
EE Electricity from hard coal agg ts no new dataset because no electricity from hard produced anymore in Estonia
A64A-5529EF18F86A}
{59F3315D-ADFE-4416-
HU Electricity from hard coal agg ts no new dataset because no electricity from hard produced anymore in Hungary
8CFB-ABE877592477}
{03984936-94C0-4DF1-
ID Electricity from lignite agg ts no new dataset because no electricity from hard produced anymore in Indonesia
B3F0-17D496950BE4}
{2C5D8AF5-AB76-4552-
LT Electricity from peat agg ts no new dataset because no electricity from hard produced anymore in Lithuania
8722-FEC7D7F46D5F}
{8EC09B73-C31D-4278-
MY Electricity from waste agg ts no new dataset because no electricity from hard produced anymore in Malaysia
9255-BA1F14C83D24}
Please use one of the following 2025 scenarios: “no improvements in sustainability policy”,
{2776CB6D-E7C9-4904-
BR Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
A1BA-8FBEC3F61DF1}
icy”
{C69A4279-8BED-47F9-
CN Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
965D-A0312A044023}
icy”
{FC025BD0-9585-4128-
DE Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
A7F3-62070AD171FB}
icy”
{D432259C-8223-4D54-
ES Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
A784-127B69008460}
icy”
{1F2E905A-F559-4CDD-
FR Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
9F28-18B8CACAE7DA}
icy”
{F73CF9F0-55E5-4296-
GB Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
8FDA-68FFBA24DB02}
icy”
{D06DA946-C903-4CE6-
IN Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
9186-FFD4EA8F7F44}
icy”
{E646CDFF-002B-4823-
IT Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
B4D7-C5CCD9E6FAAF}
icy”
{7A09E977-F033-4EE7-
JP Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
A256-F099054706ED}
icy”
80
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tool)
{50B43832-A72B-4EDD-
US Electricity grid mix (2020) agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
AC37-E80085FB8158}
icy”
Electricity grid mix (aver- {69158719-55CD-4941-
EU-28 agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
age power plants) (2020) 8A14-EB5947BB942B}
icy”
Electricity grid mix (aver- {9C13B341-3370-4B7F-
EU-28 agg ts “little improvements in sustainability policy”, “significant improvements in sustainability pol-
age power plants) (2020) 9F10-0F6AB8C19524}
icy”
Plastic injection moulding {B230EFD9-A154-4D9C- Plastic injection moulding (pa- {aaf7c3a1-6ecd-459e-
DE u-so ts GLO ts
part (unspecific) B1A9-EF71BBE5D120} rameterized) a493-3f376507e29b}
Polyamide 6.6 (PA 6.6) GF
{370EBEA7-D518-4ECB- Plastic injection moulding (pa- {aaf7c3a1-6ecd-459e-
DE injection moulded part u-so ts GLO ts
931E-0CFA892F2E05} rameterized) a493-3f376507e29b}
(0,02 - 0,2kg)
Polypropylene (PP) injec- {947C903B-C652-4EEB- Plastic injection moulding (pa- {aaf7c3a1-6ecd-459e-
DE u-so ts GLO ts
tion moulded part B5A8-7F3A544B521A} rameterized) a493-3f376507e29b}
Polypropylene / Ethylene
Propylene Diene Elastomer
{E94D4D06-2326-4100- Plastic injection moulding (pa- {aaf7c3a1-6ecd-459e-
DE Granulate (PP/EPDM, u-so ts GLO ts
9A8D-ED98FD3D2303} rameterized) a493-3f376507e29b}
TPE-O) injection moulded
part
Steel hot dip galvanized {339B2536-C881-409D- {797396DA-60D2-4C76-
GLO agg worldsteel/ELCD GLO Steel hot dip galvanized worldsteel
(ILCD) AC71-49AB0D228FE3} BF8B-E42803673CBA}
Steel hot dip galvanized, {7DCB51EF-2D85-481C- If relevant, please contact data on demand from thinkstep for alternative processes
GLO agg worldsteel/ELCD
including recycling B943-3B148D9F6500}
{E16174FE-6542-4572- {A62F24D0-5474-4C12-
GLO Steel hot rolled coil (ILCD) agg worldsteel/ELCD GLO Steel hot rolled coil worldsteel
90BC-8980616EBE53} A435-281DE7FE9A29}
Steel hot rolled coil, includ- {B0B413A1-2A7D-4CB5- If relevant, please contact data on demand from thinkstep for alternative processes
ing recycling A108-BFD7B37502E4}
{09D61948-238A-40E7- {289BC59E-2080-4517-
GLO Steel sections (ILCD) agg worldsteel/ELCD GLO Steel sections worldsteel
8E1F-AFDC0C98F902} B519-6A03ACA32DCF}
Steel sections, including {9C0C2F04-FD6A-4D3C- If relevant, please contact data on demand from thinkstep for alternative processes
recycling 950C-F9DEAD3639FE}
81
Annex II: EPDs with expired validity
Country Process name Type Source Process GUID (Can be entered in the search tool)
DE Chipboard (average) agg ts-EPD {0D98E99D-9FF4-46B1-ADF0-B638F97E114A}

DE Chipboard (average) agg ts-EPD {5BE2A1D7-B4E8-4309-91C3-F88AB5C7AA1C}
DE Chipboard Eurospan - Egger agg ts-EPD {0F9705F0-12D3-4341-AECB-18AD55FB6EA8}
DE Chipboard Eurospan - Egger agg ts-EPD {30DB63BF-23F8-4332-BD3D-31D11A70452B}
DE Concrete admixtures – Set accelerators - Deutsche Bauchemie e.V. (DBC) (A1-A3) p-agg ts-EPD {168C2BFE-388D-4A77-B2BB-A81B5E0BAA49}
DE Facing bricks/clinker bricks/quater bricks (BV Ziegel) (A1-A3) agg ts-EPD {3D14509A-D8C6-4996-9366-47BFB22E7D8E}
RNA Leak barrier, asphalt shingle roofing system component - ARMA (A1-A3) agg ts-EPD {8104830F-9B8C-4779-920D-9B50D9A58CB5}
DE Lime sand brick (Kalksandsteinverband e.V.) (EN15804 A1-A3) agg ts-EPD {928D5917-C780-4646-9E79-21C6702DC7CD}
DE Mineral panel, 1 m , WETEC, (A1-A3)
2
agg ts-EPD {27C95712-EB0D-464A-9577-61B14C45025C}
DE Normal masonry mortar - IWM (A1-A3) p-agg ts-EPD {2437950A-2946-464D-A4E5-65E3C7A92675}
RNA Painting of aluminum extrusion, AEC p-agg ts-EPD {0B0415F1-57EC-48EB-A245-852EDA74C403}
DE Production (A1-A3) Lucobit 1210A (ECB) agg ts-EPD {5683C209-E00E-4CBE-A92D-CDEB3CF1519B}
DE Production (A1-A3) Lucobit 1235 (ECB) agg ts-EPD {779527DE-9E1F-48D4-B226-26A93923312B}
Reinforced ethylene propylene diene monomer roofing membrane [45mils] (A1-A3) - Car-
US lisle agg ts-EPD {43E83D5F-E4AA-483F-99AB-F29298344A61}
EU-28 Special mortar (Bulwark - joint mortar) - IWM (A1-A3) agg ts-EPD {963BEF67-AEBB-4DAC-B0F8-BB28F3A26D99}
DE Stone wool - Rockwool agg ts-EPD {4C7F15D9-F7E0-4C11-84F5-29985B11D958}
DE Stone wool - Rockwool agg ts-EPD {4C7F15D9-F7E0-4C11-84F5-29985B11D958}
DE Technical textile VALMEX® FR 1000 - Mehler Texnologies (C2) agg ts-EPD {D5BB65F0-1F63-469D-9653-DE3B59FE0028}
DE Texlon System 100% Recycling - Vector Foiltec (C3) p-agg ts-EPD {9510FB94-60CA-4878-BF3A-2B3EFDCD039C}
EU-28 Waste incineration of glass/inert material p-agg ELCD/CEWEP {60815257-BDAA-495A-A8DA-163C5ED2439D}
EU-28 Waste incineration of paper fraction in municipal solid waste (MSW) p-agg ELCD/CEWEP {77B31DCD-5ACD-47BF-8B6E-D9EADFD8B136}
AU Energy recovery from hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 C3) agg FWPA {7DACE985-E535-45F0-B58C-08A2A6C0E6DD}
AU Energy recovery from hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {502CD239-AD29-4F6C-9E26-469011DB352B}
AU Energy recovery from plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (EN 15804 C3) agg FWPA {47002EB4-4B8C-43FD-AF9C-F9F58B274FD1}
AU Energy recovery from plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {8BD7C3B4-D6BE-4262-B9C8-905EB34BDCBD}
82
Country Process name Type Source Process GUID (Can be entered in the search tool)
AU Hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 A1-A3) agg FWPA {33053243-EFA3-4B4E-9252-71C57EF73B54}
AU Landfill of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 C4) agg FWPA {991CAF53-0FFB-4588-9EF6-02078B1BA34E}
AU Landfill of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (NGA) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {28F025E1-51C0-4B11-98D8-447CF5DF3753}
AU Landfill of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 C4) agg FWPA {3A1E84A2-5DE0-491F-8E8B-E079D1DD8FF5}
AU Landfill of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (typical) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {625DCEE8-5980-4165-AB93-1259C548AE77}
AU Landfill of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (NGA) (EN 15804 C4) agg FWPA {2A724BD1-4D5E-432D-9747-CEB38B47992B}
AU Landfill of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (NGA) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {89A6B4D6-02A4-490A-BBB8-D0463C046C0A}
AU Landfill of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (typical) (EN 15804 C4) agg FWPA {82CBE69C-8C70-40FE-B2B2-957CB618A9F8}
AU Landfill of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (typical) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {0142D332-BACC-4302-82A9-412ECCA083B4}
AU Plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (EN 15804 A1-A3) agg FWPA {DCB3C0A4-6E6E-4B60-B152-4990D4FC7CB8}
AU Recycling of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 C3) agg FWPA {4DE0341B-FC93-4612-B970-402E2D0859B8}
AU Recycling of hardwood timber, green, dressed, untreated (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {A23BF3FA-3CE3-43BB-B47E-B7528D38DA33}
AU Recycling of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (EN 15804 C3) agg FWPA {9B65592F-2CA1-4A6F-9E46-6E778FFDE6E1}
AU Recycling of plywood, interior, C-bond, 9 mm (joinery) (EN 15804 D) agg FWPA {8D02A7B7-9602-47B6-AAF6-12929049B78B}
83
Annex III: Price quantity changes
Price 2018 (SP36) in Price 2019 (SP37)
Flow €/kg in €/kg
(**) Aluminium profile (blank) [Metals] 67.00 2.34
(**) Bovine blood, unprocessed [Materials from renewable raw materials] 9.66 0.19
(*) Cerium [Metals] 23.04 5.16
(*) Cerium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 23.04 1.92
(*) Chlorine [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.12 0.28
(*) Copper (98%; blister copper) [Metals] 1.74 5.17
(*) Copper (99.999%; electrolyte copper) [Metals] 5.89 5.21
(**) Copper (speiss) [Metals] 0.52 5.20
(*) Copper [Metals] 5.89 5.20
(*) Copper cathode (>99.99 Cu) [Metals] 2.00 5.20
(**) Copper matte [Metals] 0.26 3.18
(*) Copper sheet [Metals] 4.35 5.17
(*) Cotton fiber (ginned) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 1.20 1.67
(**) Cotton oil [Renewable primary products] 942.33 2.28
(*) Cotton, raw fibers (includes grains and fibers) [Renewable primary products] 1.00 1.29
(*) Cream (38%) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 1.31 1.66
(*) Cream [Materials from renewable raw materials] 2.98 1.66
(*) Crude palm kernel oil [Materials from renewable raw materials] 1.02 0.95
(*) Crude Palm Oil [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.78 0.70
(**) Dioctyltin oxide [Organic intermediate products] 72000.00 4.00
(*) Dysprosium [Metals] 144.00 234.80
(*) Dysprosium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 144.00 161.26
(**) Europium [Metals] 1188.00 252.00
(**) Europium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 1188.00 49.45
(*) Flax, Seeds (15% H2O) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.15 0.46
(*) Gadolinium [Metals] 156.00 38.70
(*) Gadolinium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 156.00 18.06
(*) GBG Expeller Cake, 12% Fat [Materials from renewable raw materials] 2.00 2.33
(*) Hydrochloric acid (100%) [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.05 0.07
(*) Hydrogen [Inorganic intermediate products] 2.30 3.41
(*) Hydrogen [Other fuels] 2.30 3.41
(*) Lanthanum [Metals] 23.52 5.14
(*) Lanthanum oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 23.52 1.97
(**) Linseed oil [Materials from renewable raw materials] 942.33 1.40
(**) Linseed press cake [Materials from renewable raw materials] 164.28 0.24
(*) Manganese oxide (highly purified) [Inorganic intermediate products] 1.17 0.78
84
Price 2018 (SP36) in Price 2019 (SP37)
Flow €/kg in €/kg
(*) Methanol [Organic intermediate products] 0.10 0.33
(*) Milk (at operation site) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.80 0.55
(*) Milk (at operation site, before pretreatment) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.80 0.55
(**) Milk (pasteurized) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 2.98 0.55
(**) Milk Protein Concentrat [Renewable primary products] 3.82 1.48
(*) Neodymium [Metals] 35.00 58.90
(*) Neodymium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 34.20 45.87
(*) Nitrogen liquid [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.04 0.09
(*) Oil palm, palm oil [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.55 0.70
(*) Pasteurized cream (42%) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 2.98 1.66
(*) Phosphoric acid [Inorganic intermediate products] 1.10 0.66
(*) Praseodymium [Metals] 44.16 108.80
(*) Praseodymium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 44.16 59.35
(**) Refined palm oil [Materials from renewable raw materials] 880.00 0.75
(**) Samarium [Metals] 432.00 13.27
(**) Samarium oxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 432.00 1.92
(*) Skim milk [Renewable primary products] 0.80 0.55
(**) Sodium [Inorganic intermediate products] 662.00 2.80
(*) Sodium chloride (rock salt) [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.07 0.06
(*) Sodium sulphate [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.18 0.34
(*) Sulphur dioxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 0.05 0.23
(**) Sulphur hexafluoride [Inorganic intermediate products] 20.00 2.91
(*) Sunflower Meal (25-30% CP) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.18 0.17
(*) Sunflower Oil, Crude [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.06 0.42
(*) Wheat Germ (25-30% CP) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.04 0.34
(*) Wheat grains dried (14% H2O content) [Materials from renewable raw materials] 0.11 0.18
(*) Wheat grains dried (14% H2O content) [Renewable primary products] 0.11 0.18
(*) Winter wheat straw (15% H2O) [Renewable primary products] 0.01 0.08
(*) Winter wheat, Straw (10% H2O) [Renewable primary products] 0.01 0.08
(*) Yttrium [Metals] 86.92 31.57
(**) Yttriumoxide [Inorganic intermediate products] 86.92 2.82
(*) value updated
(**) value updated and unit conversion mistake corrected
Table 2- 11: Datasets most affected by price changes
GUID Dataset name Change
{315A2324-2D6D- 30% increase in GWP

47A7-9BAF- TH: De-oiled rice bran (economic allocation) ts 150% increase in AP
BC70D6F195F7} 250% increase in EP
85
{674CACF9-E755- 2% increase in GWP

US: Cheese curd (from general cheese making pro- 10% increase in AP
4025-9493-
cess) (economic allocation) ts <p-agg> 55% increase in EP
0F9789FC7ECF}
{852BE11A-219B- 40% increase in GWP

44BB-970B- US: Hydrochloric acid by product chlorobenzene ts 22% increase in AP
539B2A35DB98} 50% increase in EP
{860CAB7E-5422- US: Cheese curd (from general cheese making pro- 1% decrease in GWP
4D1E-991A- cess; 50% whey as waste) (economic allocation) ts <p- 10% decrease in AP
98E814D08FC7} agg> 85% increase in EP
{8A0B9EF1-F01E- 30% decrease in GWP

48FA-96DC- DE: Leather (varnished; 1 sqm/0.95 kg) ts 40% decrease in AP
8472DBF77291} 40% decrease in EP
{9B41D7FB-38D4- 34% increase in GWP

4306-9264- DE: Wheat germ (wheat mill) (economic allocation) ts 660% increase in AP
E0E20CCCA180} 640% increase in EP
No change in GWP
{9C42124F-6C96-4099- US: Whey (from general cheese making process) (eco- 10% decrease in AP
B74E-9EFA4EACF43F} nomic allocation) ts <p-agg> 55% increase in EP
70% increase in GWP

{A523977E-FE89-4208- 80% increase in AP
DE: Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) ts
8924-736CE136258C} 50% increase in EP
{A6A6524D-9EBE- 32% decrease in GWP

4899-B369- DE: Leather seat cover (10 sqm/9.5 kg) ts 35% decrease in AP
856FF1CBB200} 35% decrease in EP
{AD6525FD-51E6- 20% increase in GWP

4EF4-9CF4- FR: Sunflower oil (economic allocation) ts 230% increase in AP
C19C0C7C1C56} 230% increase in EP
{B2C21CFD-6FC2- 43% decrease in GWP

426C-9123- US: Cottonseed, refined (economic allocation) ts 40% decrease in AP
54100F10BDB4} 40% decrease in EP
{B80355FF-D10C- 25% increase in GWP

42BB-A0AF- DE: Hydrochloric acid mix (100%) ts 25% increase in AP
49DEA028C527} 20% increase in EP
{C0488EAD-FAB3- 55% decrease in GWP

DE: Pasteurized skim milk (mechanical separation) 45% decrease in AP
417D-A1D0-
(economic allocation) ts 45% decrease in EP
DA30B10043D8}
{C39D410E-37A9- 48% decrease in GWP

41FA-A844- FR: Sunflower meal (economic allocation) ts 55% decrease in AP
11B961E91F3B} 55% decrease in EP
{C684FF99-5662- 70% increase in GWP

4CD1-B28D- US: Triple superphosphate (TSP) ts 55% increase in AP
D6B3053C3CB6} 120% increase in EP
{D42F6D3E-C401- 56% decrease in GWP

US: Pasteurized skim milk (mechanical separation) 45% decrease in AP
4B30-BA71-
(economic allocation) ts 45% decrease in EP
14BF043D9DDB}
70% increase in GWP
{D7E35F18-407F-45F2- 60% increase in AP
US: Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) ts
843D-76D7852167C9} 100% increase in EP
86
{E83AF145-0214-4919- 70% increase in GWP

A4A1- NL: Triple superphosphate (TSP) ts 80% increase in AP
8B55DBACCFE5} 60% increase in EP
{EF7E62AF-97B0- 51% increase in GWP

49A3-9DA5- GLO: Antifermentative agent ts 20% increase in AP
3BF63721D97E} 50% increase in EP
{F248CD05-A7F5- 80% increase in GWP

4954-97E0- US: Phosphoric acid (54% P2O5, agrarian) ts 60% increase in AP
B581355AF9CB} 140% increase in EP
87
Annex IV: Biogenic carbon content quantity changes
New value biogenic
Previous value biogenic carbon carbon content per
Unit of flow
Flow Remark content per unit of flow unit of flow
American Tulipwood lumber [Materials from
kg
renewable raw materials] New entry - 0.4301
Apple Juice Concentrate (packaged) [Materi-
kg
als from renewable raw materials] Correction 0.075 0.279
Apple Juice Concentrate [Materials from re-
kg
newable raw materials] Correction 0.075 0.279
Ash lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
materials] New entry - 0.4301
Aspen lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Bamboo flooring (kg) [Materials from renewa-
kg
ble raw materials] New entry - 0.505
Basswood lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
raw materials] New entry - 0.4301
Beech lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Birch lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Carrots (87% H2O content) [Renewable pri-
kg
mary products] Correction 0.387 0.057827586
Cherry lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Corn, grains (25% H2O content) [Renewable
kg
primary products] Correction 0.406 0.3375
Cotton fiber (ginned) [Materials from renewa-
kg
Cottonwood lumber [Materials from renewa-
kg
Elm lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Glycerine (99.5%) [Organic intermediate
kg
products] New entry - 0.39
Hackberry lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Hard Maple lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Hickory lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
Installed multilayer parquet [Materials from re-
kg
newable raw materials] New entry - 0.409
Installed wood block flooring [Materials from
kg
renewable raw materials] New entry - 0.434
Limonene [Materials from renewable raw ma-
kg
terials] Correction 0.9 0.0485
Oil palm, palm oil [Materials from renewable
kg
Orange juice [Materials from renewable raw
kg
materials] Correction 0.9 0.0485
Palm oil methyl ester (PME) [Organic interme-
kg
diate products] Correction 0.77 0.74
88
Pecan lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
kg
Phosphogypsum panel [Minerals] New entry - 0.00066
Rapeseed methyl ester (RME) [Biomass
kg
fuels] Correction 0.773 0.74
Raw juice [Materials from renewable raw ma-
kg
terials] Correction 0.21 0.0588
Red Oak lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Sap Gum lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Shea kernel (moisture content 1%, H2O con-
tent 1%) [Materials from renewable raw mate-
kg
rials] New entry - 0.008
Soft Maple lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Tall oil (raw product) [Organic intermediate
kg
products] Correction 0.43 0.79
kg
Textiles (Flax fabric) [Textile] New entry - 0.423
Timber cedar (12% moisture; 10.7% H2O
content) (m3) [Materials from renewable raw
m3
materials] Correction 277 257
Walnut lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
White Oak lumber [Materials from renewable
kg
Willow lumber [Materials from renewable raw
kg
m
Wing frame [Building industry] Correction 0.95 1.055
Wooden window frame (kg) [Building indus-
kg
try] New entry - 0.434
m
Wooden window frame [Building industry] Correction 0.559 1.055
89
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Hauptstr. 111 – 113, 70771 Leinfelden-Echterdingen, Germany
Phone: +49 711 341 817-0 Fax: +49 711 341 817-25
E-mail: info@thinkstep.com
Websites: www.thinkstep.com www.gabi-software.com
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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GaBi Database 19 - Upgrades and Improvements

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Please read this document carefully, as it contains:

- Important information regarding changes in the databases

Key changes and affected datasets

Important database-wide changes made in the 2019 database edition include:

Dipl.-Ing. Steffen Schöll steffen.schoell@thinkstep.com

3 Industry data in GaBi ............................................................................. 62

Figure 1: Process structure in GaBi databases

2 GaBi Databases 2019 Edition

2.2 Reasoning behind this document

2.3.1 Land Use

2.3.2 Regionalized Water

2.4 LCIA Method and factor updates and corrections

2.4.1 ISO 14067 for GHG reporting

2.4.2 Environmental Footprint (EF)

2.4.3 Single substances

2.5 New datasets

II “Energy”: 1 new plan, 84 new processes

IXa “End of Life”: 13 new processes

New extension database IXb “End of Life parametrized models”:

XIV “Construction”: 24 new processes

XVII “Full US”: 27 new processes

XX “Food&Feed,” XXI ”India,” XI “Electronics,” Ib “Inorganics”: jointly 25

2.6 Inventories for electricity, thermal energy and steam

Figure 3: Development grid mix United States [EIA 2017]

France Germany Great Britain Italy Poland Spain

Belgium Denmark Greece Netherlands Portugal Turkey

• Great Britain (GB)  Due to an increase of electricity generation from renewable

Figure 10: Development GWP for electricity supply in selected countries

• Alaska  Mostly influenced by changes within subregion AKGD.

• Hawaii  See explanation for HIMS & HIOA.

Further developments in electricity datasets

Changes in electricity datasets from specific fuels:

• final or periodic shutdown of specific power plants,

• technology measures to increase efficiency,

• irregular usage over time (e.g., used as reserve capacity),

• rounding effects (if little fuel is used),

• correction of statistical errors,

• a combination of several factors listed above

2.7 Inventories for primary energy carriers

• Refinery products of Australia (AU)  GWP reduction by 6% to 9%.

Table 2- 1: JIRA issues for new energy datasets

JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in re- Affects Ex-

2.8 Organic and inorganic intermediates

Changes in the background system mainly relate to:

Table 2- 2: JIRA issues for organic and inorganic intermediates

JIRA Issue Item Description Change in results Affects Ex-

PET production US is im-

Partly bio-based PET is

In the last scenario, no

Table 2- 3: JIRA issues for metal processes

JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in results Affects Exten-

UA: Aluminium sheet

US: Calcium sulfoaluminate

2.10 Inventories plastic processes

More specific aspects are mentioned in the following table:

Table 2- 4: JIRA issues for plastic processes

JIRA Issue Cate- Item Description Change in re- Affects Ex-

Has been updated by deleting

2.11 Inventories for End-of-life processes

Other more specific aspects are mentioned in the following table.

Table 2- 5: JIRA issues for end-of-life processes

JIRA Issue Cat- Item Description Change in results Affects Exten-

2.12 Inventories for electronic processes