A REPORT ON SUMMER TRAINING

4/06/2018 - 4/07/2018

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:-
BABY DEHINGIA :- CIB15006
PRAMJOT SINGH KAPOOR:-CIB15008
MEETASHREE BORAH:-CIB15009
ANANNYA RAJLAKSHI:-CIB15019
NEELIM KONWAR:-CIB15025
AJAY KUMAR:-CIB15037
PRATIK KUMAR:-CIB15042
ASHUTOSH ANAND:-CIB15061
SANTANU MALAKAR:-CIB15068

REPORT SUBMITTED TO:-

R.DUTTA
SIMPLEX INFRASTRUCTURE LTD.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. SANTANU MALAKAR
student of Batch (Civil-3rd Year) of Tezpur
University , Tezpur attended the Summer training
from 4-06-2018 to 05-06-2018 in the project
NHIDCL 4 - lane highway connecting km 17.3 of
NH 37A and km 182 of NH 52 between Dolabari
and Jamuguri Road Project,Tezpur under my
supervision. During Training period his/her conduct
was very good.

(R.Dutta)
Project Manager
Simplex Infrastructure Ltd.
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that MS. BABY DIHINGIA , MR. PRAMJOT
SINGH KAPOOR , MS.MEETASHREE BORA, MS.ANANNYA
RAJLAKSHI, MR.NEELIM KONWAR, MR.AJAY KUMAR, MR.
PRATIK KUMAR,MR.ASHUTOSH ANAND ,MR. SANTANU
MALAKAR , student of Batch (Civil-3rd Year) of Tezpur
University,Tezpur attended the Summer training from 4-06-
2018 to 05-06-2018 in the project 4 - lane highway connecting
km 17.3 of NH 37A and km 182 of NH 52 between Dolabari
and Jamuguri ,Tezpur under my supervision. During Training
period his/her conduct was very good.

(R.Dutta)
Project Manager
Simplex Infrastructures Ltd.
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to NATIONAL HIGHWAY
INFRASTRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION LIMITED as
well as SIMPLEX INFRASTRUCTURE LIMITED for having me provided
with an unbelievable practical learning experience during summer training. It was
indeed a pleasure to be a part of this organization.

First and foremost I would like to thank Mr. R.Dutta,Project Manager and
special thanks to Mr.Somnath,Site Engineer who supported me through inspiring
towards this report. They had provided me a nice industrial experience.

Secondly, I am no less grateful to the other employees and members of the

department for their kind co-operaion and spontaneous response.

Last but not the least;I express my gratitude towards my teachers and college
friends for their kind co-operation and encouragement which help me in
completion of this training.
BABY DIHINGIA :- CIB15006
PRAMJOT SINGH KAPOOR:-CIB15008
MEETASHREE BORAH:-CIB15009
ANANNYA RAJLAKSHI:-CIB15019
NEELIM KONWAR:-CIB15025
AJAY KUMAR:-CIB15037
PRATIK KUMAR:-CIB15042
ASHUTOSH ANAND:-CIB15061
SANTANU MALAKAR:-CIB15068
VI Semester
Civil Engineering Department
Tezpur University
 TABLE OF CONTENT

DESCRIPTION

 Introduction to Company
 Introduction to Project
 Project Details
 Project map
 Q/A & Q /C
 Batching Plant
 Formwork
 Project Execution
 Equipments & Machines used
 Ongoing work
 Box Type Culvert
 Pile foundation
 Guide Bank
 Embankment
 Surveying
 Guide Bank
 Flyover
 Duties of Project Manager
 Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY
Simplex Infrastructures Ltd. is a diversified company established in 1924 and
executing projects in several sectors like Transport, Energy & Power, Mining,
Buildings, Marine, Real Estate etc.

Simplex is one of the construction leaders in India for nearly 90 years executing
projects with consistent quality assurance, cost control and adherence to milestones
in a safe environment as per the customer requirements. It promotes the culture of
sharing rich and varied experience with staff members, as also with clients and
thereby benefits and helps the growth of the construction fraternity and society at
large.

The Company has been closely associated with the country’s infrastructure
building with over 2600 completed projects spanning almost all the gamut of
construction industry.
 PROJECT DETAILS
PROJECT:- 4 - lane highway connecting km 17.3 of NH 37A and km
182 of NH 52 between Dolabari and Jamuguri Road Project.
CLIENT:- NATIONAL HIGHWAY INFRASTRUCTURE AND
DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION.
CONSULTANT:-Getinsa Consultants-Rodic JV Consultants
TYPE OF CONTRACT :-Engineering,Procurement and
Construction(EPC basis)
CONSTRUCTION PERIOD:- 3 Years
DEFECT NOTIFICATION PERIOD:-365 days
PROJECT COMPONENT:-

 Two Bridges
 4-lane Highway
 Flyover
PACKAGE UNDER SIMPLEX INFRASTRUCTURES LTD.:-

 Batching plant
 Q/A or Q/C testing laboratory
 Safety
PROJECT LOCATION AND AREA :-
Connecting km 17.3 of NH 37A and km 182 of NH 52 between Dolabari
and Jamuguri
 PROJECT PLAN PHOTO/MAP

https://www.wikiloc.com/outdoor-trails/4-lane-highway-connecting-km-
17-3of-nh-37a-and-km-182-of-nh-52-between-dolabari-and-jamuguri-
on-epc-20492195
 SAFETY INDUCTION
Safety is very important part of any work.Most accidents can be prevented by
taking simple measures or adopting proper working procedures.It is very important
to discuss issues on safety & health that should be paid attention to an construction
sites for easy reference by the workers.If we work carefully & take appropriate
safety measures,there will definitely be fewer work injuries cases and our sites wil
become a safe & secure place to work in.It is important to educate everyonein site
regarding safety for following purposes.

 Workers safety
 Construction progress
 Standard procedure
 Legal cases
 Working efficiency

Two standard guidelines are followed for health & environmental safety

ISO 14001-2004

OHAS 18001-2007

Precautions at site for safety:

 The requirement of sufficient number of safety appliances are planned well

in advance and made available in stores.
 Safety footwear is essential on site to prevent crush injuries to our toes and
injury due to striking against object.
 Every individual entering the site must wear safety helmet,confirming to
IS:2925-1984 with a chinstrap fixed to chin.
 Person carrying out grinding works,operating pavement breakers and those
involved in welding and cutting works should wear safety goggles & face
shield suitably.Goggles,safety glasses,spectales,face shield confirm to
IS:5983-1980.
 While handling cement and concrete & while carrying out hot works like gas
cutting,grinding & welding usage of hand gloves is a must to protect the
hand,
 o Cotton Gloves (for materials handling )-IS:6994-1973
o Rubber gloves-18” (380/450mm long) electrical grade,tested to 15000
Volts conforming to IS:4770-1991
o Leather gloves-hot work/handling of sharps edges

There are different color of helmet for different person at construction site:

WORKERS EXECUTIVE ENGINEER ELECTRICIAN

SAFETY, HEALTH & SUPERVISOR OR OPERATOR

ENVIRONMENT ENGINEER
 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND
QUALITY CONTROL DEPARTMENT
TESTS ON CEMENT
CONSISTENCY
APPARATUS:
Vicats apparatus, Porcelain dish, Spatula , High precision balance.

PROCEDURE:
 Take 400 gms of cement collect in a porcelain dish and add approximately 25%
of water initially to prepare the mix.
 Mix the cement till uniformity of the paste achieved anf fill the mould with
tamping to remove air bubbles any inside within timeframe of 5 minutes.
 Immediately after the preparation of mould keep the arrangement under
penetration needle and allowed to penetrate.
 Note the reading on the gauge if it is in the range of 5 to 7mm from bottom then
the % of water added will be represented as consistenct of the cement

LIMIT:- Consistency of cement should be less than or equal to 30.

RESULT:
Cement grade OPC-43 Date tested 9-5-18

Room 28C Tested by jointly

temperature
Date sampled 7-5-18 Room 66%
humidity
Sl Sample Water added Penetration Normal Remarks
no. taken(g) of needle consiste
from ncy(%)
bottom(mm)
1 400 28% 112g 16
2 400 29% 116g 9 29.5%
3 400 29.5% 118g 7

INITIAL AND FINAL SETTING TIME

APPARARUS : Vicats apparatus ,porcelain dish , Spatula .High precision balance.

PROCEDURE:
 Take about 400 gms of cement and add water to it approximately 0.85P where P is the
consisteny of cement of the same batch.
 Mix the cement paste thoroughly to get a uniform paste and prepare the mould.
 Keep the arrangement below the vicats apparatus needle to fall freely on the mould and
note the readings
 Note the time taken to penetrate the needle about 5-7mm from bottom as initial Setting
time
 Then change the needle and fit the final setting time needle which is having a round
shape a tip.
 This is the time taken taken to keep an impression of the circular ring the mould.

LIMITS :Initial Setting Time>30 min

Final setting time <600 min

RESULT:
Sl no Descriptions Unit Observation Specified
limits as
per is IS-
8112
1 Sample G 400
taken
2 Water G 29.5
required
3 Actual G 118
water
requirement
4 Time at the Hr:min 10:45am
time of
adding
water
5 Initial Hr:min 12:30pm
setting time
at
6 Final setting Hr:min 2:20pm
time at
7 Initial Min 105min >30 mins
setting time
observed
8 Final setting Min 215min >600mins
time
observed
 TEST ON AGGREGRATE
NAME OF THE TEST:GRADATION TEST

IS CODE: 383-1970
Apparatus required:
1. IS sieve set

2. Weighing balance

PROCEDURE:
1. Take about 5 to 10 kg of sample for coarse aggregate and 1kg for fine aggregate
for gradation check.

2. Arrange the sieves from big to small size as per the grading required.

3. Rotate in clockwise, anticlockwise, forward and backward movements till no

aggregate is passing though the openings.

4. Note the weights retained on each sieve and calculate percentage passing
through each sieve.

RESULT:
TABLE FOR 20mm AGGREGATE:
IS Sieve Weight Cumulative Cum wt Total Limits
Size mm retained wt retained retained passing
gms gms % %
40 0 0 0 100 100
20 771 771 7.1 92.9 85 to
100
10 9080 9851 90.7 9.3 0 to 20
4.75 891 10742 98.9 1.1 0 to 5
TABLE FOR 10mm AGGREGATE:
IS Sieve Wt Cum. Wt Cum.Wt Total Limits
Size mm retained retained retained passing
gms gms % %
12.5 0 0 0 100 100
10.0 206 206 4.4 95.6 85 to 100
4.75 3944 4150 88.6 11.4 0 to 20
2.36 421 4571 97.6 2.4 0 to 5

TABLE FOR SAND:

IS Sieve Wt Cum.Wt Cum. Wt Total Limits
Size mm retained retained retained passing
gms gms % %
10 0 0 0 100 100
4.75 26 26 2.6 97.40 90-100
2.36 33 59 5.9 94.10 75-100
1.18 88 147 14.7 85.30 55-90
0.600 324 471 47.1 52.90 35-59
0.300 354 825 82.5 17.50 8-30
0.150 127 952 95.2 4.80 0-10

Aggregates Impact Value Test (AIV)

INTRODUCTION
Impact value of an aggregate is the percentage loss of weight particles passing
2.36mm sieve by the application of load by means of 15 blows of standard hammer
and drop, under specified test condition. The aggregate impact value gives a
relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden impact, which in some
aggregates differs from their resistance to a slowly applied compressive load.
The property of a material to resist impact is known as toughness. due
to movement of vehicles on the road the aggregates are subjected to impact
resulting in their breaking down into smaller pieces. The aggregates should
therefore have sufficient toughness to resist their disintegration due to impact. The
aggregate impact value is a measure of resistance to sudden impact, which may
differ from its resistance to gradually applied compressive load.

Aggregate Impact value Test important to determine:-

1. Aggregate’s toughness property (property of a material to resist impact)
2. Classify the stone aggregates with respect to toughness property as given below.

Aggregate impact value(%) Toughness Properties

< 10 Exceptionally tough/Strong

10 – 20 Very tough / Strong
20 – 30 Good for pavement surface course
> 35 Well for pavement surface course

OBJECTIVE:-
To determine the aggregates impact value (AIV) of aggregate.
APPARATUS:-
Steel cylinder
Hammer
Tamping rod
Mould
2.36mm sieve
PROCEDURE:-
1 .Th e a g g e r e g a t e s a mp l e i s p r e p a r e d b y f i r s t s i e v e d t h e a g g r e g a t e
a n d o b t a i n t h e portion passing 12mm sieve and retained on the 10mm sieve .

2.The aggregate portion is washed and dried

i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y o v e n a t c o n s t a n t temperature of 100⁰C and 110⁰C
for not more than four hours. The aggregates sample is cooled to room temperature
prior to test.
3 .Th e a g g r e g a t e s i s f i l l e d i n t o t h e s ma l l e r s t e e l c yl i n d e r i n t h r e e
l a ye r s . F o r e a c h l a ye r o f a g g r e g a t e i s t a mp e d f o r 2 5 t i me s u s i n g a
t a mp i n g r o d . Th e t a mp i n g r o d i s adjusted to fall freely from about 50mm
above the aggregate surface and it must be well uniformly spread over.
4.The aggregate is put into the bigger mould and applied 25 times tamping for
each layer.
5.The cylinder and aggregates are weighted and the data is recorded.
6. The sample in the apparatus is assembled and the hammer is released to fall
freely o n t h e a g g r e g a t e s f r o m a f i x e d v e r t i c a l h e i g h t o f
3 8 ± 5 c m . t h e s a m p l e i s subjected to at total of manual controlled 15 blows.
7. The aggregates sample tested is removed from the mould and sieved through
2.36mm sieve openings.
8. The aggregate fraction passing the 2.36mm test sieve is weighted.
9.The test for the same batch of aggregate sample is repeated twice.
RESULT:-
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
Mass of mould (g) 2762 2762 2762
Mass of mould + aggregate(g) 3140.5 3062 3077
Mass of aggregate M1 (g) 378.5 300 315
Mass of sieve pan , 2.36mm (g) 241 241 241
Mass of sieve pan + aggregate (g) 372 322 306.4
Mass of passing aggregate M2 (g) 131 81 65.4
AIV (%) 34.6 27 20.8
34.6+27+20.8
Mean Value = = 24.5%
3

CONCLUSION:-
After conducting this experiment, we can say that it is important to test the
aggregates in order to construct a quality pavement for the highway construction.
Thus, the result of the experiment, the aggregates impact value is 24.5%. This
value is acceptable because it is between 20-30%. which classified as satisfactory
for road surfacing. The lower the value, the higher the strength of the road surface.

TEST ON SOIL
OMC & MDD TEST

MODIFIED PROCTOR COMPACTION TEST OR HEAVY

COMPACTION TEST (IS-2720-PART-8)

OBJECTIVE
To determine moisture content and dry density relationship using heavy
compaction or modified compaction method as per IS-2720-Part-8.
APPARATUS
• Proctor mould (volume = 1000 cm3)
• Balance (capacity = 10 kg, least count = 1g)
• Oven (105 to 1100C)
• Sieve (19 mm)
• Proctor rammer (weight = 4.9 kg)
PROCEDURE
Dry the soil sample by exposing it to air or sun light.
Sieve the air dried soil through 19 mm sieve.
Add suitable amount of water with the soil and mix it thoroughly. For sandy and
gravelly soil add 3% to 5% of water. For cohesive soil the amount of water to be
added should be 12% to 16% below the plastic limit.
Weigh the mould with base plate attached to the nearest 1g. Record this weight as
‘W1’.
Attach the extension collar with the mould.
Compact the moist soil into the mould in five layers of approximately equal mass,
each layer being given 25 blows, with the help of 4.9 kg rammer, dropped from a
height of 450 mm above the soil. The blows must be distributed uniformly over the
surface of each layer.
After completion of the compaction operation, remove the extension collar and
level carefully the top of the mould by means of straightedge.
Weigh the mould with the compacted soil to the nearest 1 g. Record this weight as
‘W2’.
After weighing remove the compacted soil from the mould and place it on the
mixing tray. Determine the water content of a representative sample of the
specimen. Record the moisture content as ‘M’.
Broken up the remainder of the specimen and repeat step 5 to step 9 by adding
suitable increment of water to the soil. For sandy and gravelly soils the increment
in general is 1% to 2%. For cohesive soils the increment in general is 2% to 4%.
The total no. of determinations made shall be at least five, and the moisture
contents should be such that the optimum moisture content, at which the maximum
dry density occurs, is within that range.
CALCULATION
Bulk density, γb in g/cm3 of each compacted specimen is calculated from the
following equation.
γb = (W2-W1)/Vm
where,
W1 = Weight in g of mould + base plate
W2 = Weight in g of mould + base plate + soil
Vm = Volume of mould i.e. 1000 cm3.
Dry density, γd in g/cm3 of each compacted specimen is calculated from the
following equation.
γd = 100 γb/(100+M)
Where,
γb = Bulkdensity of soil in g/cm3.
M = Moisture content of soil
GRAPH
The dry densities, γd , obtained in a series of determinations is plotted against the
corresponding moisture content ‘M’. A smooth curve is then drawn through the
resulting points and the position of the maximum on this curve is determined,
which is called maximum dry density (M.D.D). And the corresponding moisture
content is called optimum moisture content (O.M.C.)
OBSERVATION
 CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR TEST )

California bearing ratio is the ratio of force per unit area required to penetrate in to
a soil mass with a circular plunger of 50mm diameter at the rate of 1.25mm / min

APPARATUS

Moulds 2250cc capacity with base plate, stay rod and wing nut confirming to 4.1,
4.3 and 4.4 of IS: 9669-1980.
 Collar confirming to 4.2 of IS: 9669-1980.
 Spacer Disc confirming to 4.4 of IS: 9669-1980.
 Metal rammer confirming to IS: 9189-1979.
 Expansion measuring apparatus with the adjustable stem, perforated plates,
tripod confirming and to weights confirming to 4.4 of IS: 9669-1980.
 Loading machine having a capacity of at least 5000kg and equipped with a
movable head or base that travels at a uniform rate of 1.25mm / min for use in
forcing the penetration plunger in to the specimen.  Penetration plunger
confirming to 4.4 of IS: 9669-1980.
 Dial gauge two numbers reading to 0.01mm.
 IS sieves 37.50 or 22.50 or 19mm and 4.75mm.
 Miscellaneous apparatus such as mixing bowl, straight edge, scales, soaking tank,
drying oven, filter paper, dishes and calibrated measuring jar.

PROCEDURE
 There are two types of methods in compacting soil specimen in the CBR moulds
i. Static Compaction method.
ii. ii. Dynamic Compaction method.

 The material used in the above two methods shall pass 19mm sieve for fine
grained soils and 37.50mm sieve for coarse materials up to 37.50mm.
 Replace the material retained on 19mm sieve by an equal amount of material
passing 19mm sieve and retained on 4.75mm sieve
 Replace the material retained on 37.50mm sieve by an equal amount of material
passing 37.50mm sieve and retained on 4.75mm sieve.

Static Compaction
 In this method calculate the mass of wet soil at required moisture content to give
a desired density when compacted in a standard test mould as given below Volume
of mould = 2250cc. Weight of dry soil (W) = 2250 x MDD. m Weight of wet soil
=1+ ---------- x W 100 Weight of water = Weight of wet soil - Weight of dry soil.
m = Optimum moisture content obtained from the laboratory compaction test.
 Take oven dried soil sample of calculated weight and thoroughly mix with water
(OMC) as obtained from the above equation.
 Record the empty weight of the mould with base plate, with extension collar
removed (m1).
 Place the correct mass of the wet soil in to the mould in five layers.
 Gently compact each layer with the spacer disc.
 Place a filter paper on top of the soil followed by a 5cms displacer disc.
 Compact the mould by pressing it in between the platens of the compression
testing machine until the top of the spacer disc comes flush with the top of the
mould.
 Held the load for about 30 seconds and then release.
 In some soil types where a certain amount of rebound occurs, it may be necessary
to reapply load to force the displacer disc slightly below the top of the mould so
that on rebound the right volume is obtained.
 Remove the mould from the compression testing machine.
 Remove the spacer disc and weigh the mould with compacted soil (m2).
 Replace the extension collar of the mould.
 Prepare two more specimens in the same procedure as described above.

Dynamic Compaction

 Take representative sample of soil weighing approximately 6kg and mix

thoroughly at OMC.
 Record the empty weight of the mould with base plate, with extension collar
removed (m1).
 Replace the extension collar of the mould.
 Insert a spacer disc over the base plate and place a coarse filter paper on the top
of the spacer disc.
 Place the mould on a solid base such as a concrete floor or plinth and compact
the wet soil in to the mould in five layers of approximately equal mass each layer
being given 56 blows with 4.90kg hammer equally distributed and dropped from a
height of 450 mm above the soil.
 The amount of soil used shall be sufficient to fill the mould, leaving not more
than about 6mm to be struck off when the extension collar is removed.
 Remove the extension collar and carefully level the compacted soil to the top of
the mould by means of a straight edge.
 Remove the spacer disc by inverting the mould and weigh the mould with
compacted soil (m2).
 Place a filter paper between the base plate and the inverted mould.
 Replace the extension collar of the mould.
 Prepare two more specimens in the same procedure as described above.
 In both the cases of compaction, if the sample is to be soaked, take representative
samples of the material at the beginning of compaction and another sample of
remaining material after compaction for the determination of moisture content.
 Each sample shall weigh not less than 100g for fine-grained soils and not less
than 500 for granular soils.
 Place the adjustable stem and perforated plate on the compacted soil specimen in
the mould.  Place the weights to produce a surcharge equal to the weight of base
material and pavement to the nearest 2.5kg on the perforated plate.
 Immerse the whole mould and weights in a tank of water allowing free access of
water to the top and bottom of specimen for 96 hours.

Test for Swelling

 This test is optional and may be omitted if not necessary.

 Determine the initial height of specimen (h) in mm.
 Mount the expansion-measuring device along with the tripod on the edge of the
mould and record the initial dial gauge reading (ds).
 Keep this set up as such undisturbed for 96 hours noting down the readings every
day against the time of reading.
 Maintain a constant water level through out the period of soaking.
 Note the final reading of the dial gauge at the end of soaking period (dh).
Calculations for Swelling df -ds
 Expansion ratio = ----------- x 100 h ds = Initial dial gauge reading in mm df =
final dial gauge reading in mm h = initial height of specimen in mm.

Penetration Test

 After 96 hours of soaking take out the specimen from the water and remove the
extension collar, perforated disc, surcharge weights and filter paper.
 Drain off the excess water by placing the mould inclined for about 15 minutes
and weigh the mould.
 Place the mould on the lower plate of the testing machine with top face exposed
 To prevent upheaval of soil in to the hole of surcharge weights, place 2.5kg
annular weights on the soil surface prior to seating the penetration plunger after
which place the reminder of the surcharge weights.
 Set the plunger under a load of 4 kg so that full contact is established between the
surface of the specimen and the plunger.
 Set the stress and strain gauges to zero.
 Consider the initial load applied to the plunger as the zero load.
 Apply the load at the rate of 1.25 mm / min.
 Take the readings of the load at penetration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4, 5,
7.5, 10 and 12.5.
 Raise the plunger and detach the mould from the loading equipment.
 Collect the sample of about 20 to 50gms of soil from the top 30mm layer of
specimen and determine the water content in accordance with IS: 2720 (Part 4)
1973.
 Examine the specimen carefully after the test is completed for the presence of
any over size soil particles, which are likely to affect the results if they happen to
be located directly below the penetration plunger.
CALCULATION OF CBR FROM LOAD PENETRATION CURVE.
 Plot the load penetration curve in natural scale, load on Y - axis and penetration
on X – axis as shown in Fig: 2.9.2.
 If the curve is uniformly convex upwards although the initial portion of the curve
may be concave upwards due to surface irregularities make correction by drawing
a tangent to the upper curve at the point of contra flexure.
 Take the intersection point of the tangent and the X – axis as the origin. Calculate
the CBR values for penetration of 2.50mm and 5.00mm.
 Corresponding to the penetration value at which CBR is to be desired, take the
corrected load values from the load penetration curve and calculate the CBR from
the equation PT x Cf California Bearing Ratio = ------------- x 100. PS

PT = Corrected unit test load corresponding to the chosen penetration from load
penetration curve
PS = Total standard load for the same depth of penetration
Cf = Proving ring correction factor.

REPORT

 Report the CBR value to the nearest second decimal.

 Take the average of three test specimens as the CBR value of the test.
 Generally, the CBR value at 2.50mm penetration will be greater than that at
 5.00mm penetration and in such case take the value at 2.50mm as the CBR value.
If the CBR value corresponding to a penetration of 5.00mm exceeds that of
 2.50mm, repeat the test. If the identical results follow, take the value
corresponding to 5.00mm as the CBR value.

PRECAUTIONS

Clean the holes of the base plate and that of perforated disc thoroughly.
 Align the surcharge weight with the plunger so that the plunger penetrates freely
in to the soil.
OBSERVATIONS
 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE
CONCRETE SLUMP TEST
INTRODUCTION:-

Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or consistency of concrete mix

prepared at the laboratory or the construction site during the progress of the work.
Concrete slump test is carried out from batch to batch to check the uniform quality
of concrete during construction. The slump test is the most simple workability test
for concrete, involves low cost and provides immediate results. Due to this fact, it
has been widely used for workability tests since 1922.
Generally concrete slump value is used to find the workability, which indicates
water-cement ratio, but there are various factors including properties of materials,
mixing methods, dosage, admixtures etc. also affect the concrete slump value.
Factors which influence the concrete slump test:-
1.Material properties like chemistry, fineness, particle size distribution, moisture
content and temperature of cementitious materials. Size, texture, combined
grading, cleanliness and moisture content of the aggregates,
2.Chemical admixtures dosage, type, combination, interaction, sequence of
addition and its effectiveness,
3.Air content of concrete,
4.Concrete batching, mixing and transporting methods and equipment,
5.Temperature of the concrete,
6.Sampling of concrete, slump-testing technique and the condition of test
equipment,
7.The amount of free water in the concrete, and
8.Time since mixing of concrete at the time of testing.
WORKABILITY:-
Workability is a purely physical property of freshly mixed concrete. Workability of
concrete simply means the ability to work with concrete. Fresh concrete is said to
be workable if it can be easily transported, placed, compacted, and finished without
any segregation. The ease of placing, compacting, and finishing of concrete in the
desired manner is called its workability.
Slump test values for Different Concrete Mixes:-

Concrete Mixes Slump range in mm

Columns, Retaining wall 75-150mm
Beams & Slabs 50-100mm
CC Pavements 20-30mm
 Decks of bridge 30-75mm
Vibrated Concrete 12-25mm
Huge Mass constructions 25-50mm

OBJECTIVE:-

To determine the strength and workability of concrete mixture.

APPARATUS:-

The apparatus required for conducting Slump test essentially requires minimum
apparatus, which consists of Mettalic Mould in the shape of frustum cone, A
tamping rod with bullet end, Scale or tape for measuring the slump. Metallic sheet
for placing Slump and trowel for pouring concrete in the slump.
Frustum Cone:- Frustum cone has two different diameters one at the top and other
at the bottom. The dimensions of Frustum cone is mentioned below
S. No. Description Dimension

1 Bottom diameter of metallic mould 20.0cm

2 Top diameter of metallic mould 10.0cm
3 Height of cone Frustum 30.0cm
4 Thickness of sheet 1.60mm

Tamping rod:- This rod has a Dia. of 16mm and bullet end at one side. The height
of tamping rod should be 0.6m long.
Sampling of Materials for Slump Test
 Figure-2: Sampling of Materials for Slump

Procedure for Concrete Slump Test:-

1.Clean the internal surface of the mould and apply oil.

2.Place the mould on a smooth horizontal non- porous base plate.
3.Fill the mould with the prepared concrete mix in 4 approximately equal layers.
4.Tamp each layer with 25 strokes of the rounded end of the tamping rod in a
uniform manner over the cross section of the mould. For the subsequent layers, the
tamping should penetrate into the underlying layer.
5.Remove the excess concrete and level the surface with a trowel.
6.Clean away the mortar or water leaked out between the mould and the base plate.
7.Raise the mould from the concrete immediately and slowly in vertical direction.
8.Measure the slump as the difference between the height of the mould and that of
height point of the specimen being tested

NOTE:
The above operation should be carried out at a place free from Vibrations or shock
and within a period of 2 minutes after sampling.

Slump Value Observation:

When the slump test is carried out, following are the shape of the concrete slump
that can be observed.

Figure-2: Types of Concrete Slump Test Results

True Slump – True slump is the only slump that can be measured in the test. The
measurement is taken between the top of the cone and the top of the concrete after
the cone has been removed.
Zero Slump – Zero slump is the indication of very low water-cement ratio, which
results in dry mixes. These type of concrete is generally used for road construction.
Collapsed Slump – This is an indication that the water-cement ratio is too high, i.e.
concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test is not
appropriate.
Shear Slump – The shear slump indicates that the result is incomplete, and
concrete to be retested.

Results of Slump Test on Concrete:-

Slump for the given sample= 60mm and shape of the slump is collapsed slump.

CONCLUSION:-
The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it test. It
is performed to check the workability of freshly made concrete . Here our slump
for the given sample is 60mm and slump shape is collapsed. This is an indication
that concrete mix is too wet or it is a high workability mix, for which a slump test
is not appropriate.
 WATER CONTENT
I)RAPID MOISTURE METER TEST:
PURPOSE
The purpose of this test is to determine the moisture content of soil quickly,
without having to wait for the moisture to evaporate.
SOIL SPECIMEN
This test requires about 6 g of soil sample. Sand requires no special preparation.
Coarse powders may be ground and pulverized. Cohesive and plastic soils and
material are tested with addition of stee1 balls in the pressure vessels.
EQUIPMENTS:RAPID MOISTURE METER:
The components of a rapid moisture meter :
1.SCOOP
2.BALANCE DISC
3.INDEX MARK
4.BALANCE ARM
5.STIRRUP
6.PAN
7.GAUGE 0.5%
8.DULY
9.CUP
10.U-CLAMP
11.CLAMP ACREW
PROCEDURE
The apparatus required for the test includes one metallic pressure vessel with
clamp for sealing cup and a gauge calibrated in percentage water. One counterpoint
balance, a scoop for measuring calcium carbide and three steel balls of 12.5 mm
diameter and one steel ball of 25 mm diameter.
Set up the balance and place the sample in the pan till the mark on the balance arm
mass lines up with the index mark.
Unclamp the clamping screw to move the U-clamp off the cup. Lift off the cup.
Clean the cup and the body.
Hold the body horizontally and gently deposit one level scoopful of calcium
carbide halfway inside the chamber. Then lay the chamber down without
disturbing the calcium carbide charge and transfer the soil weighed out as above
from the pan to the cup.
Holding cup and chamber approximately horizontal bring them together, without
disturbing sample or calcium carbide, bring the U clamp round and clamp the cup
tightly into place.
With the gauge downwards, shake the moisture meter up and down vigorously for
5 seconds, then quickly turn it so that the gauge is upwards, give a tap to the body
of the moisture meter to ensure that all the contents fall into the cup.
Hold the rapid moisture meter downward, again shake for 5 seconds, then turn it
with gauge upwards and tap. Hold for one minute. Repeat this for a third time.
Once more invert the rapid moisture meter and shake up and down to cool the gas.
Turn the rapid moisture meter with the gauge upwards, and dial horizontal held at
chest height when the needle comes to rest, take the reading. The readings on the
meter are the percentages of water on the wet mass basis.
Alternatively, the three smaller steel balls can be placed in the cup along with the
soil and the larger one in the body along with the absorbent and seal up the unit as
usual. Hold the rapid moisture meter vertical so that the material in the cup falls
into the body. Now holding the unit horizontally, rotate it for 10 seconds so that the
balls are rolled round the inside circumference of the body. Rest for 20 seconds.
Repeat the rotation – rest cycle until the gauge reading is constant (usually this
takes 4 to 8 min). Note the reading as usual.
Finally release the pressure slowly (away from the operator) by opening the clamp
screw and taking the cup out, empty the contents and clean the instrument with a
brush.
Calculate the water content (W) on the dry mass from the water content (M)
obtained on the wet mass basis as the reading on the rapid moisture meter, as
follows:
W = [M/(100-M)]*100
Where,
W = percent water content of the dry mass
M = percent water content of the wet mass

RESULT

TEST ON CONCRETE

COMPRESSION TEST:

OBJECTIVE:
To find compressive strength value of concrete cubes.
Required Equipment & Apparatus
150 mm Cube Moulds (with IS Mark)
Electronic Weighing Balance
G.I Sheet (For Making Concrete)
Vibrating Needle & other tools
Compressions Testing Machine
PROCEDURE:
CUBE CASTING:
Measure the dry proportion of ingredients (Cement, Sand & Coarse Aggregate) as
per the design requirements. The Ingredients should be sufficient enough to cast test
cubes
Thoroughly mix the dry ingredients to obtain the uniform mixture
Add design quantity of water to the dry proportion (water-cement ratio) and mix
well to obtain uniform texture
Fill the concrete to the mould with the help of vibrator for thorough compaction
Finish the top of the concrete by trowel & tapped well till the cement slurry comes
to the top of the cubes.

CURING:
After some time the mould should be covered with red gunny bag and put
undisturbed for 24 hours at a temperature of 27 ° Celsius ± 2
After 24 hours remove the specimen from the mould.
Keep the specimen submerged under fresh water at 27 ° Celsius. The specimen
should be kept for 7 or 28 days. Every 7 days the water should be renewed.
The specimen should be removed from the water 30 minutes prior to the testing.
The specimen should be in dry condition before conducting the testing.
The Cube weight should not be less than 8.1 Kgs
TESTING:
Now place the concrete cubes into the testing machine. (centrally)
The cubes should be placed correctly on the machine plate (check the circle marks
on the machine). Carefully align the specimen with the spherically seated plate.
The load will be applied to the specimen axially.
Now slowly apply the load at the rate of 140kg/cm2 per minute till the cube collapse.
The maximum load at which the specimen breaks is taken as a compressive load.
OBSERVATION RESULT:
1)Weight of cube= 8.27 kg
Crushing strength of the cube=868.9KN
2)Weight of cube=8.15 kg
Crushing strength of the cube=875 KN
3)Weight of cube(M35)=8.295 kg
Crushing strength of the cube=853 KN

Now,we go for many trials for particular grades of concrete cubes.Firstly we do it

for M35:
 GRADE WEIGHT CRUSHING
STRENGTH

M35 8.215 kg 900 KN

M35 8.275 kg 814.1 KN

M35 8.33 kg 957.2 KN

M35 8.49 kg 902.8 KN

M35 8.28 kg 882 KN

M35 8.32 kg 958 KN

We now do the test for M10 grade concrete:

GRADE WEIGHT CRUSHING
STRENGTH
M10 8.065 kg 301 KN
M10 8.145 kg 344.6 KN
M10 8.130 kg 321.5 KN
We do it for M30 grade with a chainage of 17+868(7 days):
GRADE WEIGHT CRUSHING
STRENGTH
M30 8.216 kg 582 KN
M30 8.28 kg 534 KN
M30 8.296 kg 597 KN

We do it again for M30 with chainage 35+125:

GRADE WEIGHT CRUSHING
STRENGTH
M30 8.64 kg 591.4 KN
M30 8.355 kg 553.8 KN
M30 8.395 kg 610 KN
M30 8.245 kg 572 KN
M30 8.226 kg 556 KN

INSITU DRY DENSITY TEST

DETERMINATION OF FIELD DENSITY OF SOIL BY SAND

REPLACEMENT METHOD (IS-2720-PART-28)

AIM
To determine the field density of soil at a given location by sand replacement
method
REFERENCE
IS-2720-Part-28-Determination of dry density of soils in place, by the sand
replacement method
APPARATUS
Sand pouring cylinder
Calibrating can
Metal tray with a central hole
Dry sand (passing through 600 micron sieve)
Balance
Moisture content bins
Glass plate
Metal tray
Scraper tool
THEORY AND APPLICATION
Determination of field density of cohesion less soil is not possible by core cutter
method, because it is not possible to obtain a core sample. In such situation, the
sand replacement method is employed to determine the unit weight. In sand
replacement method, a small cylindrical pit is excavated and the weight of the soil
excavated from the pit is measured. Sand whose density is known is filled into the
pit. By measuring the weight of sand required to fill the pit and knowing its density
the volume of pit is calculated. Knowing the weight of soil excavated from the pit
and the volume of pit, the density of soil is calculated. Therefore, in this
experiment there are two stages, namely
Calibration of sand density
Measurement of soil density
PROCEDURE
STAGE-1 (CALIBRATION OF SAND DENSITY)
Measure the internal dimensions (diameter, d and height, h) of the calibrating can
and compute its internal volume, Vc = πd2h/4.
Fill the sand pouring cylinder (SPC) with sand with 1 cm top clearance (to avoid
any spillover during operation) and find its weight (W1)
Place the SPC on a glass plate, open the slit above the cone by operating the valve
and allow the sand to run down. The sand will freely run down till it fills the
conical portion. When there is no further downward movement of sand in the SPC,
close the slit. Measure the weight of the sand required to fill the cone. Let it be W2.
Place back this W2 amount of sand into the SPC, so that its weight becomes equal
to W1 (As mentioned in point-2). Place the SPC concentrically on top of the
calibrating can. Open the slit to allow the sand to run down until the sand flow
stops by itself. This operation will fill the calibrating can and the conical portion of
the SPC. Now close the slit and find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand
(W3)
STAGE-2 (MEASUREMENT OF SOIL DENSITY)
Clean and level the ground surface where the field density is to be determined
Place the tray with a central hole over the portion of the soil to be tested.
Excavate a pit into the ground, through the hole in the plate, approximately 12 cm
deep (same as the height of the calibrating can). The hole in the tray will guide the
diameter of the pit to be made in the ground.
Collect the excavated soil into the tray and weigh the soil (W)
Determine the moisture content of the excavated soil.
Place the SPC, with sand having the latest weight of W1, over the pit so that the
base of the cylinder covers the pit concentrically.
Open the slit of the SPC and allow the sand to run into the pit freely, till there is no
downward movement of sand level in the SPC and then close the slit.
Find the weight of the SPC with the remaining sand (W4).
PRECAUTIONS
If for any reason it is necessary to excavate the pit to a depth other than 12 cm, the
standard calibrating can should be replaced by one with an internal height same as
the depth of pit to be made in the ground.
Care should be taken in excavating the pit, so that it is not enlarged by levering, as
this will result in lower density being recorded.
No loose material should be left in the pit.
There should be no vibrations during this test.
It should not be forgotten to remove the tray, before placing the SPC over the pit

OBSERVATIONS
Bulk density of sand: 1.310
Maximum dry density: 1.68
Optimum moisture content: 12.90
Weight of sand in cone: 963 gm

No. of holes Unit 1 2 3 4 5 6

Offset from m 1.6 4.9 9.2 2.0 4.1 8.6

centre of
alignment
Depth of hole mm 200 200 200 200 200 200
Wt. of wet gm 5981 6135 6147 6176 6245 6082
material from
hole
Initial Wt. gm 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000 15000
(Sand &
Cylinder)
Final Wt. (Sand gm 9762 9712 9635 9663 9614 9690
& Cylinder)
Wt. of Sand in gm 5238 5288 5365 5337 5386 5310
Hole & Cone
Wt. of Sand in gm 4275 4325 4402 4374 4423 4347
Hole
Volume of gm 3263.4 3301.5 3360.3 3338.9 3376.3 3318.3
Sand in Hole
Wet density of gm 1.833 1.858 1.829 1.850 1.850 1.833
Material
Wet wt. of gm - - - - - -
sample for M.C
+ Container
Dry wt. of gm - - - - - -
sample for
M.C+
Container
Dry Wt. of gm - - - - - -
Material
Moisture gm 11.90 12.40 11.90 12.80 12.80 11.90
Content
Field Dry gm/cc 1.638 1.653 1.635 1.640 1.640 1.638
Density
Field % 97.5 98.4 97.3 97.6 97.6 97.5
Compaction
 BATCHING PLANT
Batching plant is an equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete
for construction. Some of these inputs
include water, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel) and cement. Concrete
batching plant is widely used in big and medium construction projects, road, bridge
project, and concrete prefabrication factory.
A concrete plant can have a variety of parts and accessories,
including: mixers (either tilt drum or horizontal or in some cases both), cement
batchers, aggregate batchers, conveyors, radial stackers, aggregate bins, cement
bins, heaters, chillers, cement silos, batch plant controls, and dust collectors (to
minimize environmental pollution).
There are two main types of concrete plants: Dry mix plants and Wet mix plants,
and also plants that contain both a transit mix side and a central mix side while
utilizing common material storage points.
A Dry mix Concrete Plant, also known as Transit Mix Plant and Ready-Mix
Plant, weighs sand, gravel and cement in weigh batchers via digital or manual
scales. All the ingredients then are discharged into a chute which discharges into a
truck. Meanwhile, water is either being weighed or volumetrically metered and
discharged through the same charging chute into the mixer truck. These ingredients
are then mixed for a minimum of 70 to 100 revolutions during transportation to the
jobsite.
A Wet mix Concrete Plant, also known as Central Mix Plant, combines some or
all of the above ingredients (including water) at a central location into a Concrete
Mixer - that is, the concrete is mixed at a single point, and then simply agitated on
the way to the jobsite to prevent setting (using agitators or ready-mix trucks) or
hauled to the jobsite in an open-bodied dump truck. Dry mix differ from Wet mix
plants in that Wet Mix contain a central mixer whereas dry, which can offer a more
consistent mixture in a shorter time (generally 5 minutes or less). Dry mix plants
typically see more break strength standard deviation and variation from load to
load because of inconsistencies in mix times, truck blade and drum conditions,
traffic conditions, etc. With a Central Mix plant, all loads see the same mixing
action and there is an initial quality control point when discharging from the
central mixer. Certain plants combine both Dry and Wet characteristics for
increased production or for seasonality.
Batch plants can be portable, stationary, or semi-portable. Certain batch plant
designs may be considered mobile, but not necessarily easy to set up and tear
down.
These categories typically differ in the ease of start-up and teardown and the
presence of portable features such as axles, brakes, and lights. Mobile batching
plants are typically a single unit, made up of a cement silo, an aggregate bin, an
aggregate conveyor and the cement and aggregate batchers, but at higher hourly
production capacities may require numerous loads for a single plant. Typically, a
mobile batching plant can be dismantled and reassembled in a few day’s time. As a
result, they can be used at multiple construction sites to reduce transportation costs.
The mobile batching plant, also known as a portable concrete plant is a very
productive, reliable and cost-effective piece of equipment to produce batches of
concrete. It allows the user to batch concrete at most any location then move to
another location and batch concrete. Portable plants are the best choice for
temporary site projects or even stationary locations where the equipment height is
a factor or the required production rate is lower.

FUNCTION:-
Mixing system: - The heart of the concrete batching plant is the mixer, and there
are three types of mixers namely tilt, twin shaft and pan. Central mix concrete
batching plant is usually used JS series of twin shaft batch mixer as the main
mixer. A twin shaft mixture has higher mixing efficiency and provide an even
mixture of the concrete through the use of high horsepower motors, while ensuring
a large production. On the other hand, a tilt mixer ensures a consistency mix with
less labour and costs. Compared to twin shaft mixer, a tilt mixer doesn’t provide a
large output.
Cement silo (cement tank) is a cylindrical structure, cement silos are typically one
or two compartments, but at times up to 4 compartments in a single silo. The
bottom of the tube is supported by four legs to support the entire body positions,
and the whole warehouse is full of steel, welded while the top part has duster and
pressure relief valve.
Aggregate bins have 2 to 6 compartments for storage of various sand and
aggregate (rocks, gravel, etc.) sizes, while. Conveyors are typically between 24-48
inches wide and carry aggregate from the ground hopper to the aggregate bin, as
well as from the aggregate batcher to the charge chute.
Control System:- Concrete Plant is totally run by an operator who uses a
computer to input the required measurements of concrete. The PLC programmable
controller can control the production process with high reliability and stability. It
can control the unloading ingredients, mixing and automatic control of the whole
process of the concrete. Moreover, it also can dynamic display the process of
weighing and discharging. If there are some problems during production, the
software will detect the error and light up alarm lamp on computer screen or
indicator display, so that the operator can stop the production till problems solved.
WORKING:-
1. Once we pressed the start button, the control system of mixer is connected to an
electricity source, the operation interface of the man-machine interaction will
appear and system will begin to process initialization which includes the formula
number, concrete slump, concrete grade and productivity.
2. Each silo and weighing hopper is tested according to weighing system. Its
control system will output the signal of the amount of material to prompt the
operator to decide whether to start the control program or not.
3. The belt conveyor is initiated to transmit the aggregate to the weighing hopper;
the valve of the fly ash and cement tank should be opened and the screw conveyor
and motor initiated to transmit them into the weighing hopper;
4. The control valve of the water sump and admixture sump needs to be opened to
make water and admixture flow into the weighing hopper.
5. Once the weight of all material types meets the needs of specific amounts, the
door of the weighing hopper is opened automatically.
6. The materials will then be mixed by a concrete mixer. Once the setting time is
over, the loading door of the concrete mixer opens and the resulting mix is released
into a transport trunk and it’s finally transported to a construction site.
At the site; concrete batch plant used
has capacity to produce 0.75m^3
concrete in a single batch. The
concrete batch plant at the site is
computer aided control to assist in
fast and accurate measurement of
input constituents or ingredients. With
concrete performance so dependent on
accurate water measurement, accurate
admixture (super-plasticizer)
measurement, systems often use
digital scales for cementitious
materials, and aggregates, and
moisture probes to measure aggregate
water content as it enters the
aggregate batcher to automatically
compensate for the mix design water/cement ratio target.t Many producers find
moisture probes work well only in sand, and with marginal results on larger sized
aggregate.
Experts always suggest that proper planning should be done under expert
supervision before at concrete batching plant is ordered onto a manufacturer.
Following factors should be kept in mind while designing of a batching plant:
1. Land availability.
2. Distance of the plant from raw materials like aggregates, cement, sand, water
and chemicals.
3. Distance of the plant from a major construction sites since the concrete has to be
delivered eventually to those places.
4. Availability of trained personnel to run the plant efficiently.
DUST AND WATER POLLUTION:-

Municipalities, especially in urban or residential areas, have been concerned at the

pollution by concrete batching plants. The absence of suitable dust collection and
filter systems in cement silos or at the truck loading point is the major source of
particulate matter emission in the air. The loading point is a large emission point
for dust pollution, so many concrete producers utilize central dust collectors to
contain this dust. Notably, many transit mix (dry loading) plants create
significantly more dust pollution than central mix plants due to the nature of the
batching process. A final source of concern for many municipalities is the presence
of extensive water runoff and reuse for water spilled on a producer's sites.
 FORMWORK
Formwork is a mould or dies used to support or shape the concrete until it attains
sufficient strength to carry its self-weight.Formwork holds the concrete untilit
hardens to required shape and size.

1) SIGNIFICANCE OF FORMWORK
1. Formwork constitutes 30% of cost & 60% of time in concrete
construction.
2. Quality of concrete finish and soundness of concrete depends very
much on type of formwork system.
3. Desired shape of concrete is not possible if formwork is done
properly.
4. Formwork should be properly designed fabricated and erected to
receive concrete.
5. Accident happen because of faulty formwork and scaffolding or
staging.

2) A good formwork should satisfy the following requirements:

1. It should be strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads.
2. It should be rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both
horizontally and vertically, so as to retain its shape.
3. The joints in the formwork should be tight against leakage of cement grout.
4. Construction of formwork should permit removal of various parts in desired
sequences without damage to the concrete.
5. The material of the formwork should be cheap, easily available and should be
suitable for reuse.
6. The formwork should be set accurately to the desired line and levels should have
plane surface.
7. It should be as light as possible.
8. The material of the formwork should not warp or get distorted when exposed to the
elements.
9. It should rest on firm base.
 3. How Formwork Affects Concrete Quality
 Size, shape, and alignment of slabs, beams, and other concrete structural
elements depend on accurate construction of the forms.

The forms must be:

o Sufficiently rigid under the construction loads to maintain the designed
shape of the concrete,
o Stable and strong enough to maintain large members in alignment, and
o Substantially constructed to withstand handling and reuse without losing
their dimensional integrity.
 The formwork must remain in place until the concrete is strong enough to
carry its own weight, or the finished structure may be damaged.

4. Causes of Formwork Failure

Formwork failures are the cause of many accidents and failures that occur during
concrete construction which usually happen when fresh concrete is being placed.
Generally some unexpected event causes one member to fail, then others become
overloaded or misaligned and the entire formwork structure collapses.
Formwork collapse causes injuries, loss of life, property damage, and construction
delays

The main causes of formwork failure are:

 - Improper stripping and shore removal
 - Inadequate bracing
 - Vibration
 - Unstable soil under mudsills*, shoring not plumb
 - Inadequate control of concrete placement
 - Lack of attention to formwork details.

5.TYPES OF FORMWORK

1. Flex system-

Good company ply is used

i. Components of flex system-

 H beam primary or secondary
  CT prop
 Foue way head
 Folding tripod
 Assembly wedge clamp
 Supporting head
 Beam forming head
 Quick deck system
b. Aluform system
 Panels with alumunium frame and plywood fitted in it
 Used in raft,shear wall and columns
i. Components of aluform system
 Alufo panel
 Framing clamp
 Tie rod
 Wig nut
 Steel waler
 CT prop
 Foot adopter
 Head adopter
 Brackets for safety
c. Alumunium formwork

Alumunium formwork is widely used by Construction Company at sie.

Components of Alumunium

 Kicker
 Rocker
 Wall panel
 Slab corner
 External and internal corner
 Prop Length
 Prop head
 Stub pin
 Wall tie
FORMWORK USED AT CONSTRUCTION SITE

Alumunium Formwork used in

construction

Alumunium Panels for formwork

 PROJECT EXECUTION
1) METHOD STATEMENT FOR CIVIL

METHOD STATEMENT FOR SURVEY WORKS

OBJECTIVE:To formulate guidelines for Setting out and routine survey

works

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing
2. Technical Specifications for Civil works
3. Inspection and test plan
4. Survey Layout showing control stations

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:Calibrated Auto-level,Theodolite(LC-1”),Total

Station and necessary measuring tools

METHOD STATEMENT FOR BUILDING UP OF PILES UPTO

CUTOFF LEVEL

OBJECTIVE:Building up of Piles up-to-cut-off levels

REFERENCE:

1. Drawing
2. Technical Specifications for Civil works
3. Technical Data sheet of Nitobond EP

METHOD STATEMENT FOR REINFORCEMENT WORK

1) OBJECTIVE:This procedure covers method for cutting,bending and tying

of reinforcement and inspections of works.
2) REFERENCE:Reinforcement placing and handling shall be as per IS-456

MAJOR EQUIPMENTS:Bar cutting & bending machines,rebar tying tool.

METHOD STATEMENT FOR FORMWORK

1) OBJECTIVE:This Procedure covers fixing and removal of forwork and
checking of formwork.
2) REFERENCE:
1. Approved Drawings
2. IS 456 & IS 64619(Part5)
3. Tender Document

METHOD STATEMENT FOR CONCRETING WORKS

OBJECTIVE:This Procedure covers fixing and removal of formwork and

checking of formwork.

REFERENCE:

1. Tender Specification
2. Approved Drawings
3. IS 10262,IS 3370 & IS 456
4. IS 383
 EQUIPMENTS & MACHINES USED
1) Transit mixer for transporting ready mix concrete(R.M.C)

Transit mixer is a piece of equipment that is used for transporting concrete/

mortar or ready mix material from a concrete batching plant directly to the site
where it is to be utilized.Transit mixer is loaded with dry material and water.
The interior of the transit drum is fitted with a spiral blade. Spiral blade is able
to move in two directions. During clockwise movement drum is charged with
concrete and in counterclockwise direction concrete discharge out from the
transit drum. Concrete mixing drum ensures the liquid state of materials
through rotation of the drum about its own axis.

A. PARTS OF TRANSIT MIXER

Transit mixer is utilized for many projects. For example: here it delivers concrete
for construction of culverts, flyovers, pile concreting, , bridges, etc. It has various
parts named as hopper, discharge chute, rotating mixing drum and a water tank.
HOPPER:-Hopper is that part through which transit mixer is charged with
concrete. Water tank with transit mixer is for washing of concrete mixing drum so
that no concrete left with the internal walls.

ROTATING MIXING DRUM

DISCHARGE CHUTE
 HOPPER

USED AS A
CONVEYOR BELT

Discharge chute is utilized during discharging of concrete from the mixer. It

ensures the same quality of concrete as it was at the mixer. Chute guides the
concrete directly to the job site. Sometimes it happens when pouring site is not
close enough to the truck, then in such cases concrete is discharged the conveyor
belt. The conveyor belt( made for joining of tins) is about 8-10 meters long that is
attached with the transit mixer. If it is not enough, then concrete is poured into a
temporarily made concrete box. From here concrete is pumped to site with the help
of the concrete pump. This mostly happens during multistory building
construction.

2)Immersion or Needle Vibrators

Immersion or Needle Vibrators are most commonly used vibrator for concrete. It
consists of a steel tube (with one end closed and rounded) having an eccentric
vibrating element inside it. This steel tube called poker is connected to an electric
motor or a diesel engine through a flexible tube. They are available in size varying
from 40 to 100 mm diameter. The diameter of the poker is decided from the
consideration of the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form-work.
The frequency of vibration varies up to 15000 rpm. However a range between
3000 to 6000 rpm is suggested as a desirable minimum with an acceleration of 4g
to 10g.
The normal radius of action of an immersion vibrator is 0.50 to 1.0m. However, it
would be preferable to immerse the vibrator into concrete at intervals of not more
than 600mm or 8 to 10 times the diameter of the poker.
The period of vibration required may be of the order of 30 seconds to 2 minute.
The concrete should be placed in layers not more than 600mm high.

Diesel motor Flexible Tube

 POKER

CRANE

There are different types of cranes used in construction projects. Crane is a

machine capable of lifting, lowering and moving of heavy materials with the use of
pulleys and cables.
Cranes are valuable assets for the construction industry because they made things
easy for any type of construction. These are helpful for construction of high-rise
buildings as well as in areas inaccessible.
A crane is a tower or derrick that is equipped with cables and pulleys that are used
to lift and lower material. They are commonly used in the construction industry
and in the manufacturing of heavy equipment. Cranes for construction are
normally temporary structures, either fixed to the ground or mounted on a custom
built vehicle.
They can either be controlled from an operator in a cab that travels along with the
crane, by a push button pendant control station, or by radio type controls.
As with all things in construction, the crane operator is ultimately responsible for
the safety of the site, the rigging crews and the working crane

Types of Cranes Used in Construction

1. Vehicle Mounted Crane
2. Tower Crane
3. Rough Terrain Crane
4. Crawler Crane
5. All Terrain Crane
6. Railroad Crane
7. Telescopic Handler Crane
8. Harbor Cranes
9. Floating Crane
10.Aerial Crane
11.Telescopic Crane
12.Level Luffing Crane

The cranes used in this project are:-

HYDRAULIC MOBILE CRANE

The most standard and versatile type of crane used in construction today.
The mobile hydraulic crane consists of a steel truss or telescopic boom mounted on
a mobile platform, which could be a rail, wheeled, or even on a cat truck. The
boom is hinged at the bottom and can be either raised or lowered by cables or
hydraulic cylinders.
What makes this crane so versatile is it’s footprint and mobility. In construction
situations, it can sometimes be difficult to get close to where you need to hoist the
materials. Moving a crane into a postition that allows it to lift the material with the
correct crane capacity is effected by the footprint of the crane. The foot print is the
area required to have the crane set up it’s outriggers into position that allows it to
hoist the material while inside the crane chart requirements.
 TOWER CRANE

Tower crane cabin

long
horizontal
jib

Tower cranes are a modern form of balance crane that consist of the same basic
parts. Fixed to the ground on a concrete slab (and sometimes attached to the sides
of structures), tower cranes often give the best combination of height and lifting
capacity and are used in the construction of tall buildings. The base is then attached
to the mast which gives the crane its height. Further, the mast is attached to the
slewing unit (gear and motor) that allows the crane to rotate. On top of the slewing
unit there are three main parts which are: the long horizontal jib (working arm),
shorter counter-jib, and the operator's cab.
The long horizontal jib is the part of the crane that carries the load. The counter-jib
carries a counterweight, usually of concrete blocks, while the jib suspends the load
to and from the center of the crane. The crane operator either sits in a cab at the top
of the tower or controls the crane by radio remote control from the ground. In the
first case the operator's cab is most usually located at the top of the tower attached
to the turntable, but can be mounted on the jib, or partway down the tower. The
lifting hook is operated by the crane operator using electric motors to manipulate
wire rope cables through a system of sheaves. The hook is located on the long
horizontal arm to lift the load which also contains its motor.
CRAWLER TYPE CRANE
A crawler crane has its boom mounted on an undercarriage fitted with a set
of crawler tracks that provide both stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in
lifting capacity from about 40 to 3,500 short tons (35.7 to 3,125.0 long tons; 36.3
to 3,175.1 t).
The main advantage of a crawler crane is its ready mobility and use, since the
crane is able to operate on sites with minimal improvement and stable on its tracks
without outriggers. Wide tracks spread the weight out over a great area and are far
better than wheels at traversing soft ground without sinking in. A crawler crane is
also capable of traveling with a load. Its main disadvantage is its weight, making it
difficult and expensive to transport. Typically a large crawler must be
disassembled at least into boom and cab and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to
its next location.

HR-260
The HR 260 is a self erecting, 75 ton drilling rig particularly suitable for drilling
great diameters using the kelly bar system and with casing tubes directly with the
rotary. The HR 260 is able to perform the following applications:
- Drilling large diameters and great depths with augers or buckets
- Execution of direct rotary drilling with casings and casing oscillator
- Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) & Diaphragm Walls
- Execution of Double Head drilling
 BUCKHOE LOADER
Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks:
construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials,
powering building equipment, digging holes/excavation, landscaping,
breaking asphalt, and paving roads. Often, the backhoe bucket can also be replaced
with powered attachments such as a breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder.
Enhanced articulation of attachments can be achieved with intermediate
attachments such as the tiltrotator. Many backhoes feature quick coupler (quick-
attach) mounting systems and auxiliary hydraulic circuits for simplified attachment
mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the job site. Some loader buckets
have a retractable bottom or "clamshell", enabling it to empty its load more quickly
and efficiently. Retractable-bottom loader buckets are also often used for grading
and scraping. The front assembly may be a removable attachment or permanently
mounted.
Because digging while on tires intrinsically causes the machine to rock, and the
swinging weight of the backhoe could cause the vehicle to tip, most backhoe
loaders use hydraulic outriggers or stabilizers at the rear when digging and lower
the loader bucket for additional stability. This means that the bucket must be raised
and the outriggers retracted when the vehicle needs to change positions, reducing
efficiency. For this reason many companies offer miniature tracked excavators,
which sacrifice the loader function and ability to be driven from site to site, for
increased digging efficiency.
Their relatively small frame and precise control make backhoe-loaders very useful
and common in urban engineering projects such as construction and repairs in
areas too small for larger equipment. Their versatility and compact size makes
them one of the most popular urban construction vehicles. For larger projects,
a tracked excavator is generally used.
 ONGOING WORK

CULVERT:
INTRODUCTION: Culvert is a tunnel carrying a stream under a road or railway.
A culvert may act as a bridge for traffic to pass on it. They are typically found in a
natural flow of water and serves the purpose of a bridge or a current flow
controller.
TYPES OF CULVERT: Culverts are available in many and shape like round,
elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. Following are
the different types of culvert.
 Pipe culvert (single or multiple)
 Pipe-Arch culvert (single or multiple)
 Box culvert (single or multiple)
 Arch culvert
 Bridge culvert
 Metal box culvert
PIPE CULVERT
Pipe culverts are the most common types of culverts due to competitive price and
easy installation. They are found in different shapes such as circular, elliptical and
pipe arch. Generally, their shapes depend on site conditions and constraints. Pipe
culverts on a small scale represent normal pipes like concrete pipes.

PIPE ARCH CULVERT:

Arch culverts are suitable for large waterway opening where fishes can be
provided with a greater hydraulic advantage. Moreover, they provide low clearance
and are definitely, much artistic. Pipe arches are particularly useful for sites where
headroom is limited and also have a hydraulic advantage at low flows.
BOX CULVERT
Box culverts are made up of concrete and especially, RCC (Reinforced
Concrete). The most challenging part in constructing a box culvert is that dry
surface is needed for installing it. However, due to the strength of the concrete
floor, water direction can be changed when a large amount of water is expected.
This feature makes box culverts, one of the most commonly found types of the
culvert
Advantages of Box Culvert
Box Culverts are economical for the reasons mentioned below:
 The box culvert is a rigid frame structure and very simple in construction
 It is Suitable for non-perennial streams where scrub depth is not significant
but the soil is weak.
 The bottom slab of the box culvert reduces pressure on the soil.
 Box culverts are economical due to their rigidity and monolithic action and
separate foundations are not required.
 It is used in special cases, weak foundation.

BOX CULVERT DESIGN CRITERIA:

1. Concrete shall be design mix with minimum characteristic strength of 30 MPa
for RCC box structure.
2. Grade of concrete for R.C crash barrier is M-40.
3. Maximum base pressure for box culvert is 70 KN/m2.

For base slab thickness: value of DK:

Upto 900mm 1200mm
Greater than 900mm D+300mm
5. Where base D is base slab thickness
Approach slab can be dispensed with in case of culverts.
6. Clear cover to the outermost bars shall be M -15 grade/brick/stone masonry in
cement mortar 1:3. The rigid flooring should be continued over the top width or
curtain walls.
Culvert Foundation Preparation :
The foundation must be excavated to the depth of the footings
or the undercut as called for on the Plans, in the foundation report, or decided upon
from field observations. Care must
be taken not to over excavate or to disturb the material below the plane of
excavation. The less the activity within the area the better. Diversions are required
to allow construction of the culvert while at the same time preventing erosion.
Water must be diverted and seepage into the footing area removed by pumping
from sumps outside of the footing area or by diversions. When widening a two
barrel culvert (or larger) water may be dammed up in one of the barrels and
diverted around the construction area by pumping. Diversions can also consist of
plastic lined channels which capture the water upstream ofthe culvert and carry it
around the construction area.
Sometimes a combination of these methods works best. After the excavation is
complete the proper backfill material will be placed and compacted in accordance
with the Specifications.
Forming of box culvert:
The function of forms is to act as a structural unit in holding and supporting plastic
concrete to the desired configuration until such time as the hardened concrete can
support itself. The forms must be so designed, supported, and tied together so that
they will not sag, bulge, sway or become misaligned. The forms must be set so
thatconcrete of the proper configuration will be obtained. The Engineer must also
check the size of the formed footings, the depth of the forms, the alignment of the
forms, the height of the wall forms and all of the details necessary to produce the
finished structure as detailed on the Plans. Every dimension should be checked
during the forming and again after the forms are complete before the pouris
commenced. Special attention must be paid to the forming of cut-off walls. Weep
hole locations must also be carefully checked.

DESIGN DETAILS:
1.The box culvert constructed is of width 26m but recent works are being carried
on for the construction of 16m.
2.Size of the RCC box culvert at chainage of 25+ is 1/2mx3m with earth cushion
upto .
3.The diameters of reinforcements bars on bottom slab are 10mm and 12mm.
4.The diameters of reinforcements bars of top slab are 10mm are 12mm.
5.Clear cover to outermost steel is as follows:
 For top slab- 50mm(top & bottom face)
For bottom- 75mm
For wall- 75mm.
6.A slope is also provided in a culvert and is called haunch. A haunch is generally
provided to distribute the hydraulic forces acting on the corners. If haunch aren’t
provided the concentrated hydrostatic forces may damage the edges.
7.Base slab thickness is 1200mm.
8.Concrete depth for culvert for base slab is 900mm(minimum).
9.Formworks provided are casing and shuttering.
10.Spacing provided in the bottom slab reinforcementsis 150/cc.
11. When the sliding forces on a structure are more than restoring forces ,the
structure has the tendency to slide laterally in the direction of sliding force as in the
case of Retaining wall ,so a shear key is provided at the bottom of wall to prevent
sliding of the wall laterally.
12.A retaining wall is provided of thickness 270mm. Retaining walls are generally
used whenever they are more economical to construct than acquiring additional
right-of-ways to extend a slope. Retaining wallsare used in both cut and fill slopes,
and this sometimes controls which wall type is used ata particular location. The
basic wall types are cast-in-place walls, precast walls and tieback walls
Method of concreting:
The concrete is prepared in the batching plant as per the required concrete mix
design and is transported to the site with the help of transit mixer. The concrete is
then poured into the formwork with the help of a conveyor belt from a height of
.If this height is exceeded then there will be segregation of concrete and also the
internal bonds between the water and concrete may be disturbed which may result
in the decrease in the strength of concrete.
 PILE FOUNDATION
BORING:
Boring is drilling a hole, tunnel, or well in the earth.
Boring is used for various applications in geology, agriculture, hydrology, civil
engineering, and mineral exploration. Today, most earth drilling serves one of the
following purposes:
return samples of the soil and/or rock through which the drill passes
access rocks from which material can be extracted
access rocks which can then be measured
provide access to rock for purposes of providing engineering support.
The types of boring methods are:
Displacement Boring
Wash Boring
Auger Boring
Rotary Drilling
Percussion Drilling
Continuous Sampling
DISPLACEMENT BORING:
It is a combined method of sampling and boring operation. Closed bottom sampler
slit cup, or piston type is forced in to the ground up to desired depth. Then the
sampler is detached from soil below it, by rotating the piston, & finally the piston
is released or withdrawn. The sampler is then again forced further down & sample
is taken. After withdrawal of sampler & removal of sample from sampler, the
sampler is kept in closed condition & again used for another depth.
WASH BORING:
It is a popular method due to the use of limited equipment. The advantage of this is
the use of inexpensive and easily portable handling and drilling equipment. Here
first an open hole is formed on the ground so that the soil sampling or rock drilling
operation can be done below the hole. The hole is advanced by chopping and
twisting action of the light bit. Cutting is done by forced water and water jet under
pressure through the rods operated inside the hole.

AUGER BORING:
This method is fast and economical, using simple, light, flexible and inexpensive
instruments for large to small holes. It is very suitable for soft to stiff cohesive
soils and can be used to determine ground water table. Soil removed by this is
disturbed but it is better than wash boring, percussion or rotary drilling. This
method of boring is not suitable for very hard or cemented soils, very soft soils, as
then the flow into the hole can occur. This method is also not suitable for fully
saturated cohesionless soil.

ROTARY BORING:
Rotary drilling method of boring is useful in case of highly resistant strata. It is
related to finding out the rock strata and to access the quality of rocks from cracks,
fissures and joints. It can conveniently be used in sands and silts also. Here, the
bore holes are advanced in depth by rotary percussion method which is similar to
wash boring technique. A heavy string of the drill rod is used for choking action.
The broken rock or soil fragments are removed by circulating water or drilling mud
pumped through the drill rods and bit up through the bore hole from which it is
collected in a settling tank for recirculation. If the depth is small and the soil stable,
water alone can be used. However, drilling fluids are useful as they serve to
stabilize the bore hole.
At site: Bentonite slurry was used with a specific gravity of 1.02g/cc which is also
known as drilling fluid. The drilling fluid is used to stabilize the borehole partly
due to higher specific gravity than water and due to the formation od mud cakes on
the sides of the hole. The Torque of the machine is 260KN. The bentonite slurry
requires 24 hours for its maturity and the boring time was 8-9 hours.
PERCUSION DRILLING:
In case of hard rocks or soft rock, percussion drilling hole is usually adopted. Here
advancement of hole is done by alternatively lifting and dropping a heavy drilling
bit which is attached to the lower end of the drilling bit which is attached to the
cable.
One main disadvantage of this process is that the material at the bottom of the hole
is disturbed by heavy blows of the chisel and hence it is not possible to get good
quality undisturbed samples. It cannot detect thin strata as well.
CONTINUOUS SAMPLING:
The sampling operation advances the borehole and the boring is accomplished
entirely by taking samples continuously. The casing is used to prevent the caving
in soils. It provides more reliable and detail information on soil condition than the
other methods. Therefore, it is used extensively in detailed and special foundation
exploration for important structures.
PILE FOUNDATIONS:
A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is
pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.
Pile foundations are used in the following situations: When there is a layer of weak
soil at the surface.
TYPES OF PILE FOUNDATIONS:
There are three types of pile foundations according to construction methods:
Driven Piles.
Cast -in-situ piles.
Driven and cast-in-situ piles.
Driven Piles: -
Driven Pile foundations can be made from concrete, steel or timber. These piles are
prefabricated before placing at the construction site. When driven piles are made of
concrete, they are precast. These piles are driven using a pile hammer.
When these piles are driven into the granular soils, they displace the equal volume
of soil. This helps in compaction of soil around the sides of piles and results in the
densification of soil. The piles which compact the soil adjacent to it is also called
as compaction pile. This compaction of soil increases its bearing capacity.

Cast-in-situ piles: -
Cast-in-situ piles are concrete pile. These piles are constructed by drilling holes in
the ground to the required depth and then filling the hole with concrete.
Reinforcements are also used in the concrete as per the requirements. These piles
are of small diameter compared to drilled piers.
Driven and cast-in-situ piles: -
Driven and cast-in-situ piles have the advantages of both driven and cast-in-situ
piles.
A steel shell of diameter of pile is driven into the ground with the aid of a mandrel
inserted into the shell. After driving the shell, the mandrel is removed, and
concrete is poured in the shell.
There is one more type of pile foundation that has been used in the construction
site which is known as shore piling.

At site: Cast-in-situ piles are used, and the design details are as follows according
to the drawing shown below:
DESIGN DETAILS OF PILE FOUNDATIONS

DETAILS OF THE PILE FOUNDATIONS:

Depth of pile = 27m
Number of piles= 12
Diameter of piles= 1200mm
Steps for construction of pile foundation:
Soil tests for construction of buildings or any structure is the first step in
construction planning to understand the suitability of soil for proposed construction
work. Standard Penetration Test is conducted first to check the bearing capacity of
the soil.
Standard Penetration Test
A thin walled- steel tube if then lowered into the ground which acts as a casing by
hammering.
Then the earth is removed which is left inside the casing. In our case the earth is
removed using rotary boring and during the boring process bentonite slurry is
being pumped continuously so that the surrounding wall does not collapse.

After the boring is done we insert the reinforcement and concreting is done with
the help of treami pipe. Then after 24 hours after concreting the casing is removed.
After completion of the construction of pile, Pile Load Test is done on the pile to
ensure the safe load capacity of piles and to detect any unusual performance
contrary to the findings of initial test.
PILE LOAD TEST:
Load tests on piles are conducted on completion of 28 days after casting of piles.
Two types of tests namely initial and routine tests, for each type of loading viz.
vertical, horizontal (lateral) pull out, are performed on piles.
STEPS:
This is a dynamic pile load test. A rectangular steel sheet is placed over the pile to
uniformly distribute the pressure on the pile. The steel sheet is reinforced with the
help of steel bars.
A cylindrical drop hammer is used in the pile load test. The hammer is attached to
a crawler type crane and it is dropped from a specified height.
The load induced by the hammer is recorded on the pile drive analyzer which is
connected at the pile foundation above the ground level.
The cylindrical hammer is held and placed the center of the pile with ropes on both
sides of the hammer.
The hammer is then allowed then to free fall on the pile and the allowable load is
recorded on the pile drive analyzer.

PILE LOAD TEST

 EMBANKEMENT
INTRODUCTION
An embankment refers to a volume of earthen material that is placed and
compacted for the purpose of raising the grade of a roadway (or railway) above the
level of the existing surrounding ground surface. A fill refers to a volume of
earthen material that is placed and compacted for the purpose of filling in a hole or
depression. Embankments or fills are constructed of materials that usually consist
of soil, but may also include aggregate, rock, or crushed paving material.

Normally, the coarser fill materials are placed at or near the bottom or base of the
embankment in order to provide a firm foundation for the embankment and also to
facilitate drainage and prevent saturation. The top portion of an embankment
usually is constructed of relatively high-quality, well-compacted subgrade material
that is capable of supporting the overlying pavement layers and imposed wheel
loadings without deflection or undesirable movement.

MATERIAL USED IN EMBANKEMENT

 SOIL ̶ Different types of soils may be suitable for use in the construction of
an embankment or fill, like granular soils (sand and gravel), which are
highly desirable, to the more finely sized soils (silt and the type of soil used
to construct embankments , the material should be well graded, capable of
being well compacted, be within a proper range of moisture to optimize
compaction, and be free of unsuitable or deleterious materials, such as tree
roots, branches, stumps, sludge, metal, or trash.
 OVERSIZE MATERIAL ̶ Some oversize materials (over 100 mm in size),
such as rocks, large stones, reclaimed paving materials, or air-cooled slags,
can be used for the construction of embankment bases. Although the use of
oversize materials can result in a stable embankment base, the oversize
materials should have strong particles that do not readily break down under
the action of construction machinery, but which have a range of sizes so that
void spaces are at least partially filled.

MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND TESTING METHODS

Some of the more important properties of materials that are used for the
construction of embankments or fills include:

 GRADATION ̶ well-graded fill materials that consist of two or more soil

types, usually a mixture of granular and fine-grained soils, are most suitable
 for embankment construction. Rock, or other oversize materials to be used
as an embankment base, should consist of different size particles, with a
specified maximum particle size.
 UNIT WEIGHT AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ̶ Fill materials can vary in
unit weight over a fairly wide range, depending on the type of material and
its moisture content. There are usually no specified requirements for a
minimum or maximum unit weight, either before or after compaction.
 MOISTURE DENSITY CHARACTERISTIC ̶ The compaction
characteristics (optimum moisture content and maximum dry density) of a
soil fill material are the most important single property that affects
embankment performance. Most specifications for embankment construction
require the compacted fill material to have an in-place density that is within
a certain percentage (usually 95 percent or greater) of the maximum dry
density at a moisture content that is within a certain percentage (usually 3
percent or less) of optimum. The optimum moisture and maximum dry
density of fill material(s) are determined in the laboratory by means of either
standard or modified moisture-density compaction tests. These tests
methods are applicable for soils or earthen fill materials.
 SHEAR STRENGTH – The shear strength characteristics (cohesion and/or
internal friction) are indicative of the ability of a fill material to support
loads that are imposed upon it under given drainage conditions. Shear
strength characteristics are not always specified for earthen fill materials, but
are determined by triaxial compression or direct shear testing and are used to
compute the slope stability of an embankment.
 COMPRESSIBILITY – Compressibility refers to the consolidation or
settlement characteristics of a material under long-term loading conditions.
The compressibility of a fill material is related to its shear strength, degree
of compaction, void ratio, permeability, and degree of saturation. The
settlement characteristics of an earthen fill material are determined by one-
dimensional consolidation testing.
 BEARING CAPACITY – Bearing capacity refers to the ability of a fill
material to support the loadings imposed upon it over the life of the facility
without undue settlement, volume change, or structural damage. Bearing
capacity can be determined by laboratory testing (CBR test) and by field
load test .
 PERMEABILITY – Permeability or hydraulic conductivity refers to the
ability of a soil (or an oversize material) to transmit water through the pore
structure of the fill material at a given rate. This property is indicative of the
 ability of a compacted fill material to provide drainage for excessive
moisture.
 CORROSSION RESISTANCE – Corrosion is a basic chemical or electro-
chemical property of a material that can induce damage to concrete
structures, steel piles, or metal appurtenances with which the embankment or
fill material may come in contact.

WBM ROAD CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE

Construction of water bound macadam road involves the following 7 basic steps as
given below

1. Clearing and Excavation

2. Preparation of sub-grade
3. Preparation of sub-base
4. Preparation of base
5. Preparation of wearing course
6. Preparation of shoulders
7. Opening to traffic

STEP ̶ 1 (Clearing and Excavation)

The area on which the road is going to be built on must be cleared of all
vegetation, which requires the removal of trees, shrubs and bushes. Excavation
vehicles will also dig up and remove rocks and stones from the future road's
pathway. To prevent the cleared land from erosion, control devices, including
fences, ditches and basins are installed.

STEP ̶ 2 (Preparation of sub-grade)

Sub-grade act as a cushion for other layers i.e. In order to achieve durable road
sub-grade should be strong. Sub-grade is provided by digging up the sub-soil and
the level of the sub-grade is decided by subtracting the total thickness of the
pavement from the finished level of the road pavement. The sub-grade is
thoroughly compacted by rollers weighing 8 tonnes by sprinkling water one night
before.
 Sub grade preparation

STEP ̶ 3 (Preparation of sub-base)

On a well compacted sub-grade, spread 10 to 20 cm size boulders or broken stones,

or over burnt bricks in layers of 15 cm thickness and total width of the sub-base to
be kept 60 cm wider than pavement width, projecting 30 cm on each side. The sub-
base should be compacted by a roller to provide an even surface.

STEP ̶ 4 (Preparation of base)

On the prepared sub-base or directly on the sub-grade, as the case may be, the
specified materials of the base course is spread and proper grade, thickness and
cross sections maintained as per design shown on the supplied drawings.

STEP ̶ 5 (Preparation of wearing course)

This course may be laid in one or two layers according to the total designed
thickness and the thickness of each layer should not exceed 10 cm. this component
being very important, the following steps may be taken systematically.
 i. Check the defective portions/patches of the newly laid base course i.e.
soling and rectify them.
ii. Provide either bricks on end edging or earthen kerbs strong enough to
prevent the new road material from spreading outward and also to
retain water used in consolidation of the wearing course.
iii. Spread the road metal evenly over the prepared base to the specified
thickness and hand pack them so that the finished surface is brought to
the required camber.
iv. Spread the coarse aggregate over the surface and roll it dry with a
suitable roller till interlocking of the aggregate is achieved with
sufficient void space. The rolling is started from the edges and
gradually shifted towards the centre.
v. After dry rolling, spread the screening materials (stones upto 12 mm
size) with uniform rate so that voids of coarse aggregates get filled
properly. This is achieved by dry rolling and brooming alternatively,
till the voids of the coarse aggregates are filled.
vi. After spreading the screening material, sprinkle sufficient quantity of
water, sweep the surface and roll it with roller again.
vii. Now apply the binding material in two to three thick layers at a slow
and uniform rate. Each layer of binding material is rolled after adding
sufficient water. The slurry is swept in with brooms to fill the void
properly. The moving wheel of the roller should be cleaned with
water. Continue the operations of spreading of binder, sprinkling of
water, sweeping with brooms and rolling till the voids get filled and
slurry forms a wave before the moving wheel of the roller.
viii. After proper compacting allow it to dry over night. Spread a layer of
sand or earth, about 6 mm thick and roll the surface again after
sprinkling water lightly.
ix. The surface may be allowed for 7 to 10 days of curing.
 Spreading binder material

STEP ̶ 6 (Preparation of shoulders)

While curing the pavement surface, prepare the shoulders by filling earth to the
specified cross slope and compact them properly by rolling or by tamping. Width
and thickness of the shoulder should be as per specification.
STEP ̶ 7 (Opening to traffic)

After properly drying, the road pavement may now be opened to traffic, ensuring
that the traffic is distributed uniformly over the full width of the pavement.
 SURVEYING
TOTAL STATION SURVEY
A total station or total station theodolite (TST) is an electronic/optical instrument
used in modern surveying and building construction that uses electronic transit
theodolite in conjunction with electronic distance meter (EDM).
COMPONENTS OF TOTAL STATION:-
A total station is composed of four main components; EDM (Electronic Distance
Measurement), electronic theodolite,

microprocessor and electronic display.

1. EDM (Electronic Distance Measurement), main function is to measure distance

from the total station to a reflector. It uses electromagnetic (EM) energy to
determine the length of a line. There are different kinds of EMs; electro-optical
(infrared or laser) and microwave. The nature of the reflector is dependent on the
type of EM used. A passive medium (prism) is used with electro-optical EM but if
microwave is used a second receiver/transmitter is required. An EDM does not
determine distance by measuring the time of travel of the EM signal. Instead, it
uses the signal structure and determines the phase shift. The EM signal has a
sinusoidal wave form. The wave form repeats every 360°. The distance between
waveform ends is the wavelength. However, reflector-less total stations measures
travel times of the laser pulses and from that can determine the total instrument-
surface-instrument distance. This is because they use short pulses of high energy
laser light which are capable of bouncing off surfaces.
2. Theodolite is to measure horizontal and vertical angles. A standalone theodolite
works by combining the optical plummet, level bubble and calibrated circles to
find the said angles. The optical plummet ensures the theodolite is placed vertically
above the survey point. The bubble level makes sure the device is level to the
horizon. The calibrated circles, one vertical and one horizontal, enable the user to
read out the angles in both axes. However, when integrated in a total station one
does not get to see the calibrated circles. Same case applies to an electronic
theodolite. The horizontal and vertical angles are measured and communicated to
the electronic display.
(Before the advent of the micro-processor, surveyors had a lot of mathematical
calculations on their hands. Since the distance measured by an EDM is slope
distance, the surveyor had to manually reduce it to horizontal distance for every
measurement observed. That’s not all, before the theodolite and EDM were
combined to form the total station instrument, surveyors would first measure the
vertical angle with a theodolite, dismount the theodolite and replace it with the
EDM to measure the slope distance (often on the same tribrach). Such mounting
and dismounting introduced offset errors.)
3. Microprocessor unit enables for computation of data collected to further
compute the horizontal & vertical distance, provide corrections for temperature,
pressure & humidity, Compute X, Y & Z coordinates of a point, Computes
inverses, polars and resections and reduced level of point.
4. Electronic display function is to provide a visual of what is happening in the
total station. Depending on the button pressed it helps the user navigate to the
various menu items. It also enables input of instrument and reflector heights as
well as access to the stored data. It displays horizontal distance, vertical distance,
horizontal and vertical angles, difference in elevations of two observed points and
all the three coordinates of the observed points (XYZ).
Data collected from total station can be downloaded into computer/laptops for
further processing of information.

FUNCTION:-
Angle measurement
Most total station instruments measure both horizontal and vertical angles by
means of electro-optical scanning of extremely precise digital bar-codes etched on
rotating glass cylinders or discs within the instrument. The best quality total
stations are capable of measuring angles to 0.5 arc-second. Inexpensive
"construction grade" total stations can generally measure angles to 5 or 10 arc-
seconds.
Distance measurement
Measurement of distance is accomplished with a modulated infrared carrier signal,
generated by a small solid-state emitter within the instrument's optical path, and
reflected by a prism reflector or the object under survey. The modulation pattern in
the returning signal is read and interpreted by the computer in the total station. The
distance is determined by emitting and receiving multiple frequencies, and
determining the integer number of wavelengths to the target for each frequency.
Most total stations use purpose-built glass prism (surveying) reflectors for the
EDM signal. A typical total station can measure distances with an accuracy of
about 1.5 millimetres (0.0049 ft) + 2 parts per million over a distance of up to
1,500 meters (4,900 ft).
Coordinate measurement
The coordinates of an unknown point relative to a known coordinate can be
determined using the total station as long as a direct line of sight can be established
between the two points. Angles and distances are measured from the total station to
points under survey, and the coordinates (X, Y, and Z or easting, northing
and elevation) of surveyed points relative to the total station position are calculated
using trigonometry and triangulation. To determine an absolute location a Total
Station requires line of sight observations and can be set up over a known point or
with line of sight to 2 or more points with known location, called Resection (Free
Stationing).
For this reason, some total stations also have a Global Navigation Satellite
System receiver and do not require a direct line of sight to determine coordinates.
However, GNSS measurements may require longer occupation periods and offer
relatively poor accuracy in the vertical axis.

APPLICATIONS:-
Total stations are mainly used by land surveyors and civil engineers, either to
record features as in topographic surveying or to set out features (such as roads,
houses or boundaries). They are also used by archaeologists to record excavations
and by police, crime scene investigators, private accident Reconstructionist and
insurance companies to take measurements of scenes.
Mining
Total stations are the primary survey instrument used in mining surveying.
A total station is used to record the absolute location of the tunnel walls, ceilings
(backs), and floors as the drifts of an underground mine are driven. The recorded
data are then downloaded into a CAD program, and compared to the designed
layout of the tunnel.
The survey party installs control stations at regular intervals. These are small steel
plugs installed in pairs in holes drilled into walls or the back. For wall stations, two
plugs are installed in opposite walls, forming a line perpendicular to the drift. For
back stations, two plugs are installed in the back, forming a line parallel to the
drift.
A set of plugs can be used to locate the total station set up in a drift or tunnel by
processing measurements to the plugs by intersection and resection.
Mechanical and electrical construction
Total stations have become the highest standard for most forms of construction
layout.
They are most often used in the X and Y axis to lay out the locations of
penetrations out of the underground utilities into the foundation, between floors of
a structure, as well as roofing penetrations.
Because more commercial and industrial construction jobs have become centred
around building information modeling (BIM), the coordinates for almost every
pipe, conduit, duct and hanger support are available with digital precision. The
application of communicating a virtual model to a tangible construction potentially
eliminates labour costs related to moving poorly measured systems, as well as time
spent laying out these systems in the midst of a full-blown construction job in
progress.
Meteorology
Meteorologists also use total stations to track weather balloons for determining
upper-level winds. With the average ascent rate of the weather balloon known or
assumed, the change in azimuth and elevation readings provided by the total
station as it tracks the weather balloon over time are used to compute the wind
speed and direction at different altitudes. Additionally, the total station is used to
track ceiling balloons to determine the height of cloud layers. Such upper-level
wind data is often used for aviation weather forecasting and rocket launches.
The total station has come a long way in terms of its technological complexities.
Nowadays, with robotic total stations and Automatic Target Recognition (ATR),
only one user is needed since the surveyor can remotely control his device
(although this is debatable since the instrument on occasion loses its target and
goes through a series of about-turns in an attempt to auto-find the reflector).
Moreover, the line of sight predicament is being overcome with total stations that
come integrated with GPS receivers.

DUMPY LEVEL (LEVELLING INSTRUMENT)

Dumpy level is commonly used levelling instrument to locate the points in same
horizontal plane. It is also called as automatic level or builder’s level. Elevations of
different points and distance between the
points of same elevation can be determined by
dumpy level. It is used
in surveying and building with a levelling
staff to measure height differences and to
transfer, measure and set heights.
The telescope is fixed to its supports in dumpy level and hence it cannot be rotated
in vertical axis.
A Digital Electronic Level is also set level on a tripod and reads a bar-coded staff
using electronic laser methods. The height of the staff where the level beam
crosses the staff is shown on a digital display. This type of level removes
interpolation of graduation by a person, thus removing a source of error and
increasing accuracy. During night time, the dumpy level is used in conjunction
with an auto cross laser for accurate scale readings.
COMPONENTS OF DUMPY LEVEL:-
Dumpy level consists the following
parts or components:
Telescope
Bubble tubes
Compass
Vertical spindle
Tribrach screws
Foot screws
Levelling head
Tripod

Fig: Components of a Dumpy

Level
1. Telescope:- Telescope is used to observe the distant object through line of sight
provided by its arrangement. In general, the telescope is fixed to the vertical
spindle of dumpy level so that it can be rotated along with vertical spindle.

Parts of Telescope in Dumpy Level:-

a. Eye piece:- Eye piece is used by the observer’s eye to view the distant object. It
contains magnifying glass which magnify the observing image and also the cross
hairs of diaphragm. So, accurate reading can be obtained. Erecting eyepiece is used
to view the normal image which is generally inverted by objective lens
b. Objective lens:- Objective lens are provided at the other end of the telescope.
The objective lens consists of two parts, the front part consists convex type lens
and the back part consists concave lens. So, the image obtained from the objective
lens is always inverted.
c. Diaphragm:- Diaphragm is provided in front of the eye piece. It contains cross
hairs made of dark metal which are arranged in perfect perpendicular positions.
These cross hairs are used by the eye piece to bisect the objective through
objective lens.
d. Focusing screw:- Focusing screw is used to adjust the focus if cross hairs and
the image clarity. The magnification of eye piece is managed by this focusing
screw.
e. Ray shade:- Ray shade is used to prevent the objective lens from sunlight or any
other light rays which may cause disturbance to the line of sight.

2. Bubble tubes:- Bubble tubes are provided to check the level of the instrument.
Two bubble tubes are provided in a dumpy level which are arranged perpendicular
to each other on the top of the telescope. One tube is called as longitudinal bubble
tube and another is called as cross bubble tube. The instrument is said to be in
perfect position when both the bubbles of the tubes are at centre or middle of the
tube.
3. Compass:- Compass is used to determine the magnetic bearing of line. In case of
dumpy level, circular compass is provided just under the telescope. The compass
contains a pointer in it and readings are marked inside it. The pointer is set to zero
when it faces the north line from which the magnetic bearings are measured.
4. Vertical spindle:- Vertical spindle is located at the centre of the whole
instrument. The telescope can be rotated in horizontal direction with respect to
vertical spindle. The instrument is connected to the tripod stand using vertical
spindle.
5. Tribrach:- Tribrach plate is parallel to the levelling head or trivet. It is connected
to trivet by levelling screws or foot screws which can adjust the tribrach plate. The
horizontal level of the instrument can be achieved by adjusting this tribrach plate.
6. Foot screws:- Foot screws are provided to regulate the tribrach position and
hence the instrument can be levelled which is known by observing the bubble tube.
The tribrach plates can be lowered or raised using foot screws. The position of
tribrach is said to be correct when the bubble in bubble tube is at centre.
7. Levelling head:- Levelling head is also called as trivet. It contains two triangular
shaped plates which are arranged parallel to each other. Three groves are provided
at the three corners of the plates in which foot screws are supported.
8. Tripod:- Tripod is used to support the whole levelling instrument on its top. It
consists three legs which can be adjustable to required position. The legs are of
same height and they may be solid or hollow. Steel shoes are provided at the
bottom of each leg to hold the ground in a fixed position.

How to Use a Dumpy Level for Surveying:-

To conduct dumpy level survey the following instruments is required:-
Dumpy Level
Tripod
E meter staff or English staffs
Also, an assistant will be required for a dumpy level survey. Once everything is
ready, the following steps should be followed for a successful dumpy level survey.
At first, the tripod is configured properly to hold the dumpy level. The tripod
height should be adjusted until it is on the eye level. Then, legs of the tripod should
be moved to a balanced position to hold the instrument properly. Finally, tripod
legs should be fixed by pressing them to the ground.
The dumpy level instrument is set up on the top of the tripod. Foot screw is used to
screw the device tightly on the tripod. As the level head is very sensitive, special
care is required in this step.
To work properly, it is very important to make the dumpy level completely
horizontal. Using foot-screws (levelling screws) the dumpy level is set to a levelled
condition. In this case, the telescope is arranged parallel to the any two levelling
screws and the bubble in the tube is cantered by turning both the screws either
inwards or outwards.
When it is cantered, then the telescope is turned 90o and the third screw is turned
until the bubble come to centre. Repeat the process until the bubble in the tube
always stays at the middle in any position of telescope.
Focusing screw is adjusted to view the clear image of the objective or staff.
Focusing is said to be done when the cross hairs bisect the objective or staff with
clear vision. The operator looks through the eyepiece of the telescope. Focusing is
done by adjusting eye piece and focusing screw. Eye piece is adjusted until the
cross hairs of diaphragm are clearly visible. To eliminate the parallax error, a white
paper is used to obtain sharp vision of cross hairs.
33An assistant holds an E meter or staff vertical at the point under measurement.
Usually, this staff has both imperial and metric measurements. The 'E' on the staff
is equivalent to five centimetres.
The elevations (levels) of different points is gathered with
the help of the instrument and staff.
Measurement generally starts from a benchmark with the
known height determined by a previous survey, or an
arbitrary point with an assumed height.
After completion the above temporary adjustments, now
it’s time to take levels of required positions or points. The
telescope is rotated towards the line of objective or staff and bisect it.
The levels are noted at different points which values are decided from a known
bench mark point in that area.
The details are tabulated as below.
 HCR LCR
Level (HCR- Distance of Remar
Position (higher (lower
readin LCR) x point from ks /
observed cross hair cross hair
g 100 instrument Error
reading) reading)

For computation of reduced levels of various points, two methods are used:-
Height of instrument / Height of collimation method.
Rise and fall method

Benefits of Dumpy Level Surveying:-

Dumpy level is easy to use.
Adjustments can be made as per the requirement on any type of ground.
Level readings are very accurate in case of dumpy level.
Optical power is high for dumpy level.
Price of dumpy level is cheap when compared to other instruments.

Drawbacks of Dumpy Level Surveying:-

It is limited to only horizontal angle measurement.
The angles obtained by dumpy are not that accurate.
 GUIDE BANK
The guide bank or bunds guide the river flow past a bridge or any other hydraulic
structure without causing damage to the work and its approaches. The guide banks
are constructed parallel or approximately parallel to the direction of flow. They
extend both upstream and downstream of the abutments of the hydraulic structure.
The guide banks may be provided on either side of the hydraulic structure or, on
one side as required. Slope and bed protection, it includes apron. The core of the
bund is built with sand. The sloping faces are protected with stones. An apron is
also provided for protecting the bed against scouring. Sufficient freeboard and top
width are also provided. The curved heads are laid with adequate curvature. Side
slopes of the road embankment should be 2:1.
Guide banks mainly serve two purposes:
(1). They protect the approach embankment for the bridge from attack of the water.
Approach embankments extend from the bank of the river to the guide banks
generally in perpendicular direction to both.
(2). They control the river and induce it to flow through the bridge more or less
axially.

Geomembrane
A geomembrane is impermeable synthetic membrane made from relatively thin
continuous polymeric sheets. Geomembrane installation as part of the construction
of a base liner system of a landfill.
FUNCTION :-
Prevents seepage in vertical direction
Prevents leaching, contains pollutants
Reinforces soil by giving tensile and shear strength
Reduces settlement
Reduces erosion

Geo bags

Geobags are sand-filled high-strength geotextile bags available in the various sizes
and are used in protection of riverbank or, in beach protection. Geobags are also
called as Geotextile Sand
Containers (GSC) which is a low cost, soft and reversible solution for shore
protection structures and for the reinforcement of existing coastal barriers and
structures. Due to their numerous strengths , the GSCs become increasingly
popular as an alternative to conventional hard structures. Geobags, are filled with
locally available sand but,sometimes with mortar and stitched manually on site to
form a bag. The Geotextiles Bag can also includes a protection layer which is
elevated UV resistant and provides protection against vandalism. Geotextiles Sand
Containers are excellent erosion control, protection and force absorbant product,
ideally for coastal, off-shore, waterfront, waterway structures, foundation and any
applications that required exceptional protection, flexibility to conform to uneven
terrain, long term durability and performance. The Geo Bags are environmental
friendly whereby they allow vegetation that provides additional protection while
creating a habitat zone.
Advantages:
Erosion control, filtration and drainage in one product for coastal, off-shore,
waterfront, waterway structures and foundation applications
Soft Rock RS includes UV resistance and an anti- vandalism protection layer
Superior to woven geotextile bags for friction properties and abrasion resistance
utilizes local fill materials
Improves installation safety due to robust nonwovens
Conforms to uneven terrain without sacrificing strength
Environmentally smart: reduces carbon footprint, creates habitat zones, minimizes
site disturbance
Transforms erosion-prone soils into erosion-resistant systems
Long-term durability and performance
ANCHOR BAR
The main requirement for safety against bond failure is to provide a sufficient
extension of the length of the bar beyond the point where the steel is required to
develop its yield stress and this length must be at least equal to its development
length. However, if the actual available length is inadequate for full development,
special anchorages must be provided, such as cogs or hooks or mechanical end
plates. Thus, adding reinforcement increases the strength in tension. The other
purpose of providing reinforcement in concrete is to hold the tension cracked
sections together.
At the jamuigiri site; Guide bank is made for stability of road embankment against
erosion due to river water. In which, First of all they place Geomembrane on
ground surface & road embankment along the river bank. Then, Geobag is placed
over the geomembrane and installing the anchor bar for safety against bond failure
of geobag and then, making a hole at every 15m interval and filling the geo bag
with Mortar of Grade M24 under pressure.
 CONCLUSION
It was a wonderful learning experience at Simplex Infrastructure Ltd . at the site
from Dolabari to Jamuguri for one month at Tezpur.We gained a lot of insight
regarding almost every aspect of site.we were given exposure in almost all the
departments at the site.The friendly welcome from all the employees is
appreciating ,sharing their experience and giving their peace of wisdom which they
have gained in lon journey of work.I hope this experience will surely help me in
my future and also in shaping my career.