Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Imperial College
London
Overview
Overview of STM Examples
• D and B regions •Simple deep beam, deep beam
• Load path method with hole, and continuous deep
• Components of STM beam
• Design concrete strength
i. EC2
ii. Modified compression field Assessment with NLFEA
theory (MCFT)
• NLFEA with Vector2 •Re-orientation of STM
• Construction of STM with •Influence of nominal reinforcement
elastic f.e. and support settlement
• MC90 design recomendations
Conclusions
Introduction: B and D regions
B regions: plane sections remain plane
D regions: non-linear strain distribution
Prismatic
strut Node
Bottle stress
field
Introduction: STM components
Fan shaped
strut
Stress fields
(a) fan-shaped (b) bottle-shaped, and (c) prismatic
STM for bottle-shaped stress field (adapted
from ACI Committee 318)
Design concrete strengths in struts
Node types
0.85νfcd
0.75νfcd
Modified Compression Field Theory
Collins et al.
EC2 plasticity truss
• EC2 Plasticity based truss
• Reinforcement assumed to yield
• Concrete strength 0.6(1-fck/250)fck/γc
• Rotating crack
Modified compression field theory
0.8
Reduction factor
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012
Principal tensile strain
Tension stiffening
Formworks
Application MCFT to STM
2 EC2 strut
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Theta [degrees]
EC2: Design strength=0.6(1-fck/250)fck/1.5
Strut and tie model for short span beams
Principal compressive stresses
Strut and tie models
No stirrups Stirrups
Strut width normal to centreline
Solve for unknown P
• w = Lbsinθ + ucosθ P
P = C s sin θ = wbf csb sin θ
C
( )
= lb sin 2 θ + c sin 2θ bf csb
w
Cs
P = C tan θ
θ = 2 tan θ [d − a tan θ ]bνf cd
u At highly stressed
anchorages distribute
Lb a
bars in several layers
Influence of strut inclination on allowable
bearing stress
P fcu=40MPa: εs = 0.0021
25
EC2 U=Lb
EC2 U=2Lb/3
20
10
θ
5
u
0
Lb 0 20 40 60 80 100
Theta (degrees)
1.2
1
P calc/P test
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2 STM-EC2
EC2 Table 4
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
a v /d
Influence a/d on predicted strength
5
EC2
V/bd (MPa) 4 MCFT
MCFT εs= εy
MCFT
MCFT εs=0.5εy
es=0.5ey
3 EC2 beam eq
BS8110
2
MCFT
1 reducing εs
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
a EC2 discontinuity
av/d STM & beam
equations
Comparison with test data
900
STM EC2
f c =89.4MPa STM Collins
800 Cross
100A sw /bs =0.157 BS8110
700 EC2 over
VSI
600 Vflex
Flexure Kong S5-1 to 6 MCFT
V [kN]
500
sectional
400 Discontinuity beam
EC2 STM & analysis
300
VSI
200
100
STM
0 Collins
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
a v /d
Development STM from elastic stress field
compression
Development STM from elastic stress field
Development STM from elastic stress field
CEB Model Code guidelines for STM
Good
Poor
> 63o
2
1
Use of MC90 rules
Poor model
Good model
Examples:
CONSTRUCTION OF STM FROM
ELASTIC STRESS FIELD
Simple deep beam
σ x vs Depth
1600
Depth (mm)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Normalized stress
0
-1.00 -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40
Results: NLFEA Results
Simple deep beam
3000
1500
x = 1250
500
x= 500 x = 2000
height
y mm
Centroid
tensile
force
y
Location x
Elastic tensile force 20% of that at mid-span
Results: Constructing STM
Deep beam with hole
Results: NFEA Results
Deep beam with hole with Pd = 3000kN
•Crack with:
F = 750kN. If we
assume 2m steel
contributing, Fu = 800kN
F = 375kN, reduced
from 716kN in elastic
STM
Discussions: Bar size
Bar size effect on deep beam with hole
av/d = 1
av/d = 1.5
Design of reinforcement
Deep continuous beam
Design procedure:
1. Assume % moment distribution
2. Calculate reactions
3. Size bearing plates
Design of reinforcement
Deep continuous beam