II JAI MAHAKALI MATA II

 Explain various types of joints in water tank?

MOVEMENT JOINTS: There are three types of movement joints

Contraction Joint- It is a movement joint with deliberate discontinuity without initial

gap between the concrete on either side of the joint. The purpose of this joint is to
accommodate contraction of the concrete. The joint is shown in Fig.

A contraction joint may be either complete contraction joint or partial contraction joint. A
complete contraction joint is one in which both steel and concrete are interrupted and a
partial contraction joint is one in which only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing
steel running through as shown in Fig.

Expansion Joint- It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and
concrete and it is to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure. A typical
expansion joint is shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some
cylindrical tank designs.

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CONTRACTION JOINTS: This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction. This
type of joint requires the provision of an initial gap between the adjoining parts of a
structure which by closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the
structure.

Sliding Joint- It is a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete
and with special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint. A typical joint is
shown in Fig. This type of joint is provided between wall and floor in some cylindrical tank
designs.

CONTRACTION JOINTS: This type of joint is provided for convenience in construction.

Arrangement is made to achieve subsequent continuity without relative movement. One
application of these joints is between successive lifts in a reservoir wall. A typical joint is
shown in Fig

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 Mention the reinforcement details that should be provided in a water tanks.

Minimum area of steel is 0.3 percent of gross area of section up to 100mm thick,
reduced
to 0.2 percent in section up to 450mm thick. For sections above 225mm thick,
provide two
layers of reinforcement. The percentage of reinforcement in base or floor slab
resisting directly on ground must be not less than 0.15% of the concrete section. The
minimum cover to all reinforcement should be not less than 25mm or the diameter
of the bar whichever is greater.

 Mention the grade of concrete which is used in the construction of water tank.
Richer concrete mix of grades M20 to M30 are commonly used in the construction of
water tanks. High quality concrete, in addition to providing water tightness, also has
higher resistance to tensile stresses developed in the tank walls.

 Mention the three factors that must be considered while designing a RCC tank.
i. Strength
ii. Water tightness
iii. Overall stability

 Mention the thickness and steel requirement of dome.

A minimum thickness of 7.5cm is provided to protect steel. Minimum steel
requirements0.15% for mild steel bars and 0.12% for HYSD bars of the sectional area
in each direction .

 What is contraction joint in water tanks?

A contraction joint is a typical movement joint which accommodates the contraction
of the concrete.

 What is meant by expansion joint in water tanks?

It is a movement joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcement and
concrete, and is intended to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the
structure.

 What are underground water tanks?

Underground water tanks are used for storage of water received from water supply
mains
operating at low pressures, or received from other source.

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 What are the situations in which combined footings are preferred to isolated
footings?
A combined footing is preferred when equal or unequal columns are positioned so
Closely that the individual footing are not practicable. These footing are usually
Rectangular in shape.
In order to accommodate unequal column loads or columns close to property lines
the rectangular shape is modified to a trapezoidal shape. Sometimes, a strap is
provided
to combine two columns which have a wide spacing or if one of them is close to
Property line.

 Name the common types of foundation?

i. Spread footings
ii. Combined footings
iii. Raft or mat footing
iv. Pile foundation

 Define combined footing.

A footing consists of a common footing provided to two columns. These footings
are formed by combining two or more equally or unequally loaded columns into one
footing. This arrangements average out and provides a more or less uniform load
distribution in the supporting soil. These footings are usually rectangular in shape.

 TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS
All foundations are divided into two categories: shallow foundations and deep
foundations. The words shallow and deep refer to the depth of soil in which the
foundation is made. Shallow foundations can be made in depths of as little as 3ft
(1m), while deep foundations can be made at depths of 60 - 200ft (20 - 65m).
Shallow foundations are used for small, light buildings, while deep ones are for large,
heavy buildings.

SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS: Shallow foundations are also called spread footings or

open footings. The 'open' refers to the fact that the foundations are made by first
excavating all the earth till the bottom of the footing, and then constructing the
footing. During the early stages of work, the entire footing is visible to the eye, and is
therefore called an open foundation. The idea is that each footing takes the
concentrated load of the column and spreads it out over a large area, so that the
actual weight on the soil does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the soil

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RAFT OR MAT FOUNDATIONS: Raft Foundations, also called Mat Foundations, are
most often used when basements are to be constructed. In a raft, the entire
basement floor slab acts as the foundation; the weight of the building is spread
evenly over the entire footprint of the building. It is called a raft because the building
is like a vessel that 'floats' in a sea of soil. Mat Foundations are used where the soil is
week, and therefore building loads have to be spread over a large area, or where
columns are closely spaced, which means that if individual footings were used, they
would touch each other.

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DEEP FOUNDATIONS: A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as

concrete that is pushed into the ground so that structures can be supported on top
of it.

Pile foundations are used in the following situations:

i. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support the
weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this layer and
be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the weak layer.
ii. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise
structure.
iii. Pile foundations are capable of taking higher loads than spread footings.
iv. There are two types of pile foundations, each of which works in its own way.

 What are the types of retaining walls?

i. Gravity retaining wall
ii. Cantilever retaining wall
iii. Counterfort retaining wall
iv. Buttress retaining wall
v. Basement or foundation wall

 What is the structural action between cantilever and counterfort type retaining
wall?
In cantilever retaining wall the pressure and other forces are withstand by the stem
of the retaining wall and base slab.
In counterfort retaining wall is provided the height of retaining wall is more than
6m.the walls also provided perpendicular to stem wall. The counterfort act as
support to stem and heel slab.
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 What is the function of weep hole in retaining wall construction?

The weep hole is provided in the retaining wall for the purpose of water distribution
through the hole from the back fill materials. The weep hole is act as drainage in the
hilly side retaining walls due to the rain water.

 What is a Retaining wall?

Retaining walls are generally used to retain earth or such materials to maintain
unequal levels on its two faces. The soil on the back face is at a higher level and is
called back fill. Retaining walls are extensively used in the construction of basements
below ground level, wing walls of bridge and to retain slopes in hilly terrain roads.

 What are the forces acting on retaining wall?

i. Self-weight of retaining wall
ii. Weight of soil above the foundation base
iii. Earth pressure on retaining wall
iv. Surcharge
v. Soil reaction on the footing
vi. Frictional force on the footing due to sliding.

 What are the disadvantages of gravity retaining walls?

Gravity walls of stone masonry were generally used in the earlier days to the height
of the earth fill. The advent of reinforced concrete has resulted in thinner retaining
walls.

 Name the two important stability aspects?

i. Stability against overturning
ii. Stability against sliding
iii. Stability of foundation base

 How the vertical stem of a counterfort retaining wall is designed?

The stem is designed as a continuous slab with span equal to the spacing of
counterforts. The spacing of counterforts may vary from 2.5m to 4m.maximum load
on stem is at its lowest portion due to maximum horizontal earth pressure.
Consider one meter height of vertical slab and design for maximum moments. The
maximum negative moment at the end support may be taken as wl2/10 and that at
intermediate supports as wl2/12, where l is the span and w is the earth pressure
intensity at the lowest portion of vertical slab. The reinforcement curtailed towards
the top. The section is checked for shear and end anchorage.
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 What is the structural action between cantilever and counterfort type retaining
wall?
In cantilever retaining wall the pressure and other forces are withstand by the stem
of the retaining wall and base slab.
In counterfort retaining wall is provided the height of retaining wall is more than
6m.the walls also provided perpendicular to stem wall. The counterfort act as
support to stem and heel slab.

 What are the disadvantages of gravity retaining walls?

Gravity walls of stone masonry were generally used in the earlier days to the height
of the earth fill. The advent of reinforced concrete has resulted in thinner retaining
walls.

 What is a cantilever retaining wall?

The most common and widely used retaining wall is of cantilever type. Vertical stem
resisting earth pressure one side and the slab bends like a cantilever. The thickness
of the vertical slab is large at the bottom and decreases towards the top in
proportion to the varying soil pressure.

 What is a counter fort retaining wall?

Counter fort retaining walls are used for large heights exceeding 5 mts of earth fill. In
counterfort retaining wall the vertical stem is designed as a continuous slab spanning
between the counterforts. Counter forts are designed as cantilever beams from the
base slab.

 What are the forces acting on a retaining wall?

Forces acting on a retaining wall are Lateral earth pressure due to the back fill
Vertical forces including weight of soil, stem, heel, toe, and soil fill above the toe.
The soil pressure developed to resist the earth pressure and other vertical forces
acting on the heel.

 What are the stability conditions should be checked for the retaining walls?
The stability of retaining walls should be checked against the following conditions
The wall should be stable
(a) The wall should be stable against Overturning
(b) The wall should be stable against bearing capacity failure.

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 What is meant by backfill?

The material retained or supported by a retaining wall is called backfill.

 What is meant by surcharge?

The position of the backfill lying above the horizontal plane at the elevation of the
top of a wall is called the surcharge.

 When is the design of shear key necessary?

When the wall is unsafe in sliding, shear key will have to be provided.

 What are the types of staircases?

They are broadly classified as
i. Quarter turn stair
ii. Half turn stair
iii. Dog legged stair
iv. Open newer stair with quarter space landing
v. Geometrical stairs such as circular stair, spiral stair, etc.

 What is a stair case?

A staircase consists of a number of steps arranged in a series, with landings at
Appropriate locations, for the purposes of giving access to different floors of a
building.

 Define tread
The horizontal portion of a step was the foot rests is referred to, as tread.250 to 300
mm
is the typical dimensions of a tread. Riser is the vertical distance between the
adjacent treads or the vertical projection of the step with value of 150 to 190 mm
depending upon the type of building.

 Define Going
Going is the horizontal projection of an inclined flight of steps between the first and
last riser.

 What is a flight?
A flight is the length of the staircase situated between two landings. The number of
steps in a flight may vary between 3 to 12.

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 What is the minimum rise and tread in residential buildings?

In residential buildings, the rise may vary between 150mm to 180mm tread
Between 200mm to 250mm.

 What is the minimum rise and tread in public buildings?

In public buildings, the rise may vary between 120mm to 150mm tread
between200mm
to 300mm.

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