357-CS-GALLER - Lyon 20111124 PDF

MASTERESPECIALISE
TUNNELSetOUVRAGESSOUTERRAINS
Delaconceptionàl’exploitation
Documents pédagogiques internes au Mastère TOS
DrainageconceptsforTunnels
Howtodealwithwaterinundergroundstructures
Univ.Prof.Dipl.Ing.Dr.mont.RobertGaller
Chair of Subsurface Engineering,MontanuniversitätLeoben,Austria
Representative of ITAAustria
1)DAMAGES
• swelling ground (e.g.Gypsum,Anhydrit)
• Estimation:P~6MPa
[Zwicky]
1)DAMAGES
Picture: NEUE OBWALDNER- ZEITUNG LUZERN 6.Juni 2003
[Zwicky]
1)DAMAGES
• Elevation:h~1mm/d
• Inareas with water access!
[Zwicky]
[Zwicky]
1)DAMAGES
• Ice pressure
1)DAMAGES
• Corrosion on concrete
• Failure of the invert
[Zwicky]
[Zwicky]
1)DAMAGES
• Corrosion on rail
1)DAMAGES
Floodingduetocloggingof
thedrainageline
[Zwicky]
2)Drainageand/orwaterproofing
Dependingontheindividualconditionstwobasicsolutionsare
possible
– Totalwaterproofingagainstpressurizedwater
– Solutionstoreleasegroundwaterpressurebydrainages
[Schulter,Dr.Alfred;(2011)]
with regard to the final structure Membrane
Fullround
Watertight
Pressureresistance
concrete
Injections
WaterProofing
Systems
Membranewith
Drainage
Waterconducting
systems
Drainage
Atwhichliningdowehavetoconsiderthewaterpressure?
Classificationoflinings
• PrimaryLining(outerlining)
– mainlyforsupport
– placedimmediatelyaftertheexcavation
• FinalLining(innershell)
– Finaldesign
– Watertightness
– Installations
– others
• Drainageisjustinstalledtoreducethegroundwaterpressureto
thetunnellining
• Advantage:noloadingoftheliningduetowaterpressure
• Lesscrosssectionandsometimesnoinvertarchisrequired
• Economicalsolutionincasethedrainageremainsinfunction
Disadvantage of drainages
• Advantageonlyexists,ifdrainageiseverlastingfunctionable
• Functionmustbeguaranteedbypermanentmaintenance
• Costwhichissafed duringconstructioncouldbeneededduring
thelifetimeofatunnel
• Tunnelswithoutopenoutwardflowneedpumpstations
throughoutthewholelifetime
Should we build a watertight tunnel?

• Isadrytunnelneededandwhy?
• Istheutilizationreducediflittlewaterpenetratetheliningand
evaporateinthetunnel
• Iswateraggressivetoconcreteorsteel?
• Isthewaterinflowinfluencingthetunnelfunction?
• Iscoldweatherexpectedwithicyconditions?
Should we build a watertight tunnel?

• Whichquantityofwaterinflowisacceptable?
• Whataretheoperationalcostcomparedwithstructures?
• Howbigistheriskifpumpsareoutoforder?
• Couldblockingofthedrainagesbeexpected?
• Whichcostareexpectedtomaintainthedrainages?
• Whichvolumeofwaterisallowedtobetakenfromtheground
water?
• Arethereanypermissionsbytheauthoritiesrequired?
Lining as waterproofing element - Pros

• Nowaterproofingmembraneisrequired
• Reinforcementinthecrowncanbefixedeasilyattheshotcrete
lining
• Incomparisonwithamembranemucheasierconstructionofthe
invert
• Eachleakagecanbelocatedimmediatelyandrepaired
• Lessconstructioncost
Lining as waterproofing element - Cons

• Watertightconcreteisnotperfectlytight
• Lininghasdirectcontactwiththegroundwater
• Forhighwaterpressurenosufficientexperienceareavailable
• Concretecannotbeconstructedwithoutanycracks
3)Influencingfactorsondewateringconcepts
• Groundwaterpressure
• Geochemistryoftherock
• Shotcrete quality
• Chemistryofgroutingmaterials
• Injectionmaterials
• Drainagematerials
• others
Allthesefactorsmustbeconsideredinthedesignphase
[RichtlinieAusbildungvonTunnelentwässerungen]
3)Influencingfactorsondewateringconcepts
• Amountofwaterinflow
• Magnitudeofthewaterpressure
• Typeofsystemtobeused
• Aggressivity ofthewater
• Watertighttunnelsaremoreexpensiveanddifficulttoconstruct
whereas.
• Drainedtunnelsrequirestructuressuchaspumpingsystemsand
maintenance,entailingmoreexpendituresinthelongterm
Growingtrendistobuildcompletelywatertight
tunnels(EU)
[Gomes,A.;2005]
4)Dewateringconceptsduringconstruction
• Mountainwateriscollectedthroughlocaldewateringsystems,
thenconductedintothesecondarydewateringsystem
• Practicabledewateringsystems:
– Pipes,Halfshells,Drainagemat,Drainagegravel,geotextilefleece,
etc.
• Localheavyinfluxesarecollectedduringconstructioninthe
drainage
• Shotcrete Liningrequiresdrillingholesfordewatering
[Insam,R.;Stacherl,B.;Kusterle,W.;2005]
Drainagepipes
Vakuum pipes
1 … Drilling
2 … Beginning
of Jetting
Injections
3 … Rotating and
Pulling Back
Rock mechanical situation:

Primary stress
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Rock mechanical situation:

Excavation and support
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Rock mechanical situation: time dependent effects
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Mountain water
situation: Initially
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Mountain water
situation: Pressure
relief during
excavation
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Mountain water
Behavior due to
injections
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Water problems during excavation: Locality and consequence

1. Waterinflowduringexploration
2. Hydraulicbasedfailureattheheadandshieldarea
3. Difficultieswithwaterattheareaoftheprecastelements
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Controlling
water inflow:
Approach
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
TBM needs effective drill- and injection equipment
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Injection Drilling
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Injection of foam
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Injection grouting
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Gap grouting
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
Injection
measures
[Vigl,A.;(2008)]
5)Concepts for the operation of tunnels
• Drainedtunnels principles
– Drainageincludestheprovisionoflongitudinaldrainage
pipes,coveredwithgranularmaterialorporousconcrete,
locatedatbothtunnelsidewalls
– Alternativelydrainagepipesorvoidformerscanbeinstalled
belowthetunnelinvert
– Watercollectedbythelongitudinaldrainsisdivertedthrough
asystemofcrossdrainagestothemaindrainagepipe
providedbelowthetunnelinvert
– Incaseofhighwaterpressuretheconceptofpressure
regulationcanbeusedtoreducethewaterpressurebythe
installationofadrainagesystemwithpressurevalves
[Gomes,A.;2005]
5)Conceptsfortheoperationoftunnels
Drop
[RichtlinieAusbildungvonTunnelentwässerungen] [Kusterle]
[SikaplanTunnelMembrane]
DrainedTunnel
(UmbrellaSealing)
[GTKTArchiv]
• Drainageatthelowestpoint
[Zwicky]

Bergwasser
mountainwater Druck chemistry
Temperatur
pressure
temperature
Entwässerungsbohrung
drainholewithtubing mit Abschlauchung
Gebirge
mountains
Spritzbeton
shotcrete Elution
elution
Flow of the water Ableitung (Drainageschicht)

drainage(drainagelayer)
Schutzschicht
protectivelayer
Abdichtung (Kunststoffdichtungsbahn, KDB)
Waterproofing(geomembranes,KDB)
Innengewölbe
FinalLining
Entwässerungsbohrung
drainagehole
Sohldrainage nicht dargestellt

Invertdrainagenotshown Druckentspannung
Drainagekörper
drainagebody depressurization
Ulmendrainage Temperaturänderung
temperature change
sidewalldrainage
Luftzutritt
air admission
Drainage pipes
• Shotcrete surface is previously smoothed by the
application of a shotcrete layer to cover irregularities
and any protruding elements such as bolt heads

• Geotextile is locally fixed to the shotcrete lining by
means of mailed plastic discs
– Provides protection to the membrane
– Creates a layer of high permeability to collect the
groundwater
• If water inflow is high additional geodrains are installed
to prevent the build up of water pressure on the
tunnel lining
[Gomes,A.;2005]
• Waterproof membranes
– Provided with a signal layer to detect damages during
concreting
– Installed in modules, mutually connected by means of
thermal welding
– After installation a rigorous check of the membrane welding
is carried out by means of pneumatic tests
– In case of water pressure beyond 6 bar or presence of highly
aggressive water the installation of two waterproof
membranes is recommended
[Gomes,A.;2005]
Roadway
drainage
Roadway
drainage


Singlegrainconcrete
Fleece
[AbdichtungenTunnelbau]
• Testingchannel
• Compressedairtest;2atm
• passedwhenpressurefallsbylessthan20%within5minutes
[SikaplanTunnelMembrane]
Waterproofingmembrane
Formwork
Formwork
[GTKTArchiv]
Formwork

FinalLining
(concrete)
JointTapes
[GTKTArchiv]
[GTKTArchiv]
Invert detail
Invert detail
Invert detail
SINTERING
• consistsofmineralaggregatesandcementstone
• variousmaterialsarereleasedfromthecementstone
– Mainlycalciumhydroxidesandalkalis
• Softandcarbonatedwaterincreasesthiseffect
• Sinteringmustbeminimizedorremovedperiodically
• Volume,temperatureandchemicalpropertiesofwater
mustbeanalyzed,e.g.pHvalue,conductivity,calcium
hardness,hydrogencarbonate,carbondioxideandthe
calcitesaturationofthewater
• Constantcleaningand
maintainingavoidshighcosts
• Channel andpipe
inspectioncamerasareused
• Forcleaningoperationsspecial
cleaningequipmentisneeded
– Hydromechanicoperations
– Mechanicoperations
Attention:Waterflushingwith
highpressure(400bar)
damagesthepipes!
[nachGirmscheid,G.;Gamisch,T.,2003]
[nachGirmscheid,G.;Gamisch,T.,2003]
• Hardnessstabilizationwithpolyasparticacid
– Crystalgrowthislimited
– Irregularlyshapedcrystalsaregenerated,notpossibletoformhardsolid
deposits
– Cleaningintervalisincreased
– Nodamagingequipment(highwaterpressure,mechaniccleaning)is
needed
[nachJoentgen,D.;Müller,N.;Mitschker,A.;Schmidt,H.]
Mountainwater
Watercement A:Shotcrete
reaction
Calciumsilicatehydratephases
Calciumaluminatehydratephases
Calciumhydroxide(portlandite)
Scaling
Calciumaluminateferritephases
Calciumsulfatephases
Additivesandaggregates
A/B:Membrane
B:Finallining
C:Drainagesystem
CollectingPipe Preflooder
[Prof.Dr.Dietzel,TUGraz]
WaterAnalysis
Temperature
Volume Assessmentcriterion
PhValue
Electricalconductivity
Totalhardness
Carbonatehardness Currentlyunknowncorrelations
Calcitesaturation
Marbleextractiontest
Nosintering
Measurementand
evaluationofwater Observation
duringand Strong
after sintering
Optimalsolutionforprimary construction
andsecondarydrainage
elements,
Buildingmaterialoptimization
Adjustment:
Option:
Cleaningintervals
Hardness stabilization
andmeasures
Fullytanked
construction
[GTKTArchiv]
• FullSealing
Waterjet
[GTKTArchiv]
[GTKTArchiv]
6)Developmentsinwaterproofing
Developmentshavebeenmadeinthelastfewyears
– Regardingtosprayedonmembranes
– thefurtherdevelopmentofbentonite basedmembranes
Waterbasedelasticacrylicpolymerwaterproofingmembranes
havebeendevelopedinthelastyears
• Itissprayedonthetunnelsurface,generallybetweenan
outerandinnershotcrete lining
• Doublesidedbondstrength0,8to1,3MPa.guarantees
themonolithicbehaviourofthedoubleshelllining
[Gomes,A.;2005]
6)Developmentsinwaterproofing
• Watertightliningcanalsobeprovidedbyadequate
reinforcementasbeenusedforsubwaytunnels.
• Specialattentionhastobepaidtoconstructionalaspectssuchas
theneedofhighlyskilledpersonnel
[Gomes,A.;2005]
7)Developmentof lining techniques
• In the last two decades important developments have been
made in terms of achieving more efficient lining techniques
particularly by replacing the insitu concrete by high quality
shotcrete, which can be used for watertight linings. With the

incorporation of micro silica for low porosity, a low w/c ratio and
the use of steel or synthetic fibres
• In Norway it is common to design transport tunnels without any

waterproofing systems, installing freestanding lining systems to
prevent ice build
[Gomes,A.;2005]

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MASTERESPECIALISE

Should we build a watertight tunnel?

Should we build a watertight tunnel?

Lining as waterproofing element - Pros

Lining as waterproofing element - Cons

Rock mechanical situation:

Rock mechanical situation:

Water problems during excavation: Locality and consequence

5)Concepts for the operation of tunnels

Flow of the water Ableitung (Drainageschicht)

Sohldrainage nicht dargestellt

and any protruding elements such as bolt heads

5)Concepts for the operation of tunnels

5)Concepts for the operation of tunnels

5)Concepts for the operation of tunnels

shotcrete, which can be used for watertight linings. With the

• In Norway it is common to design transport tunnels without any

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