CHAPTER - 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 CHAPTER - 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

It is a matter of great regret that legal writings on industrial safety are very limited in number.

This signifies the concern of legal academicians about industrial safety. In west, industrial safety

has occupied a prominent position both in research and management. The legal scientists have also

considered, this area to be of prime importance, because their national economy and identity is based

on industrial and technological development. Despite paucity of legal literature attempts have been

made to analyse some of the interdisciplinary articles and research writings that has thrown light on

safety management and the legal control of industrial accidents. The present review order has been

carried out under four major rubrics i.e. Causes of Accidents, Management and Industrial Safety,

Controlling Authorities’ role in Safety Management and Workers Participation in Safety Management.

3.1.0 Causes of Industrial Accidents

The primary concern of industrial safety is to reduce the frequency of accidents in the workplace

as well as out side the vicinity of the factory. Keeping this in mind, perhaps the experts of industrial

safety have classified the industrial accidents in two major segments i.e. ‘On site5 and ‘Off Site’

accidents.1

The International Labour Organisation (ILO) has published some books2 and manuals3 on

industrial safety and have expressed serious concern on industrial accidents and hazards.

In the past, attempts have been made to define accident and outline the causes of such accidents.

Russell De Reamer4 defines accident as ‘an unplanned, non-controlled and an undesirable event or

a sudden mishap, which interrupts an activity or function5. However, with respect to the causes of

industrial accidents, one of the most outstanding contribution to industrial safety literature has been

the book by Heinrich5

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 Most of the principles formulated by the author more than a half century ago are still the

fundamental basis of most industrial prevention programme. Heinrich establishes the theory that

88% of all accidents result primarily from unsafe acts, 10% from unsafe conditions and 02% from

act of God. However, literal acceptance of the theory without considering the prevailing conditions

in a particular plant or industry could be detrimental to the success of safety performance. De

Reamer6 in his book suggests that most safety engineers consensually agree to classify four distinct

parts in the anatomy of an accident, i.e. (a) contributing cause (b) immediate cause (c) the accident

(d) the results of the accident. He further, suggests that there are four major causes that significantly

contributes to the occurrence of the accidents i.e.

(i) failure to enforce safety rules contributes to the extra 29 percent.

(ii) failure to inspect for hazards 22 %

(iii) Insufficient safety instruction 20%

(iv) Other reasons 02%

Peterson7 and Cole5 also subscribe similar views. Schulzinger9 while analysing the psychological

aspects of industrial accidents considers age, length of service and time (season) as the determinant

parameters to ascertain the causes of industrial accidents. He reports that young males have had

twice as many as injuries as young females. Secondly the workers receive more injuries in summer

than winter. Lastly, he believes that accidents often occur in chain fashion, as if one injury acted as

trigger mechanism for another injury or series of injuries to the individual or the group.

Herbert H. Mayer and Bertotti10 developed a scale that indicates the measures of human

characteristics that play significant role in predicting the probability of accident proneness of workers.

He classified 19 characteristics into four major segments like physical characteristics, abilities and

skills, interests and personality traits.

Mike Batemanet.al." and France Bird12 also identify four basic causes of accidents, which

includes (i) people (ii) equipment (iii) material and (iv) environment.

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 In India, several technical and legal experts have also attempted to identify the causes of

industrial accidents. Srivastava 13 believes that the frequency of inspection of machines have not

increased in comparison to the increase of number of factories in India. According to him most of the

Indian employers and employees are not aware about industrial safety. He regrets that despite rapid

expansion of chemical industries, for sometime there was lack of statutory regulation in respect of

these industries. The time-lag between the setting-up the new industries and framing of rules have

increased the rate of accidents in these industries.

Nair,14 while narrating his long experiences in the field of industrial safety suggest that the

process of accident causation is a chain of event. The first link, the chain is the faulty social

environment. Human failure is the second links followed by unsafe actions and conditions. These

factors lead towards the causation of accidents ending with death, injury and losses. He termed the

sequence of accidents causation process as ‘Five Dominos Theory’. According to him these dominos

are positively correlated. But, the author has not attempted to validate his proposition empirically

rather, proposes by relying on his long standing experiences on industrial safety.

Charls Perrow15 analysing several aspects of normal accidents suggests that complex safety

system can bring unforeseen disaster. In case of Bhopal Gas Disaster of 1984 and even the explosion

of Chernobyl, 1984 it was established that complex technologies can create problems for safety

management.

In the year 2000, the Multi Disciplinary Centre on Safety, Health and Environment, a

Government of Orissa sponsored Institute organized a National Seminar on Management of Hazardous

Chemicals : Safety', Health and Environment. Mohapatra16 in the seminar reports that most of the

chemical risks are involved with production process, handling, storage and transportation activities.

Any negligence in these areas will cause accident and chemical hazards. He further suggests that

great majority' of chemicals, toxicological, ecotoxicological materials are not properly listed, even

their standard safety limits have not been prescribed by law.

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 Due to inadequacy of data and informations on hazardous chemicals the industrial units are

inadvertently causing environmental and occupational risks Pal17 in his paper laid emphasis on

standardization in the field of chemical hazards. He points-out that lack of safety standards is also

a cause of chemical accidents and hazards.

N. Kar18 in his paper reports that fire, explosion, toxic gas leakage either individually or in

combination of circumstances can change the magnitude of injury and damage to property depends

upon several factors like, sitting, design, construction, operation, maintenance, human error types

of process, products involved, in-built protective devices, emergency response of the plant, external

weather conditions, sabotage, power failure and communication failure, collapse of pipe, civil

commotion etc.

Upadhyay. Mohanty and Mishra19 in their study report that there are three reasons that play

important role towards the causation of accidents in chemical industries. These are

(i) Maintenance is too busy in its routine work and safety receives lesser priorities.

(ii) Quick repairing often satisfy the management.

(iii) Design defects.

Mishra and Rout2C reports that exposure to toxic chemical substances can cause several health

hazards. The International Labour Organization has also published few materials on the concerned

area.21

Mishra22 also highlights the environmental toxicology and human health. He opines that a

toxic substance is one, which demonstrates the potential to produce long-term disease or bodily

injury to affect health adversely to endanger the life of man and animal. Environmental toxicology is

primarily concerned with the harmful effects of chemicals that are encountered by man either directly

or indirectly because of their presence in air, water and soil or by contact during occupational or

recreational activities or by ingestion as food addictive or as food residues.

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 Nayak and Rath23 suggest that most of the industrial workers of Orissa are from agricultural

background and have little awareness on occupational health. This ignorance and lack of safety

knowledge makes them vulnerable and they become potential victims of occupational hazards and

accidents.

Abdul Kalam24 reports that the growing awareness of fire risks associated with energy generating

industries, metal industries like Steel, Aluminium and Petrochemicals which play an important role

in the economy of the Country.

N. Kar25 attempts to outline the major causes of traffic accidents inside the factory premises.

Modem undertakings are vulnerable to accidents. Dey and Kausal26 in their work narrated that

those modem industries using or producing petroleum, rubber, plastic, oils, oxygen and explosive

substances are prone to incidence of fire. It is due to electric short-circuit.

3.2.0 Management and Industrial Safety

Employers attitude towards safety in general and in particular towards plant safety plays an

important role in maximising the effectiveness of safety' programme. Singh and Dewan27 have high­

lighted that safety committees of workmen provide valuable informations to both management and

the controlling authorities towards safety planning and management. Since safety' management is the

basic responsibility of the management, it should take the leadership in prevention, planning and

execution of safety measures. The authors strongly believe that the chief executives should posses

knowledge on accident prevention, should take the leadership in safety planning and should execute

safety- programme. However, all these things can be achieved if workers are taken in to confidence

and are properly trained.

AgarvvaP in his work comments that risk assessment, safety assessment programme, safety

appliances, the habit of safety and emergency planning are the basic responsibility- of the management.

For this safety education and training to workers are absolutely necessary Peterson29 also conforms

to above view, and lays stress on humanistic approach to safety management. He believes that without

143
considering the human aspect of accidents the management cannot plan a better and effective safety

programme.

Baldwin30 in his book lays stress on two important factor; training and compliance of safety

measures. He suggests that if the management provide proper and planned safety training and comply

the safety' measures the company’s productivity can improve significantly so also the quality of work

life. Revelle31 also provides emphasis on safety training and method. The review materials also

throw lights on the responsibility of the employers. The ILO Occupational Safety and Health Series

publication while dealing the protection of workers from power frequency, electric and magnetic

fields specially on occupational hazards arising from non-ionising radiation (NIR) prescribes few

important responsibilities of employers which includes.32

(a) the owner of the device is responsible of the safety of the employees;

(b) the owner is responsible for purchasing or providing equipment which means all

appropriate Governmental standards at the time of purchase and during the time of

use;

(c) the Owner is responsible for action to deduce a general policy emphasizing the
)

importance of prevention and should take the decisions and practical steps required

to give effect to National regulations.

Srivastava33 suggests that improvement of preventive and coping response in relation to

hazardous industries involves three steps like (1) different stake holders must require the will to

change (2) they must participate in alternative methods of resolving disputes and compensating victims

and (3) each of them must take individual efforts to prevent serious industrial accidents and cope

with those events that are likely occur during and after the accident. The author lays stress on the

Labour management cooperation in combating industrial hazards and accidents. Tripathy34 dealing

with the ‘OffSite’ and ‘On Site’ technical disasters casts lots of responsibilities on the management.

Right from training of personnel to storage, transportation handling and treatment of hazardous

substances every thing has been treated as the legal responsibilities of the employer or management.

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Even on specialized areas like contingency planning, environmental monitoring, compilation of data

base, telecommunication, industrial hygiene, toxicology, preventive medicine, metrology publicity

even post-emergency planning are considered to be the responsibility of the management.

While dealing the safety aspects of the chemical industries both Kharbhanda and Stall Worthy35

believe that the responsibility of the management is immensely high. He classified the responsibilities

in three parts. 1. Planning 2. Preparedness 3. Methods to combat and cope the situation36.

Other facets of industrial accidents are industrial pollution caused by hazardous waste.

Agarwal37 while assessing the industrial environment their issues prescribes some of the strategies to

combat pollution. Kumar38 also relates how environmental pollution especially from industrial sector

can effect adversely and cause health hazards. The authors not only advise the management to undertake

preventive measures but also suggests that law has a greater role to play in it. The foregoing review

materials on managements role in safety managements suggest that huge onus has been cast upon

them. Planning, forecasting, data collection, training, providing safety equipment, coordinating with

workers and authorities, preparedness, handling of hazardous wastes, monitoring, maintenance, and

compensating the victims are some of the important responsibilities of the occupier. Some of the

legal writings like Diwan,39 Singh40, Leelakrishnan41 and many others have discussed the statutory

responsibilities of the occupier and the factory managements.

3.3.0 Role of Controlling Authorities in Safety Management

World wide, safety of the industrial sector is also depending on the authorities under law.

These authorities include Judiciary, Governmental agencies and international standard agencies. It

goes without saying that the international labour organization has extended significant contributions

towards the safety of the industrial sector. Vaidyanathan42 in his book analyses the ILO Conventions

and recommendations and have indicated the future standards as well as the problem and prospects

of standard setting activities. Besides that the ILO has also published several documents prescribing

different standards for industrial and occupational safety.

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 Tripathy 43 while analysing both ‘On Site’ and ‘OffSite’ industrial hazards suggest that in the

absence of hazard management system, in Government the magnitude of the industrial hazard are

expected to rise with heavy' toll of human life. The author has pointed out that it is the responsibility

of District Magistrate to prepare a Disaster Management Action Plan (DMAP) for the district and to

implement it before, during and after the disaster. He has to set up a district disaster management

committee with the assistance of which he would prepare the plan as well as implement it. He should

also take assistance from other experts available outside the district. Whether, at any point of time,

there is a disaster or not, he has to setup a district control room and make it to function effectively.

Ear making and entrusting responsibility to the various departments and agencies inside the district

is the responsibility of the Collector and it is his duty to achieve coordination with all the line

departments of the State, Centre and other agencies both Government and non-Government.

The District Magistrate has the responsibility to map the district machinery prepared and

equipped before the disasters or any eventualities. The District Control Room becomes the nerve

center for the disaster management to monitor, coordinate and implement the actions for disaster

management. The Collector has to ensure that all working communication systems and instruments

are in working condition. The control room has to receive information on a routine basis from district

department and report on their preparedness as regards resources at their disposal to arrange and

meet the requirement.

Kar44 suggest that an industrial & chemical disaster can be contained locally through on site

emergency management plan. However, if the situation goes beyond the boundaries of the factory

affecting the nearby industry and population it has to be tackled with the help of District Action

Group (DAG) headed by the District Collector. According to him DAG should consist the following

officials as its measurer, Superintendent of Police, Chief District Medical Offices, District Fire

Officer, Regional Transport Officer, Revenue Officer, Executive Engineer of Roads and Development.

Public Health Department, State Pollution Control Board, Labour & Industrial Department and

District Emergency Officer.

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Rudraen45 in his book discusses the responsibility of a Safety and Health Inspector. He suggests that

alertness, capacity to foresee an occupational accident or hazards is the basic quality of a safety

officer.

Green 46 believes that the reliability of any safety system is to be assessed by the controlling

authorities. For this the controlling authorities are to be well equipped to test such safety system.

With respect to the statutory responsibilities of the authorities several authors while analysing the

safety provisions of Factories Act, 1948 have categorically opined that monitoring and supervision

is an important function of the State. The authors 47 are of opinion that periodical monitoring,

supervision of the safety standards do play important role in the process of prevention, control and

abatement of industrial accidents and occupational hazards.

At times it has been reported that the Government officials seldom discharge their duties and

due to the administrative laxity the factory owners often became negligent.48 However, the judiciary

has played a significant role in controlling the industrial hazards and accidents.

Desai49, Diwan and Diwan50, Khana and Devraj,51 and Dewan52 are of view that both in the

front of environmental protection and control of Industrial hazards the Supreme Court of India has

to play the Yeoman’s role in redefining the standard of industrial safety. Even, the Indian courts have

interpreted the safety legislations in such progressive manner that the employers enjoy minimum

liberty to ignore safety of the workers and the environment.

3.4.0 Workers Participation in Safety Management

With respect to workers participation in safety management Srivastava53 analysed the workers

participation in safety management under legal provision of41G of the Factories Act.

John W.F.Cowell 54 is of view that the role of employee with management in health service

should be in preventive programme. Waynee, N.Burton55 has authored regarding Employee Health

Service in Prevention : A Case Study focused on the key topics essential to the promotion of health

and safety. Manteo Ozaki and Anne Trebilock56 in their book have given important information on

collective agreement and bargaining with employer on occupational health and safety.

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 To sum up, it has been observed that most of the writers have concentrated on environmental

issues than industrial safety. They suggest that most of the occupational hazards are related to

environmental issues. Even-if the authors lay stress on monitoring, supervision and judicial control

yet very few have raised the question of quantum of punishment and redressal. The authors glorify

the Indian judiciary of their outstanding contributions but failed to assess the efficiency of the

controlling authorities. Unless the efficiency of the Government Officers and its agencies are assessed

the efficacy of legal support system can not be estimated.

3.5.0 Issues and Research Questions

The foregoing review of literature presents some of the important issues and research questions.

These questions are so interesting and thought provoking that they can tempt any legal researcher to

probe deep into the area and search out the possible explanations and solutions.

At the outset, one can notice that most of the review materials on industrial safety that have

been reviewed currently, are carried out by the western safety experts and academics. The Indian

writers have also shown their concern towards the subject. But not like their western counterparts.

Most of the Indian literature are non empirical in character and primarily based on personal experiences

and assumptions. Some of the writings are nothing but the analysis of old classical writings on

industrial safety. Further, it has also been observed that the government officials who are in charge

of industrial safety have demonstrated some concern towards the subject.

The most regrettable part is that the legal academic have shown very cold response towards

the industrial safety. It seems, that industrial safety' has received very low priority among the labour

law researchers. Possibly, this may be the reason for which one finds negligible number of legal

writings on industrial safety . The analysis of Indian law books and commentaries on industrial

safety clearly suggest that these books have been written in mechanical fashion . Most of the thrust

have been provided towards the analysis of case laws than the analysing the operational parts of the

safety legislations .Despite all these impediments, the researcher has also taken care to review some

of the limited research writings that have considered the industrial safety conditions of Orissa .

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 The first issue that interpose several questions is related to the causative factors of accidents.

Most of the authors have attempted to identify the general causes of industrial accidents in India. On

the contrary, the writers from abroad have analysed the causative factors prevailing indifferent

types of factories and industrial establishments like chemical, nuclear, power, high-tech industries

and even space technological units .It is a fact that these causative factors may not appear to relevant

to our commercial settings. But, in the coming years, these would provide important indices to our

safety policy makers. Since most of the Indian authors have estimated the causative factors in general

format, one finds it very difficult to estimate and plan for any preventive measures. Even if the news

papers report about the industrial accidents, sadly the technical experts and academics seldom

demonstrate their interest to investigate the causes of such accidents. Unless the accidents are

investigated properly one can not find the real causes of accidents. It is interesting to note that most

occupiers or executives attempt to suppress the causes of accidents; even they try to tamper the

evidence. In Orissa ,very few factories liberally allow independent investigation of accidents or to

conduct safety audit. In the absence of independent investigation, one is not in a position to identify

the real causes of accidents. Therefore, the first issue of present research has been attributed to the

identification of causes of industrial accidents in Orissa.

The review materials also indicate that there is no dearth of legislations in India .The plethora

of safety laws and regulations have been enacted by both Central and State legislatures. But, the big

questions that still remain unanswered is the obedience or conformation of safety laws. Many authors

often allege that laws are being faulted by the workers, executives/occupiers even the law enforcing

officers. It would be unjust to comment that all the safety laws are being faulted. Unless the

conformation level to safety legislation is estimated, one can not analyse as to why the beneficiaries

of safety legislations do not obey the regulations.

Therefore, the second issue of the present research would be to study the compliance level of

safety legislation, specially the major safety law.

Many authors often have suggest that our occupiers’ of industrial units do not comply to the

safety provisions and regulations and instead they tend to evade law by adopting to illegal alternatives.

149
On one hand both legal experts and judicial dictums expect the factory owners to perform their legal

obligations and on the other side the safety legislations fix definite legal obligations on them. No

specific studies reveal as to what extent the occupiers discharge their legal obligations. If this level

is identified then one can find the causes of noncompliance of specific safety measures. Therefore the

third issue of the research is related to the compliance level of occupiers to the safety legislations.

The fourth important issue that evokes few question is related to the accountability. Several

studies have reported that due to lack of accountability the safety- legislations can not be properly

implemented. Some blame the workers, some to the occupiers/executives and some even blame the

law enforcing authorities. In Orissa each of the groups perform their part and no specific studies

have been carried out so far to estimate the accountability level of workers, occupiers and controlling

authorities. Therefore the present research aims to estimate the accountability level and analyse its

pros and cons.

The fifth issue is related to legal defects and remedies .Many authors allege that defects in law

creates lots of impediments for the execution of law and provision of remedies .Some of the literatures

deal with the jurisdiction problems and some deals with the implementation defects. But there remains

several important areas that requires proper study and analysis. Unless legal defects are identified

neither legal control of industrial accidents is possible nor remedies can be provided.

Finally, to abate, control and prevent industrial accidents not only the opinion of experts are

essential but also the opinion of the workers executives and the controlling authorities are equally

important .Their opinions and attitudes towards safety measures are expected to provide valuable

directions for the appropriate legal control of the industrial accidents and to provide remedies.

3.6.0 Hypothesis

The foregoing review of literature, emerging issues and research questions leads to the

formulations of following hypothesis for empirical testing:

150
(1) Lack of safety awareness and training, safety gears and personal protective equipments

and negligence are the most salient causes of industrial accidents in Orissa,

(2) Compliance level of safety laws with respect to fencing of machinery, dangerous

moving machineries, precautionary measures against fire, explosion and substances

as well as health facilities are below satisfactory level .

(3) Significant proportion of occupiers are negligent in their legal obligations with respect

to safety training, in providing safety gears, management of hazardous waste and

substances, and inflammable gases, and explosive substances,

(4) The sample across groups perceive occupiers to be more accountable than the

controlling authorities with respect to poor quality- of safety awareness, training,

implementations safety regulations, mismanagement of hazardous waste and process,

maintenance, payment of compensation and reporting of accidents.

(5) The samples expect greater administrative transparency, Government intervention in

industrial safety training and control of accidents.

(6) Low conformation and defective implementation of safety laws reduces the

effectiveness of law.

(7) Proper awareness, safety training, periodic supervision, maintenance and effective

implementation of law can prevent industrial accident in Orissa.

151
 END CITATION NOTES

1. N. Kar “Potential For Chemical Disaster, their Prevention, Mitigation & Control through On-Site and
Off-Site Emergency Preparedness” as per Statutory Guide Lines at the National Seminar on
MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS; SAFETY HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT 22-23
January organized by MDC at p 40.
2. PREVENTION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS ILO, Geneva, 1991 pp 108.
3. MAJOR HAZARD CONTROL : A PRACTICAL MANUAL ILO, Geneva, 1988 pp 296.
4. Russel DE Reamer - MODERN SAFETY PRACTICES. NY, John Wiley & Sons Ins. Publisher 1961
pp 357.
5. H.W. Heinrich - INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENT PREVENTION New York, Me Graw Hill Book Co. 1950.
6. Supra note no 4.
7. Dan Peterson - SAFETY MANAGEMENT : A HUMAN APPROACH Engle Wood Cliffs. N.J. Aloray,
1975. pp 17-18.
8. Ronald Cole. INDUSTRIAL SAFETY TECHNIQUES Sydney, Australia, West Publishing Corporation.
1975.
9 M.S. Schulzinger - THE ACCIDENT SYNDROME Spring field, Illinois, Charls C. Thomas Co,
1956.
10. Herbert H. Meyer and Joseph. M. Bertotti- ‘USES & MISUSES OF TESTS IN SELECTING KEY
PERSONNEL (Nov.) 1956.
11. Mike Bateman, Brain King & Paul Lewis- THE HANDBOOK OF HEALTH & SAFETY AT WORK.
London , Kogan p 1996
12. Frank Bird - PRACTICAL LOSS CONTROL LEADERSHIP. DNV Publishers.
13. Suresh C. Srivastava- COMMENTARY ON THE FACTORIES ACT, 1948, New Delhi, Universal Law
Publishing Co. Ltd., 1999 pp 623. at p 207.
14. P.M.C.Nair-INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND THE LAW : AN INTRODUCTION. Thiruvanathrapuram.
Attams Publishers 1994 pp 195 at p 5.
15. Charles Perrow-NORMAL ACCIDENTS. Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1999 pp. 386.
16. C.R. Mohapatra - ‘Regulatory Aspect of Chemical Risk Management’. Compendium of Technical papers.
National Seminar on MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS : SAFETY, HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENT organised by Multi Disciplinary Centre. Bhubaneswar, Orissa. 21-22 Jan 2000. pp
22-25.
17. N.K. Pal - “Standardisation in the field of chemical Hazards”. Compendium of Technical Papers, National
Seminar on MANAGEMENT OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS: SAFETY, HEALTH &
ENVIRONMENT organized by MDC, Bhubaneswar, Orissa. 21-22. Jan 2000
18. N.Kar - ‘Potential for Chemical Disasters, their Prevention, Mitigation & Control through On Site and
Off Site Emergency Preparedness as per Statutory Guide lines’.
19. S.K. Upadhyay, S. Mohanty and B.K. Mishra - ‘System Technology Theory in Crisis Management :
Study of a Chemical Industry’, pp 88-92.
20. S. K. Mishra. & S. R. C Rout - “Management of Hazardous Chemicals: J.K. Paper Mills - A Case
Study pp 98-105.
21. (i) Occupational Exposure limits for Air Borne Toxic Substances. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY &
HEALTH SERIES. No. 37. ILO, Geneva 1991 pp 455.
(ii) “Occupational Lungs Diseases: Prevention & Control”. OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY & HEALTH
SERIES. NO. 67 ILO, Geneva, 1991 pp 85.

152
22. P.C. Mishra. - ‘‘Environmental Toxicology & Human Health”. MDC.Bhubaneswar, pp 115-121.
23. S.K. Nayak and G.D. Rath- “ Occupational Health - A case Study in Orissa” M.D.C.Bhubaneswar.
pp 122-140.
24. Abdul Kalam - “Fire Accidents in Metal Industries & Energy Sector : A Critical Review of Steel,
Aluminium & Petro Chemicals & Power Plants”, a paper presented at National Seminar on FIRE
HAVOC, MDC, Bhubaneswar, p 14
25. N. Kar - “Traffic Accident inside Major Factories of Orissa State : An analysis (1995-1999)”
Compendium of Technical papers, National Seminar on ROAD SAFETY, A NATIONAL CONCERN-
PRIORITIES ISSUES organized by MDC, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, 27-29 Nov. 2000 p 11.
26. S.C. Dey & S.C. Kausal - INDUSTRIAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT, New Delhi, APH Publishing
House, 1993 pp 411 at p 161.
27. U.K. Singh & J.M. Dewan - SAFETY, SECURITY & RISK MANAGEMENT: New Delhi, APH
Publishing Corporation in Association with Indian Institute of Business Management (Global
Management Series 2) 1996 pp 341
28. S.K Agrwal - INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT [ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY],New Delhi APH
Publishing Corporation, 1996.
29. Dan Peterson- SAFETY MANAGEMENT & HUMAN APPROACH, NY, Aloray, (1988) pp 380.
30. Dawn A. Baldwin - SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT TRAINING : USING COMPLIANCE TO
IMPROVE YOUR COMPANY, Van Ros Rein hold, 1992.
31. Jack B. Revelle - SAFETY TRAINING METHOD, NY, Wiley & Sons Inc. (1980) pp 69.
32. “Protection of Workers from Power frequency, Electric and magnetic fields” OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
& HEALTH SERIES No. 69, ILO, Geneva, Switzerland (1994) pp 81.
33. Paul Srivastava - MANAGING INDUSTRIAL CRISIS : Lessons of Bhopal. Vision Books - New Delhi
(1987) pp 170.
34. A.K. Tripathy - “Technical Disaster Management - Role of District Administration” paper presented
in the Training workshop on TECHNOLOGICAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT FOR DISTRICT
ADMINISTRATION AND INDUSTRIES.” Organised by M.D.C. on Safety & Environment,
Bhubaneswar, 29* to 30th May 2000, held at Cuttack.
35. O.P. Kharbhanda and E.A. Stall Worthy - SAFETY IN CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, NY, G.P. Publishing
Inc. (1988) pp 354
36. Ibid, p 354
37. S K. Agarwal - INDUSTRIAL ENVIRONMENT ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY, New Delhi, APH
Publishing, 1996. See also ‘Environmental Issues & Themes’. (1998) of the same author.
38. Kumar - ENVIRONMENT POLLUTION AND HEALTH HAZARDS IN INDIA
39. Paras Diwan - ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATION LAW & JUDICIAL ATTITUDE.
40. G. Singh - ENVIRONMENT LAW, 1997

41. P. Lelakrishnan - ENVIRONMENT LAW (1999)

42. N. Vaidyanathan - ILO STANDARDS : FOR SOCIAL JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT OF LABOUR,
New Delhi, Deep & Deep Publication, (1992), pp 296.
43. Supra Note 34.
44. N. Kar - “Potential for Chemical Disaster, Their Prevention , Mitigation and Control through On-site
& Off-site Emergency Preparedness”. Paper presented at the National Seminar on MANAGEMENT
OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL; SAFETY, HEALTH & ENVIRONMENT”. Organised by MDC
Bhubaneswar, 21-22 June 2000.
45. Jack Rudmen - SAFETY & HEALTH INSPECTOR, Mat learn, 1991.

153
46. A.E. Green - SAFETY SYSTEMS RESPONSIBILITY, NY, Wiley (1984) pp 293.
47. (i) Benimadhab Chatterjee-“Implementation of Environmental Protection Act - Problems and
Perspectives” AIR 1994 (Journal Section) Jan 2000. (ii) R. Grewal- ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
AND PROTECTION, New Delhi, Pioneer Publishing House (1997). (iii) S. N. Chandra Sekharan -
“Hazardous Process & Substances : Legal Control” COCHIN UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW, Vol.-ix
Mar. - Dec. (1998)
48. U. Baxi - ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT AGENDA FOR IMPLEMENTATION, New Delhi
(1987).
49. A. Desai - ENVIRONMENTAL JURISPRUDENCE (1998)
50. Diwan & Diwan - ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT : LAW AND ADMINISTRATION
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