Uff]a/dn tyf sDkf]i6dn

uf]7]dnM–
ufO{{ a:t'sf] dnd"q, 3fF;kftsf cjz]ifx¿ / ;f]Q/nfO{ uf]7sf]
glhs} y'kf/]/ tof/ kfl/Psf] dnnfO{ uf]7]dn elgG5 . of] g]kfndf
k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo k|fËfl/s dnsf] ;|f]t xf] .
sDkf]i6dnM–
h}ljs tyf jfg:klts kbfy{x¿nfO{ tx–tx kf/L vf8n jf y'k|f]df hDdf
ul/ ;"Id h}ljs k|lqmofåf/f lj36g u/fO{ agfOPsf] dnnfO{
sDkf]i6dn elgG5 . of] klg Ps k|sf/sf] k|fËfl/s dn g} xf] .
g]kfndf sDkf]i6dnsf af/]df jiff}{ b]lv h] hlt k|rf/–k|;f/
ul/Psf] eP tfklg s[ifsx¿n] lgwf{l/t ljlw ckgfO sDkf]i6dn agfO
k|of]u u/]sf] sd} b]Vg kfOG5 . o;sf k5fl8 vf8n vGg' kg]{ /
kN6fpg' kg]{ h:tf s'/fx¿ emGeml6nf x'g] eg]/ gu/]sf] a'lemG5
. t/ emf/kft tyf ;f]Q/x¿ ;ª\sng ul/ uf]7]dnsf] k|of]u a9fpg] rng
eg] k|z:t 5 . t;y{ o; k'l:tsfdf uf]7]dn Joj:yfkgnfO{ a9L hf]8
lbOPsf] 5 . uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dnnfO{ s;/L 5'6\ofpg] eGg] s'/f
tflnsf g+= ! df lbOPsf] 5 .
uf]7]dn / sDkf]i6dnnfO{ 5'6\ofpg] k|d'v cfwf/x¿
 uf]7]dn sDkf]i6dn
 ufO{{a:t'sf] dnd"qsf]  v]/hfg] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ h:t}
;fydf ljleGg k|sf/sf emf/kft, :ofpnf, kmf]x/d}nf
;f]Q/x¿ ld;fP/ agfOG5 . cflbnfO{ hf]/g;Fu ld;fP/
 obfsbf ;f]Q/ lagfsf] klg vf8ndf jf y'k|f]df /fv]/ lj36g
uf]7]dn agfOg] ul/G5 . u/fOG5 .
t/ o;nfO{ klg uf]7]dn g}  uf]a/ jf d"q gkfOg] :yfgdf eg]
elgG5 . cGo hf]/gx¿ h:t} hª\unsf]
 uf]7sf] glhs} x'G5 . df6f]], O{=Pd= cflbsf]
 ufO{{ a:t' kfn]s} k|of]uåf/f klg sDkf]i6dn tof/
x'g'kb{5 . kfg{ ;lsG5 .
 cfkm"nfO{ kfos kg]{ :yfgdf
vf8n jf y'k|f] agfO{ of] dn tof/
kfg{ ;lsG5 .
 ufO{{a:t' kfNg g;lsg] cj:yfdf jf
uf]7]dn k'¥ofpg g;lsg] :yfgdf
sDkf]i6dn a9L pkof]uL x'G5 .

g]kfnsf] s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|fËfl/s dnsf]

dxTj

dfly elg;lsPsf] 5 ls xfd|f] s[lif pTkfbgsf] cfwf/ eg]sf]

k|fËfl/s dn xf] . x'g t /f;folgs dn 9'jfgL ug{ ;lhnf] / o;sf]
k|of]un] ubf{ afnL xnSs a9\g] h:tf s'/fn] cfhef]ln ahf/ tyf
af6f]3f6f]sf] ;'ljwfo'Qm 7fpFx¿df cTolws ¿kdf /f;folgs dnsf]
k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 . hyfefjL c;Gt'lnt dnsf] k|of]usf] sf/0fn]
hUufdf kg{ uPsf] c;/nfO{ sltko s[ifsx¿n] t /f;folgs dnsf s'–
k|efjx¿ cg'ej ul/;s]sf 5g\ . t;y{ g]kfnh:tf] ul/a, lgjf{xd'vL s[lif
k|0ffnL ePsf] / /f;folgs dnsf]nflu ljb]zsf] d'v tfSg' kg]{ b]zdf
/f;folgs dndf cfwfl/t xF'b} hfg' sNof0fsf/L x'Fb}g . lbuf] s[lif
pTkfbgsfnflu k|fËfl/s dns} a9L eGbf a9L k|of]u ub}{ hfg'kb{5
. k|fËfl/s dnsf] k|of]u ubf{ lgDg kmfObfx¿ x'G5g\ h'g
/f;folgsdnaf6 ;Dej 5}g .
s_ uf]a/ jf sDkf]i6dnx¿ afnL–la?jfsf k|fs[lts cfxf/f x'g\ To;}n]
oL dnaf6 af]6la?jfnfO{ / df6f]nfO{ hlt kmfObf x'G5 Tof]
cGo s'g} klg s[ltd dnvfbaf6 ;Dej 5}g .
v_ k|fËfl/s dnn] df6f]sf] agf]6 (texture) tyf ;+/rgf (structure)
b'a}nfO{ ;'wf/ ul/ xNsf / v's'nf] u/fpFb5 / kfgL wf/0f ug]{
Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'gfsf ;fy} df6f]df ge} gx'g] ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿ tyf
uF8\of}nfh:tf nfebfos hLjx¿sf] ljsf;df d2t k'¥ofpFb5 .

u_ k|fËfl/s dndf la?jfnfO{ cfj:os kg]{ ;a} -!^ j6f_ vfBtTjx¿

kfOG5g\ . ;fy} vfBtTjx¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd pknJw eO/xG5g\ .
/f;folgs dndf Ps cyjf a9Ldf @–# vfBtTjx¿ dfq ;dfj]z
ul/Psf] x'G5 .

3_ :yfgLo ;|f]tx¿ -uf]a/, d"q, ;f]Q/ tyf emf/kft_

 uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dn tof/
kfg]{ 7fpF tyf ;fdu|Lsf]
Joj:yf

@=! kl/ro

sDkf]i6 agfpg] 7fpF of uf]7]dn y'kfg]{ 7fpFsf] 5gf]6 ubf{

vfBtTjsf] ;+/If0f x'g], >d / ;dosf] jrt x'g] tyf dnsf] u'0f:t/df c;/
gkg]{ ul/ 5gf]6 ug'{kb{5 .

@=@ pko'Qm 7fpF sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg

lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

dn agfpg] 7fpF 5fGbf sd vlr{nf] t/ a9L dn tof/ x'g] vfnsf],

vfBtTjsf] ;+/If0f x'g], kfgL gk:g] / ghDg], hldgd'gLsf] kfgLsf]
;tx glhs gePsf] 7fpF 5fGg' kb{5 . uf]7]dn tyf sDkf]i6dnsf]nflu
pko'Qm 7fpFsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ Wofglbg' kg]{ s'/fx¿ tflnsf g+= %
df lbOPsf] 5 .
tflnsf % M uf]7]dn÷sDkf]i6dnsf]nflu :yfgsf] 5gf}6 ubf{
Wofg lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿
uf]7]dn
 uf]7sf] glhssf] 7fpFsf] 5gf]6
ug{'kb{5 . 6f9f ePdf, >d / ;do
b'j} sf] nufgL a9\5 .
 uf]a/sf]eGbf klg d"qsf] cem a9L
dxTj x'g] xF'bf uf]j/ / ux'Ft
b'a}sf] ;+/If0fx'g] :yfg /f]Hg' kb{5
.  3/ uf]7 glhs sDkf]i6 vf8n vGbf 3/df
 vf8n jf y'k|f]nfO{ aiff{ / 3fdaf6
hf]ufpg' kb{5 .
 ;'wfl/Psf] uf]7df d"q ;ª\sngsf]nflu
gfnL agfOg' kb{5 / ;ª\sng ug]{
6\ofÍ jf vf8n klg agfpg' kb{5 .
 3/ uf]7sf] glhs uf]j/UofF; KnfG6
klg h8fg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;af6 uf]j/ /
d"q b'a}nfO{ arfpg ;lsG5 .
uf]j/UofF;af6 k|fKt n]bf]nfO{
sDkf]i6dndf kl/0ft ug]{ Joj:yf x'g'
kb{5 . ;fy} zf}rfno uf]a/ UofF;;Fu
hf]8\g' kmfObf–hgs x'G5 .
 kfgLsf] ;|f]t glhs eP /fd|f] x'G5 .
@=# ;f]Q/ tyf sDkf]i6dnsfnflu u'0f:t/Lo
;fdu|Lx¿
sDkf]i6dn
 ;fdu|L kfpg] ePdf v]taf/L s} Ps 5]pdf
sDkf]i6dn agfpg ;lsG5 . o;f] ubf{ dn
9'jfgL ug{ vr{ / d]xgt sdnfUb5 .
 sDkf]i6 vf8n uf]7sf] glhs klg vGg
;lsG5 o;f] ubf{ uf]7]dnnfO{{ klg
sDkf]i6df kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 .
ˆoflsg] h}ljs cjz]ifx¿ ;j}nfO{ sDkf]i6df
kl/0ft ug{ ;lsG5 . uf]j/, d"q ;a} sDkf]i6
agfpg] vf8ndf /fv]/ l56f] / u'0f:t/Lo
sDkf]i6 agfpg ;lsG5 .
 zx/sf] kmf]xf]/ d}nfnfO{ sDkf]i6
agfpg' 5 eg] zx/eGbf 6f9f 7fpFsf]
5gf}6 ug'{ kb{5 .
 sDkf]i6 vf8n of y'k|f] v]taf/Ldf
agfOG5 eg] kfgLsf] ;|ff]tsf] glhs
agfpFbf kfgL k|of]u ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 .
 sDkf]i6 tof/ kfg]{ a:t'x¿ -kft, klt+u/ /
emf/kft_ ;lhn};Fu kfOg] 7fpFsf] glhs}
sDkf]i6dn agfpFbf a9L ;'ljwfhgs, ;:tf]
/ >dsf] ;d]t jrt x'G5 .
 sDkf]i6 agfpg] 7fpF 3fd÷aiff{÷enaf6
aRg] x'g' kb{5 .
 u'0f:t/Lo ;f]Q/ eg]sf] ufO{{a:t'nfO{ cf]efgf] x'g] rfF8}
lj3l6t x'g], vfBtTjsf] dfqf a9\tf ePsf]] / d"qnfO{ w]/} ;f]:g ;Sg]
a:t'nfO{ lnOG5 . log} u'0fx¿sf cfwf/df ;f]Q/x¿nfO{ lgDg b'O{
ju{df jfF8\g ;lsG5 .

-s_ c;n u'0f:t/sf ;f]Q/x¿ M

 bnxgafnLsf cjz]ifx¿ -l;dL, af]8L, uxt, e6df;, df;, v];/L,
d';'/f], 9}+rf, ;gfO{, n';g{, cflb_ .

 slnnf emf/kft, hns'lDe, c;'/f], ltt]kftL, agdf/f, lrnfpg],

pQL;, 7"nf] e§df;], ;fgf] e§df;] cflbsf kftx¿ .

-v_ sd u'0f:t/sf ;f]Q/x¿ M

gn, k/fn, ds}sf] 9f]8, e";, sf7sf] w'nf], ;Nnfsf] kft -
;lNNflk/]n_ cflb .

tflnsf g+= ^ M ;f]Q/ tyf sDkf]i6 agfpgsfnflu k|of]u ug]{

pko'Qm ;fdu|Lx¿

;f]Q/sf]nflu sDkf]i6sf]nflu
 ;a} k|sf/sf emf/kftx¿ /  ;j} k|sf/sf ;'s]sf / sfFrf 3fF;,
:ofpnf t/ ufO{{e}+;LnfO{ c;/ kftklt+u/, emf/x¿ t/
gkg]{ vfnsf x'g'kb{5 . sf]z]afnLsf eP /fd|f] x'G5
 sf]z]afnLsf eP /fd|f] x'G5 .
 ufO{{e}+;Ln] vfP/ kmfn]sf
cjz]ifx¿ .
 /fd|f];Fu d"q ;f]:g] vfnsf]
x'g'kb{5
 rfF8} lj3l6t x'g] vfnsf / a9L
vfBtTjo'Qm x'g'kb{5 .
 afnLsf cjz]ifx¿ .
 c;"/f], ltt]kftL, jgdf/f, lv/f]{,
asfOgf], 7"nf] e§df;], ;fgf]
e§df;] cflb
 efG;f 3/af6 kmflnPsf
a:t'x¿, sl;ª\u/, cflb .
 uf]a/ UofF;sf] n]bf] hf]/gsf]
¿kdf lj36g u/fpgsf]nflu
k|of]u ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 .

@=$ sDkf]i6dn agfpg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 ubf{ Wofg

lbg'kg]{ s'/fx¿

sDkf]i6dn agfpg k|of]u ul/g] a:t'x¿ hlt slnnf / g/d x'G5g\

Tolt g} rfF8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]nflu v]taf/Lsf slnnf
emf/kftx¿ rfF8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ t/ 9f]8, gn / k/fnnfO{ lj36g u/fpg
nfdf] ;do nfUb5 . To:t} bnxg afnLsf cjz]if rf+8} lj3l6t x'G5g\ .
l56f] jf l9nf] lj3l6t x'g] s'/f ltgdf lglxt sfj{g (C) / gfO6«f]hg (N)
sf] cg'kftdf e/ kb{5 .
sDkf]i6 agfpg k|of]u ul/g] a:t'df sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kftn] lj36g x'g] k|lqmofdf dfq c;/ kfg]{ ge} sDkf]i6sf]
u'0f:t/df klg uxg e"ldsf v]Nb5 . sfa{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft
sl/a #)M! 5 eg] o:tf a:t'x¿ ;lhn} / l56} lj3l6t x'G5g\ . h:t},
sf];]afnL -bnxg afnL_ sf cjz]ifnfO{ sDkf]i6dn agfpg /fVbf
l56f] lj3l6t x'G5 eg] k/fn, gn, sf7sf] w'nf]nfO{ a9L ;do nfUb5
. o:sf] d'Vo sf/0f logdf sfa{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft a9L x'gfn]
xf] . bnxg afnLsf a:t'x¿df eg] gfO6«f]hg a9L x'g] xF'bf
logaf6 ag]sf] dn klg a9L dlnnf] x'G5 .
k|fËfl/s kbfy{nfO{ lj36g u/fpg] sfd ;"IdhLjf0f'sf] x'g]
x'F+bf logLx¿sf] l56f]–l56f] j[l4 x'g] / ;ª\Vof a9fpg d2t k'Ug]
vfnsf ;fdu|Lx¿ sDkf]i6dn of uf]7]dn agfpgdf k|of]u ul/of] eg]
lj3l6t x'g] b/ l56f] x'G5 . oL ;"IdhLjf0f'x¿n] lj36g u/fpFbf sfa{g
/ gfO6«f]hgnfO{ cfˆgf] k|of]udf NofpFb5g\ .
pbfx/0fsf]nflu df6f]df k|of]u u/]sf] @=@&–@=&@
s]=hL sfa{g lj36g u/fpg cGbfhL $%$ u|fd gfO6«f]hg rflxG5 .
olb gn k/fn tyf ;'s]sf kftkltË/x¿ sDkf]i6 gagfO ;f]em} df6f]df
ldnfpFbf ;"IdhLjf0f'n] vfgsf]nflu pko'Qm gx'g] xF'bf ltgsf] j[l4
/f]lsG5 . pN6} oL a:t'x¿ lj3l6t u/fpg ;"IdhLjf0f'n] df6f]df ePsf]
gfO6«f]hg pkof]udf NofpFb5 . To;f] x'Fbf lj36g u/fpg] a:t'df
gfO6«f]hgo'Qm kbfy{ yKg' kb{5 . sDkf]i6 agfpg /flvPsf
a:t'x¿df hf]/gsf] ¿kdf gfO6«f]hg yKg' kg]{ sf/0f o;}n] ubf{ xf] .
sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf] cg'kft afnL cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 .
s]xL h}ljs a:t'x¿df gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf tyf sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kft tflnsf g+= & df lbPsf] 5 . sf];]afnLsf cjz]ifdf of] @)–
#)M! x'G5 eg] k/fnx¿df &)M! eGbf a9L x'G5 . of] cg'kft @^–
$)M! ePdf sDkf]i6dn l56f]–l56f] lj3l6t x'G5 t/ #)M! eGbf tn
ePdf Pdf]lgofsf] Iflt a9L x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
tflnsf g+= & M ljleGg k|fËfl/s a:t'x¿df kfOg]
gfO6«f]hgsf] dfqf tyf sfj{g / gfO6«f]hgsf]
cg'kft

qm gfO{6«f]hg k|ltzt sfj{g /

=;+ ;fdu|L gfO{6«f]hg
= -;'Vvf_ cg'kft

! ufO{{ a:t'sf] d"q !%-!* $M%

@ ;'Vvf /ut !)-!$ #M!

# Lkgf #-( #-!% M !

$ xl8\8sf] r"0f{ @-$ *M!

% slnnf] 3fF; @ -$ !@ M !

^ zx/L kmf]xf]/d}nf M
a9L ;fukft ePsf] @-# !)-!^ M !
a9L sfuh ePsf] )=^ - !=# #)-*) M !
& hns'DeL @=@-@=% @) M !

* ufO{{uf]?sf] uf]j/ !-!=* –

( ;F'u'/sf] dn !=( –

!) s'v'/fsf] ;'nL $ –
!! ux'Fsf] 5\afnL )= ^ *) M !

!@ wfgsf] k/fn )=%& ^# M !

!# sf]bfsf] gn )=& &) M !