IP-Fication

(Presenter’s Name)
(Presenter’s Name)
(Second Presenter’s Name if applicable)
(Second Presenter’s Name if applicable)
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Main Bodies
› ISOC (Internet Society)
› IAB (Internet Architecture Board)
› IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force)
› IESG (The Internet Engineering Steering Group)
› IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)
› RIR (Regional Internet Registries)
› ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and
Numbers)

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What is ip

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Osi and tcp/ip model

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How are TCP/IP and IP
Related?

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OSI Model

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Layer 1:physical

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Layer 2: data link

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Layer 3 – Network

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Layer 4 – Transport

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Layer 5 – Session

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Layer 6 – Presentation

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Layer 7 – Application

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OSI Model and TCP/IP
Model

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TCP/IP Model Layer
Communication

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IPv4 Header Explanation

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Binary to Dotted
Decimal Chart
Binary Dotted
00000000 0
10000000 128
11000000 192
11100000 224
11110000 240
11111000 248
11111100 252
11111110 254
11111111 255

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32-bit Address Scheme
of IPv4

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Ip Addressing

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Classful IP Addressing

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First Octet Rule

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Class D and E Addresses

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Subnetting

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Subnet Mask

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Private IP Address
Space

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Reserved IP Addresses

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Running out of IP
address space

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Difference in IPv4 & IPv6
IP v4 IP v6
1) It is 32 bit address 1) It is 128 bit address

2) It is written in hexadecimal format

2) It is written in decimal format
3) It has 8 groups (each is16 bit)
3) It has four octets (each is 8 bit)
4) Groups are separated with :
4) Octets are separated with . (dot) (colon)

5) It has no classes
5) It has five classes A,B,C,D,E
6) It has mostly fixed N/w (64 bits) &
6) It has N/w bits and Host bits Host (64 bits)
according classes
7) It does not use sub netmask. It
uses prefix
7) It uses subnet mask

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 Networking Devices, HUB

Provdies Single Collision Provides Single Broadcast

Domain Domain
HUB

Work on shared bandwidth concept with other ports

on lan, mostly considered as passive or slow device.

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 Networking Devices, SWITCH

Provdies Single Multiple Collision Provides Single Broadcast

Domain Domain
SWITCH

Work on Dedicated bandwidth concept with other ports

on lan, mostly considered as Active device.

Maintains a MAC/CAM table for making forwarding

Decisions based on the hardware ASIC.
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Networking Devices, ROUTER
London Router

Router Router Router

A B C

Router Router Sweden

D E Router

Router breaks broadcast domain never forward unknown packet.

Router connects networks located at different places as well as network

in different subnets also.
Router works on routing protocols & protocols takes the decisions to
find the shortest path based on their metric.
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What is IP Routing

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IP Routing Basics

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Routing table

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Multiprotocol Label Switching
(MPLS)
› IETF Standard – RFC 3031
› Concept:
– Packets entering the network are analysed and put into a Forward
Equivalence Class (FEC)
– Forward Equivalence Classes are mapped to connections (paths)
through the network
– A packet is labelled according to which path it should take through
the network and the FEC used
– Packet is transferred though the network by switching on the label

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MPLS - Header Fields
MPLS Header

20 bits 3 bits 1 bit 8 bits

label Exp S TTL

Layer 2 MPLS
Header Header IP Packet

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MPLS ‘Shim’ header fields
Label
Carries the present value of MPLS label.
(20 bits)
Defines the class of service which the packet
EXP belongs to, meaning the packet priority. It can
(3 bits) affect the queuing and disposal algorithms applied
to packet while forwarded over the network.
Supports a hierarchical stacking of labels, in case
packet receives more than one label. For
S (Stack) forwarding purposes, only the top label in stack is
(1 bit) analyzed, as if it was the only one. It is set to 1 for
the last entry in the label stack, and 0 to indicate
there are more labels in the stack.
Provides functions such as the TTL Conventional
TTL
IP. Also specifies maximum number of hops, a
(8 bits)
packet can go through.

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MPLS Network Overview

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MPLS FEC-LSP

MPLS

LSP1
Router

FEC 1 MPLS L1 MPLS

LSP2

FEC 1 LSP 1 L1

FEC 2 LSP 2 L2

IP Packet
FEC 3 LSP 1 L3

FEC 4 LSP 2 L4
Labeled IP Packet

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MPLS - Label Information Base
(LIB)

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MPLS – Operation

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