CIV418

Reinforced Concrete Design II

Torsion

READING:
CHAPTER 7: J. WIGHT
ACI318-14: CHAPTER 22

Prof. Osama Ahmed Mohamed, Ph.D., P.E., MASCE

Torsion
Shear stresses due to torsion.
Distribution of torsional shear stresses
in a circular bar and in a square bar.
When to Consider Torsion in
Design – ACI318M-2014
pcp = Acp = area enclosed by outside
outside perimeter of concrete perimeter of concrete
cross section, mm cross section, mm2
S.I. Units
 ACI 318M-14 Torsion
Reinforcement – Closed Loops
9.7.3.3 Reinforcement shall extend beyond the
point at which it is no longer required to resist
flexure for a distance equal to the greater of d and
12db, except at supports of simply-supported spans
and at free ends of cantilevers.

9.7.5.3 Longitudinal torsional reinforcement

shall extend for a distance of at least (bt + d)
beyond the point required by analysis.
ACI318M-14: 22.7.1 General
 Calculation of Required Shear
Reinforcement to Resist
Torsion

ACI318M-14: CHAPTER 22
Required Torsion Design Strength
Minimum Torsion Longitudinal
Reinforcement – ACI 11.5.5.3
Torsion Reinforcement in Form
of Stirrups
Required torsion reinforcement in the
form of stirrups in usually combined
shear reinforcement is follows:
 ACI11.5.6M

11.5.6 — Spacing of torsion reinforcement

11.5.6.1 — The spacing of transverse torsion
reinforcement shall not exceed the smaller of
ph /8 or 300 mm.
 Detailing of Longitudinal
Torsion Reinforcement
9.7.5.1 If torsional reinforcement is required,
longitudinal torsional reinforcement shall be distributed
around the perimeter of closed stirrups that satisfy
25.7.1.6 or hoops with a spacing not greater than 300
mm. The longitudinal reinforcement shall be inside the
stirrup or hoop, and at least one longitudinal bar or
tendon shall be placed in each corner.
9.7.5.2 Longitudinal torsional reinforcement shall have
a diameter at least 0.042 times the transverse
reinforcement spacing, but not less than 10 mm.
CHAPTER 13 — TWO-WAY SLAB
SYSTEMS

ACI 13.2.4 — For monolithic or

fully composite construction, a
beam includes that portion of
slab on each side of the beam
extending a distance equal to
the projection
of the beam above or below the
slab, whichever is greater, but
not greater than four times the
slab thickness.
Minimum Section Size to
Resist Torsion
22.7.7 Cross-sectional limits
Equilibrium Torsion

In each of these cases,

torsion is required for
beams/canopy to be in
equilibrium.
If torsional stiffness of
supporting elements is zero,
the beam/canopy will
collapse
Compatibility Torsion

Compatibility torsion occurs

for two structures to
remain compatible

 The moment MA and the

torsion Tu occur because of
the need of slope at end of
beam AB to be compatible
with the angle of twist of
beam CD at point A.
• With onset of torsional
cracking in CD both Tu and
MA will decrease.
Fig. R22.7.3b—Compatibility torsion, the design
torsional moment may be reduced (22.7.3.2).
ACI318M-14: 22.7.3 Factored
design torsion
ACI318M-14: 22.7.5 Cracking
torsion
ACI Simplified Analysis
Method
ACI318M-14: CHAPTER 6
6.5—Simplified method of analysis for nonprestressed continuous
beams and 6.5—Simplified method of analysis for nonprestressed
continuous beams and one-way slabs
ACI318M-2014 sec 6.5—Simplified method of analysis for
nonprestressed continuous beams and one-way slabs
ACI 318M-14 — Approximate
Analysis – Shear Forces
Design for
Compatibility Torsion
CASE STUDY
Calculate torsion at end of spandrel
beam (maximum)
Shear Force and Bending Moment
on Spandrel Beam
Checking Whether Torsion
Should be Considered?
S.I. Units Equation
Calculating the Threshold Torsion

The effective cross section for torsion

is shown. ACI Code Section
9.2.4.4 states that for a monolithic floor
system the slab is to be included as
part of the section. The projection of
the flange is the smaller of the height
of the web below the flange (14 in.)
and four times the thickness of the
flange (18 in.):
Torsion is Significant
Because the maximum torque of 185 kip-ft
exceeds the threshold of torsion = 9.75 kip.ft,
torsion effects must be considered.
 Equilibrium or compatibility
torsion?
The torque resulting from the 0.75-in. offset of the axes
of the beam and column is necessary for the
equilibrium of the structure and hence is
equilibrium torque. The torque at the ends of the beam
due to this is
 Equilibrium or compatibility
torsion?
On the other hand, the torque resulting from the moments at the
ends of the joists exists only because the joint is monolithic and
the edge beam has a torsional stiffness. If the torsional stiffness
were to decrease to zero, this torque would disappear. This part
of the torque is therefore compatibility torsion
 Calculate Cracking Torsion

Assuming the remaining torque after redistribution is evenly

distributed along the length of the spandrel beam. The distributed
reduced torque, t, due to moments at the ends of the joists has
decreased to:

S.I. Units Cracking

Torsion
Torsion Reinforcement

8.396 ft
= 100.75 in
Total Shear Reinforcement
 Shear Reinforcement

S.I. Units

9.7.6.3.3 Spacing of
transverse torsional
reinforcement shall not
exceed the lesser of ph/8
and 300 mm.
Total Torsion + Shear Reinforcement

8.396 ft = 100.75 in
 Longitudinal Reinforcement
From ACI Code Section 9.7.5.1, the longitudinal steel is
distributed around the perimeter of the stirrups with a maximum
spacing of 12 in. There must be a bar in each corner of the
stirrups, and these bars have a minimum diameter of 1/24 of the
stirrup spacing, but not less than a No. 3 bar.

The minimum bar diameter corresponds to the maximum stirrup

spacing: For 8 in., 8/24 = 0.33 in.
To satisfy the 12-in.-maximum spacing, we need three bars at
the top and bottom and one bar halfway up each side. As per
bar = 1.90>8 = 0.24 in.2. Use No. 5 bars for longitudinal bars.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
The longitudinal torsion steel required at the top of the beam is
provided by increasing the area of flexural steel provided at
each end and by lap-splicing three No. 5 bars with the negative-
moment steel. The lap splices should be at least a Class B
tension lap for the larger top bar (see Chapter 8), because all the
bars are spliced at the same point.
Longitudinal Reinforcement
18.5 – 2x1.5-
0.5= 15 in.
Clear inside
spacing

25.5 – 2 x 1.5 –
0.5 = 22 in.
Clear distance
inside stirrups