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Karna Patel
Department of Mechanical engineering
Ganpat University
Mehsana, Gujarat, India
Email: patelkarna.18@gmail.com
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NUMERICAL METHOD
Discretization
The equation 2 can also be written as
∇J = S (10)
where
∇.(ρV) = 0 (1) Co-located storage of the pressure and velocity variables at the
cell centres leads to the problem of checkerboarding. This is
∇.(ρVu) = ∇.(µ∇u) − ∇p.i + Su (2)
because the cell centre values of pressure and velocity get can-
∇.(ρVv) = ∇.(µ∇v) − ∇p.j + Sv (3) celled out on expanding the face gradient terms. To overcome
this problem staggered grid has been used for discretization of
The source term for an Newtonian fluid can be simplified into the momentum equations. The staggered grid for the u momen-
tum equation is shown in Fig.2 along with the neighboring veloc-
ity vectors for calculation of velocity gradients. Staggerred grid
∂ ∂u ∂ ∂v 2 ∂
Su = f u + µ + µ − (µ∇.V) (4) in vertical direction is used for v momentum equation. Pressure
∂x ∂x ∂y ∂x 3 ∂x
is stored on the original grid and the pressure difference terms
∂ ∂v ∂ ∂u 2 ∂
Sv = f v + µ + µ − (µ∇.V) (5) are evaluated as a difference of cell centre pressure values.
∂y ∂y ∂x ∂y 3 ∂y
∂(ρφ)
+ ∇.ρVφ = ∇.ρVφ = ∇.(Γ∇φ) + S (6)
∂t
φ=u (7)
Γ=µ (8)
∂p
S = Su − (9)
∂x
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The evaluation of the flux term on the east face is shown
below.
A = ∆y.i (14)
uee − ue
J.Aeast f ace = ρuE * uE ∆y − µ∆y (15)
∆x
ue + uee
uE = (16)
2
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to the corrected momentum equations. is necessary to under-relax the momentum equations due to the
nonlinear nature of the equations.
ae u0e = ∑ anb u0nb + ∆y(p0P − p0E ) (28)
nb
p = p* + α p p0 (37)
an v0n = ∑ anb v0nb + ∆x(p0S − p0P ) (29) ae ue (1 − α)
nb = ∑ anb unb + ∆y(PP − PE ) + ae ue * (38)
α α
Approximations to the velocity correction are made by ignoring
the ∑nb anb u0nb and ∑nb anb v0nb . Substituting these corrected ve- In this problem the under-relaxation values for the pressure and
locities into the continuity equations yields a discrete pressure momentum respectively are 0.1-0.3 and 0.7 depending on the
correction equation. Reynolds number of the problem.
Figure 5. Re = 400UvelocityGrid150X150
Under-relaxation
The velocity corrections are approximated by dropping the good match. Apart from a primary vortex we see the formation
velocity part of the corrected momentum equations which places of secondary vortices on the corners of the domain. The next
the entire burden of the velocity correction on pressure correc- three figures show results for higher Re of 1000. Here also there
tion. Large pressure corrections might lead to poor pressure it- is good agreement with the reference values.Also for higher Re
erates so the pressure correction is under-relaxed to correct p* .It values the primary vortex shifts more towards the centre of the
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Figure 6. Re = 400V velocityGrid150X150 Figure 8. Re = 1000UvelocityGrid150X150
domain. The results for other Re also can be seen in subsequent difficulties the SIMPLE solver is very efficient in solving flow
pages. For higher Re values the primary vortex shifts more to problems. The accuracy and convergence might be increased us-
the centre and more corner secondary vortices are formed. The ing refined techniques like SIMPLER and SIMPLE-C though.
secondary vortices are also convected towards the centre of the
domian for higher Re values. Also with the convection of sec-
ondary vortices more vortices are formed at the corners. REFERENCES
The stream line function plots for various Re can be verified with U.Ghia, K N Ghia and C.T . Shin 1982. High Re solutions
the plots shown in the section ADDITIONAL FIGURES. for Incompressible flow using the Navier-Stokes equations and
a Multigrid method. Journal of computational physics 48, 387-
411.
CONCLUSIONS
Comparing the results with those of the benchpark paper on
driven cavity flow show that SIMPLE solver is adequate to solve Other references
complex flow field problems like the driven cavity flow. There ME608 class notes
is a good match with of the computed results with the reference Maciej Matyka, Solution to 2 D incompressible NS equa-
values. Fine details like the corner vortices are also accurately tions with SIMPLE,SIMPLER and Vorticity stream function ap-
predicted using fine grids. Other than some minor computational proaches.Driven Lid Cavity problem:Solution and Visualization.
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Figure 10. Re = 1000StreamlinesGrid150X150
Figure 12. Re = 3200V velocityGrid150X150
APPENDIX B: Code
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Figure 15. Re = 5000V velocityGrid150X150 Figure 18. Re = 7500V velocityGrid150X150
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Figure 21. Re = 10000V velocityGrid150X150
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