DYEING AN INTRODUCTION

Dyeing is the application

of dyes or pigments on textile materials such
as fibers, yarns, and fabrics with the objective of
achieving color with desired fastness.[1] Dyeing is
normally done in a special solution containing dyes and
particular chemical material. Dye molecules are fixed to
the fibre by absorption, diffusion, or bonding with
temperature and time being key controlling factors. The
bond between dye molecule and fibre may be strong or
weak, depending on the dye used. Dyeing and printing
are different applications; in printing color is applied to a
localized area with desired patterns and in dyeing it is
applied to the entire textile.

Acrylic fibers are dyed with basic dyes, while nylon and
protein fibers such as wool and silk are dyed with acid
dyes, and polyester yarn is dyed with disperse
dyes. Cotton is dyed with a range of dye types,
including vat dyes, and modern synthetic reactive and
direct dyes.

Selection and types of dyes

Selection of the appropriate dye is important because
any given dye is not applicable on every type of fiber.
Furthermore, resistance to washing, rubbing and light
differ among dyes. The choice of dye depends on the
objective in dyeing and which material is to be dyed. For
example, indigo dyes have poor wash and rubbing
fastness on denim (cotton), so they are used to produce
washed-down effects on that fabric. In contrast, vat or
reactive dyes are applied on cottons to achieve excellent
washing fastness.

Mordant
A mordant or dye fixative is a substance used
to set (i.e. bind) dyes on fabrics by forming
a coordination complex with the dye, which then
attaches to the fabric (or tissue).[1] It may be used for
dyeing fabrics or for intensifying stains in cell or tissue
preparations. Although mordants are still used,
especially by small batch dyers, it has been largely
displaced in industry by directs.[2]
REMOVAL OF DYES:

If things go wrong in the dyeing process, the dyer may

be forced to remove the dye already applied by a
process called "stripping" or discharging. This normally
means destroying the dye with powerful reducing
agents such as sodium hydrosulfite or oxidizing
agents such as hydrogen peroxide or sodium
hypochlorite. The process often risks damaging the
substrate (fiber). Where possible, it is often less risky to
dye the material a darker shade, with black often being
the easiest or last option.
Structure of subtrates and dyes
Acid dye azo dye

Basic dyes disperse dyes

Direct dyes reactive dyes

Vat dyes solvent dyes

 DYEING AN EXPERIMENT
AIM: To dye wool and clothes with malachite green.
REQUIREMENTS: 500 ml beakers, tripod stand, wire
gauze, glass rod, spatula, wool cloth and cotton cloth,sodium
carbonate, tannic acid, tartaremetic and malachite green
dye.

PROCEDURE:
1. Preparation of sodium carbonate solution:
Take about 0.5 g of solid sodium carbonate and
dissolve it in 250 ml of water.

2. Preparation of tartaremetic solution:

Take about 0.2 g of tartaremetic and dissolve it in
100 ml of water by stirring with the help of glass rod.

3. Preparation of tannic acid solution:

Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and add about
1.0 g of tannic acid to it. Heat the solution. On heating a
clear solution of tannic acid is obtained.

4. Preparation of dye solution :

Take about 0.1 g of malachite green dye and add
tp it 400 ml of water. On warming a clear solution of the
dye results.
5. Dyeing of wool:
Take about 200 ml of dye solution and dip in it the
woollen cloth to be dyed. Boil the solution for about 2
minutes. After that remove the cloth and wash it with
hot water 3-4 times,squeeze and keep it for drying.

6. Dyeing of cotton:
Cotton does not absorb malachite green readily,
therefore it requires the use of a mordant. For dyeing a
cotton cloth dip it in a sodium carbonate solution for
about 10 minutes and then rinse with water. Then put
the cloth in hot tannic acid solution for about 5 minutes.
Now take out the cloth from tannic acid solution and
keep it in tartaremetic solution for about 5 minutes.
Remove the cloth and squeeze it spatula to remove
most of the solution. Now place the cloth in boiling
solution of the dye for about 2 minutes. Remove and
wash the dyed cloth thoroughly with water, squeeze
and keep it for drying.

7. Dyeing of cotton directly:

Take another piece of cotton cloth and put it
directly into boiling solution of the dye. Keep it dipped
for about 2 minutes. Remove the cloth, wash with
water, squeeze and keep it for drying. Compare the
colour of this cloth with that of dyed by using mordant.
OBSERVATIONS:
1. The colour of wool cloth dyed directly by dipping in hot
solution of malachite green dye is fast.

2. The colour of cotton cloth dyed directly (without using

mordant) by dipping in hot solution of malachite green
is not fast to washing and is of low intensity.

3. The colour of cotton cloth dyed indirectly by using

mordant and then by dipping in hot solution of
malachite green is fast to washing and is of high
intensity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Dyeing content -
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyeing

2. Mordant-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordant

3. Structure of substrates picture -

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Classification-
of-dyes-and-types-of-dyes-used-in-different-
substrate_tbl2_322699631
4. Structure of different dyes images –www.
Google.com/images

5.