KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

NO.1, SHAHIBAUG,AHMEDABAD.
2019-2020
CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Extraction Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of

Cigarettes

Name: Dhyana Solanki

Class: XII-B
Roll no:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Dhyana Solanki of class XII-B of Kendriya

Vidyalaya No.1, Shahibaug has completed this project under by guidance
and surveillance. She has expressed deep interest in and has shown
utmost sincerity in the completion of this project.
Her endeavor from conceptualizing to completing this project titles
“Extraction Nicotine Sulphate from Samples of Cigarettes”upto my
satisfaction have been successful.

___________________
(AGGARWAL SIR)
ACKNOWLEDGEM
ENT

The successful completion of any task would be incomplete without

mentioning the names of those persons who helped to make it possible.
I take this opportunity to express my gratitude in few words and
respect to all those who helped me in completion of this project. It is
my humble pleasure to acknowledge my deep senses of gratitude to my
chemistry sir, for his valuable support, constant help and guidance, at
each and every step, without which this project would not have come
forth. I also register my senses of gratitude to our principle for
encouragement that has made this project successful .I would also like
to thank my family and friends who encourage me during course of this
project. Last, but not least, I would like to thank to CBSE for giving us
opportunity to undertake this project.
 DHYANA SOlANKI, XII-B

CONTENTS
TOBACCO……………………………………………………………………………………………….1
NICOTINE……………………………………………………………………………………………….3
MANUFACTURING OF TOBACCO…………………………………………………….………4
ADDICTIVE NATURE OF NICOTINE……………………………………………….…………6
HEALTH EFFECTS DUE TO COMPOSTION OF …………………………………………7
APARATUS REQUIRED…………………………………………………………………..………8
CHEMICALS AND OTHER MATERIALS REQUIRED …………………………….……9
PROCEDURE …………………………………………………………………………………………10
OBSERVATIONS …………………………………………………………………….………………12
RESULT …………………………………………………………………………………………………13
CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………………………………..…………14
BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………..………15
 TOBACCO
Tobacco is an agricultural product processed from the leaves of plants in the genus
Nicotiana. It can be consumed, used as a pesticide and, in the form of nicotine
tartrate, used in some medicines. It is most commonly used as a drug, and is a
valuable cash crop for countries such as Cuba,India, China, and the United States.
Tobacco is a name for any plant of the genus Nicotiana of the Solanaceae family
(nightshade family) and for the product manufactured from the leaf and used in
cigars and cigarettes, snuff, and pipe and chewing tobacco.

Tobacco plants are also used in plant bioengineering, and some of the 60 species are
grown as ornamentals. The chief commercial species, N. tabacum, is believed native
to tropical America, like most nicotiana plants, but has been so long cultivated that it
is no longer known in the wild. N.Rrustica, a mild-flavored, fast-burning species, was
the tobacco originally raised in Virginia, but it is now grown chiefly in Turkey, India,
and Russia. The alkaloid nicotine is the most characteristic constituent of tobacco
and is responsible for its addictive nature.
 The harmful effects of tobacco derive from the thousands of different compounds
generated in the smoke, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as
benzpyrene), formaldehyde, cadmium, nickel, arsenic, radioactive polonium-210,
tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), phenols, and many others.

Tobacco is cultivated similarly to other agricultural products. Seeds are sown in cold
frames or hotbeds to prevent attacks from insects, and then transplanted into the
fields. Tobacco is an annual crop, which is usually harvested mechanically or by hand.
After harvest, tobacco is stored for curing, which allows for the slow oxidation and
degradation of carotenoids. This allows for the agricultural product to take on
properties that are usually attributed to the "smoothness" of the smoke. Following
this, tobacco is packed into its various forms of consumption, which include smoking,
chewing, snuffing, and so on.

Most cigarettes incorporate flue-cured tobacco, which produces a milder, more

inhalable smoke. Use of low-pH, inhalable, flue-cured tobacco is one of the principal
reasons smoking causes lung cancer and other diseases association with smoke
inhalation.
 NICOTINE
Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) that acts
as a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist. The biosynthesis takes place in the
roots and accumulation occurs in the leaves of the Solanaceae. It constitutes
approximately 0.6–3.0% of the dry weight of tobacco and is present in the range of
2–7 μg/kg of various edible plants. It functions as an antiherbivore chemical;
therefore, nicotine was widely used as an insecticide in the past and nicotine analogs
such as imidacloprid are currently widely used. In low doses (an average cigarette
yields about 1 mg of absorbed nicotine), the substance acts as a stimulant in
mammals, while high amounts (30–60 mg) can be fatal. This stimulant effect is the
main factor responsible for the dependence-forming properties of tobacco smoking.
According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has historically been
one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral
characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining
addiction to heroin and cocaine.
The nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has slowly increased over
the years, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.6% per year
between the years of 1998 and 2005. This was found for all major market categories
of cigarettes.

MANUFACTURING OF
TOBACCO
The tobacco plant needs to go through a number of processes before it is suitable for
human consumption. Tobacco is manufactured in many different ways depending on
the type of tobacco plant that is used and the area of the plant the leaves are taken
from.
 Curing tobacco:-Curing is the first necessary process to prepare the tobacco for
consumption. The way the tobacco is cured and processed will dictate the
flavor, strength and harshness of the tobacco. Different ways of curing and
processing the tobacco will also influence the nicotine content in the leaf. The content
of nicotine and the flavor will also depend upon the type and part of leaf that is used.
The higher on the tobacco plant the leaf is taken, the greater the nicotine content,
and in general the richer the flavor.
Curing tobacco involves hanging up the tobacco plant or lying it down and drying it.
During this process the starch in the leaves are converted to sugar and the plant will
change colour and texture. Different tobacco plants are cured in different ways to
 achieve different textures and flavors of the tobacco.

i. Air-cured tobacco
ii. Flue-cured tobacco
iii. Fire-cured tobacco
iv. Sun-cured tobacco
Processing tobacco:-Once the tobacco leaf has been cured it is
processed. Processing tobacco involves separating the leafy part from the stem. At
this point the sand, dust and foreign matter are extracted. There is only a small
amount of moisture left in the leaves when they have finished being processed.
Expanded tobacco can also be used in cigarettes. This is when carbon dioxide has
been added to the cut tobacco leaf. This will expand or puff up the plant cells.
Expanded tobacco is used to make cigarettes firmer and it also helps control
the burn rate of the cigarette.

ADDICTIVE NATURE
OF NICOTINE
Nicotine is highly addictive. It is one of the most commonly abused drugs. An
average cigarette yields about 2 mg of absorbed nicotine; high amounts can be
 harmful. Nicotine induces both behavioral stimulation and anxiety in
animals. Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and
relapse following abstinence. Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization,
physical dependence, and psychological dependence. Nicotine dependency causes
distress. Nicotine withdrawal symptoms include depressed mood, stress, anxiety,
irritability, difficulty concentrating, and sleep disturbances. Mild nicotine withdrawal
symptoms are measurable in unrestricted smokers, who experience normal moods
only as their blood nicotine levels peak, with each cigarette. On quitting, withdrawal
symptoms worsen sharply, then gradually improve to a normal state.

HEALTH EFFECTS
DUE TO
COMPOSTION OF
NICOTINE
According to the American Heart Association, nicotine addiction has historically been
one of the hardest addictions to break, while the pharmacological and behavioral
characteristics that determine tobacco addiction are similar to those determining
addiction to heroin and cocaine.
APARATUS
REQUIRED
 250 ml Beaker

 Filter Paper

 Separating funnel

 China Dish

 Physical Balance

 Glass Rod
CHEMICALS AND
OTHER
MATERIALS
REQUIRED

 Calcium Hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]

 Kerosene as solvent

 Concentrated Sulphuric Acid

 Cigarettes
 PROCEDURE
 Collect different samples of cigarettes.

 Remove the covers and collect the contents of the cigarettes on separate
pieces of papers. Weigh 1 gram of each sample using a physical balance and
label them. Place them in a dry place.

 Dissolve each sample in Calcium Hydroxide solution taken in 100ml beakers.

Stir them with the help of a glass rod.
 Filter the different solutions after the Nicotine has fully dissolved. Collect them
separately in separating funnels.

 Add two test tubes of Kerosene Oil to each separating funnel. Before pouring,
ensure that the valve is closed.

 After Pouring shake the mixture vigorously in order to mix the two liquids and
leave it for two days without disturbing. Two layers – one heavy layer in the
bottom and the second lighter layer in the top separates out.

 Open the valve of the funnel and let the heavy layer out through the open valve.
The lighter layer remains in the separating funnel.

 Add half a test tube of concentrated Sulphuric Acid to each separating funnel.
Again shake it vigorously in order to mix them and leave it for sometime.

 Two layers are formed – one heavy (dark drown) layer at the bottom and
another lighter (almost transparent) layer on the top.

 Open the valve of the separating funnel and collect the heavier layer in a test
tube.
 Now transfer the contents into a china dish. Repeat the same procedure for
the different samples and label them after the name of the cigarettes from
which they have been obtained.

 Heat the crystals in liquid form and ultimately subject them to cold water and
leave them for a day or two.
 Weigh the crystals hence obtained with the help of a physical balance.

OBSERVATIO
N

Sr.no. Cigarette Quantity of

sample Nicotine
 Sulphate

RESULT
 CONCLUSION

This study concludes that the nicotine content in tobacco

contained in country cigarettes (beedi) is higher compared to the
content in company manufactured branded cigarettes.
 BIBLIOGRAPH
Y
o www.en.wikipedia.com;

o http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/287555-overview

o www.righthealth.com

o www.netdoctor.co.uk

o www.nicorette.com

o “World Health Survey” by the World Health Organisation (WHO)

o “Practical Chemistry for Class XII” by Ratna Sagar Publications

o “Science Reporter” July, 2010 edition