Project Venu

A PROJECT REPORT ON
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING
submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
CIVIL ENGINEERING
by
H. VENUGOPAL ( Roll No: R081065 )
under the guidance of
M. RUPAS KUMAR
RGUKT R.K.Valley Campus

Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies (RGUKT)
R.K.Valley, Kadapa (Dist.),
Andhra Pradesh-516329
2014
Page | i
APPROVAL SHEET
This B.Tech. Project entitled “Analysis and Design of Reinforced G+3 Residential Building’’
prepared by HEGDE VENUGOPAL (R081065) is hereby approved for submission at civil
engineering department, Rajiv Gandhi University of Knowledge Technologies, R.K.Valley.
Guide………………………......................................
(M. RUPAS KUMAR)
External examiner…………………………………..
(DAUNDKAR RAMESH KAILAS)
Head of the Department ……………………………
(J. SARAVANAKUMAR)
Date:
Place: R.K Valley.
Page | ii
DECLARATION
I certify that
a. The work contained in this report has been done by me under the guidance of my Guide.
b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma.
c. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of
the Institute.
d. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures, and text) from other
sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the report and giving
their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright
owners of the sources, whenever necessary.
Date: Signature of the Student

Place: R.K.Valley ( HEGDE VENUGOPAL)
( Email: hegdevenu.1065@gmail.com )
( Mobile No: +91-9491836582 )
Page | iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my project guide M. Rupas Kumar, for spending his
valuable time towards this project by giving suggestions and instructing in right way to complete
this project in time successfully with practical knowledge.
I wish to express my sincere thanks to my Lecturer A. Ram Bhupal Reddy, structural designer
for his presence and participation to clarify my doubts and for making me comfortable in
conflicts.
I also thankful to my friends, who are supported me in fulfilling this project.
To the all authors especially IS code books, which I can’t move further little without them.
Finally very big thanks from the bottom of my heart to everyone who supported me directly and
indirectly.
Page | iv
ABSTRACT
• Structural analysis and design is an art and science of designing with economy and
elegance, serviceable and durable structure.
• The entire process of structural analysis and designing requires not only imagination and
conceptual thinking but also sound knowledge of science of structural engineering
besides knowledge of practical aspects, such as relevant design codes and byelaws
backed up by example experience.
• The process of design commence with planning of structural primarily to meet the
defined as he is not aware of various implications involved in the process of planning and
design. The functional requirements and aspects of aesthetics are locked into normally be
the architect while the aspect of the safety, serviceability, durability and economy of the
structure are attended by structural designer.
• For this purpose a site is selected in which the building has 4 floors including a stilt and
upper three floors, it consists of all the rooms required for a residential house like
bedroom , toilet, wide balcony, living/dining, lift, open kitchen, pooja.
• In this present project work, an attempt is made according to Bye laws and design of
residential buildings as per IS: 456-2000, SP-16 and SP-34 specifications.
Page | v
Table of Contents
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................................................................... ii
DECLARATION ......................................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................................................. v
GENERAL THEORY ................................................................................................................................... 1
Typical Floor Plan of G+3 Residential Building .......................................................................................... 3
Typical Floor Beam Framing ........................................................................................................................ 4
LOAD CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 5
FRAME 1-1 .............................................................................................................................................. 5
FRAME 2-2 .............................................................................................................................................. 8
FRAME3-3 ............................................................................................................................................. 10
FRAME 4-4 ............................................................................................................................................ 13
FRAME 5-5 ............................................................................................................................................ 16
Frame A-A: ............................................................................................................................................. 16
Frame B-B:.............................................................................................................................................. 16
Frame C-C:.............................................................................................................................................. 17
Frame D-D: ............................................................................................................................................. 17
Frame E-E: .............................................................................................................................................. 17
DESIGN OF SLAB..................................................................................................................................... 18
Theory : ................................................................................................................................................... 18
Slab Design & Calculations .................................................................................................................... 20
.................................................................................................................................................................... 30
FRAME ANALYSIS BY USING KANI’S METHOD: .................................................................... 45
Reaction Calculations: ................................................................................................................................ 47
Terrace: ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Typical Floor :......................................................................................................................................... 48
Plinth : ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
DESIGNING OF FOOTING ...................................................................................................................... 49
Theory : ................................................................................................................................................... 49
Footing Design & Calculations ............................................................................................................... 51
Page | vi
1. Footing-1: ........................................................................................................................................ 51
2. Footing-2 : ....................................................................................................................................... 53
3. Footing-3 : ....................................................................................................................................... 56
4. Footing-4 : ....................................................................................................................................... 59
5. Footing-5 : ....................................................................................................................................... 62
6. Footing-6 : ....................................................................................................................................... 64
7. Footing-7 : ....................................................................................................................................... 67
8. Footing-8 : ....................................................................................................................................... 69
9. Footing-9 : ....................................................................................................................................... 72
10. Footing-10 : ................................................................................................................................. 75
DESIGN OF COLUMNS ........................................................................................................................... 77
Theory : ................................................................................................................................................... 77
Columns Design & Calculations............................................................................................................... 79
1. Column-1 : ....................................................................................................................................... 79
2. Column-2 : ....................................................................................................................................... 81
3. Column-3 : ....................................................................................................................................... 83
4. Column-4 : ....................................................................................................................................... 84
5. Column-5 : ....................................................................................................................................... 86
6. Column-6 : ....................................................................................................................................... 87
7. Column-7 : ....................................................................................................................................... 89
DESIGN OF BEAMS ................................................................................................................................. 91
Theory : ................................................................................................................................................... 91
Beam Design & Calculations ................................................................................................................... 92
Frame 1-1: ............................................................................................................................................... 92
STAIR CASE .............................................................................................................................................. 99
Theory : ................................................................................................................................................... 99
Stair case Design& Calculations ............................................................................................................ 100
Kani’s Analysis Figures ............................................................................................................................ 104
Loads on Frames : ................................................................................................................................. 104
Frame 1-1 : ........................................................................................................................................ 104
Frame 2-2 : ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Frame 3-3 : ........................................................................................................................................ 105
Frame 4-4 : ........................................................................................................................................ 106
Frame 5-5 : ........................................................................................................................................ 106
Frame A-A : ...................................................................................................................................... 107
Page | vii
Frame B-B :....................................................................................................................................... 107
Frame C1-C2 :................................................................................................................................... 108
Frame C4-C5 :................................................................................................................................... 108
Frame D2-D4 : .................................................................................................................................. 109
Frame E-E : ....................................................................................................................................... 109
Kani’s Analysis ......................................................................................................................................... 110
Frame 1-1 : ........................................................................................................................................ 110
Frame 2-2 : ........................................................................................................................................ 111
Frame 3-3 : ........................................................................................................................................ 112
Frame 4-4 : ........................................................................................................................................ 113
Frame 5-5 : ........................................................................................................................................ 114
Frame A-A : ...................................................................................................................................... 115
Frame B-B :....................................................................................................................................... 116
Frame E-E : ....................................................................................................................................... 117
Other Frames : Frame C2-D4 : ........................................................................................................ 118
Final Moments ...................................................................................................................................... 121
Frame 1-1 : ........................................................................................................................................ 121
Frame 3-3 : ........................................................................................................................................ 121
Frame 4-4 : ........................................................................................................................................ 122
Frame 5-5 : ........................................................................................................................................ 122
Frame A-A : ...................................................................................................................................... 123
Frame B-B :....................................................................................................................................... 123
Frame C1-C2 :................................................................................................................................... 124
Frame C4-C5 :................................................................................................................................... 124
Frame D2-D4 : .................................................................................................................................. 125
Frame E-E : ....................................................................................................................................... 125
References ................................................................................................................................................. 126
In this project we are following the Analysis and Design of residential buildings as per the IS
456:2000, SP16, SP34, IS 875.
Page | viii
GENERAL THEORY
Minimum Grade of Concrete for different exposure conditions:
Exposure Minimum Grade of Concrete for RCC

Mild M20
Moderate M25
Severe M30
Very Severe M35
Extreme M40
Tensile Strength:
The tensile strength of concrete is very low and hence it is not taken in to account in the design
of reinforced concrete. But it is an important property which affects the extent and width of
cracks in the structure. According to IS 456-2000, the tensile strength of concrete can be
calculated from the compressive strength using the following relation
fcr = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.
Modulus of Elasticity:
Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for computation of

deflections of structural concrete members. In the absence of test data the modulus of elasticity
fck concrete is related to compressive strength by the following relation as per IS 456-2000
Ec = 5000√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²
Where Ec is the short term static modules of elasticity in N/mm2.
Unit weight:
The unit weight of concrete depends up on the type of aggregates and amount of voids. The unit
weight as specified by the IS 875 for plain concrete and reinforced concrete are 24 KN/m 3 and
25 KN/m3 respectively.
Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS 875 part 1)

S.No Material Unit weight KN/m3
1 Plain concrete 24
2 Reinforced concrete 25
3 Brick masonry 20
4 Stone masonry 24
5 Wood 8
6 Steel 78.5
7 Floor finish 0.6-1.2
Page | 1
Live loads on Floors (From IS 875 part 2)
S.No Type of Floors Minimum Live Load KN/m2

1 Floors in dwelling houses, tenements, hospital wards, 2.0
hostels and dormitories
2 Office floors other than entrance halls, floors of light 2.5-4.0 (2.5,when separate storage
work rooms facility is provided ,
other wise 4.0)
3 Floors of banking halls, Office entrance halls and 3.0
reading rooms
4 Shops, educational buildings, assembly buildings, 4.0
restaurants
Office floors for storage, assembly floor space without 5.0
5
fixed seating, public rooms in hotels, dance halls and
waiting halls
6 Ware houses. Workshops and factories
(a)light weight loads 5.0
(b)Medium weight loads 7.5
(c)Heavy weight loads 10.0
7 Stairs, landing , Balconies and corridors for floors 3.0
mentioned in 1, but not liable to over crowding
stairs, landings and corridors for floors mentioned in 5.0
1, but liable to overcrowding and for all other floors
8 Flat slabs, sloped roofs
(a)Access provided 1.5
(b)Access not provided 0.75
Page | 2
Typical Floor Plan of G+3 Residential Building
Page | 3
Typical Floor Beam Framing
Page | 4
LOAD CALCULATIONS
FRAME 1-1
PANEL: A1-B1
TERRACE
PANEL A1-B1: Dimensions: l×= 4.69m, ly=5.12m.
Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2
Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) =3.125KN/m2
Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2
Parapet wall = (0.914)(0.115)(1)(20)
= 2.10 KN/m
Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1) = 1.72 KN/m
Load (w) = 1.5+3.125+1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Triangular load (w') = wl×/3 = (6.425×4.69)/3 = 10.04 KN/m
Total load (W) = 10.04 + 1.72 + 2.10 = 13.84 KN/m
Factored load = Total load ×1.5 = 13.84×1.5 = 20.76 KN/m
FLOOR
Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) = 3.125 KN/m2
Load ( w) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.925 KN/m2
Self weight of wall = 20×0.23×(3-0.425)×1 = 11.84 KN/m
Triangular load (w’) = wl×/3 = (6.925×4.69)/3 = 10.82 KN/m
Total load = 10.82 + 1.72 + 11.84 = 24.38 KN/m
Factored load = Total load×1.5 = 24.38×1.5 = 36.57 KN/m
Page | 5
PANEL: B1- C1
TERRACE
PANEL B1-C1: Dimensions: l× = 3.59, ly=5.12
Parapet wall = (0.914)(0.115)(1)(20) = 2.10 KN/m
Load = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Total load = 7.68 + 1.72 + 2.10= 11.48 KN/m
FLOOR
Partition wall or Interior wall / area= 0.115 × 20 × (4.89+3.245) × 3 =
= 56.13/(3.59×5.12) = 3.05 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 3.05 = 9.975 KN/m2
Self weight of wall = 20×0.23×(3-0.425)×1 = 11.84 KN/m
Total load = 11.94 + 1.72 + 11.84 = 25.50 KN/m
Page | 6
PANEL : C1-E1
TERRACE ( Note: Depth of slab = 150 mm)
PANEL C1-E1: Dimensions: l× = 4.76, ly=5.12
Parapet wall = (0.914)(0.115)(1)(20) = 2.10 KN/m
Beam Self weight = 1.58 KN/m
Load = 1.5 + 3.75 + 1.8 = 7.05 KN/m2
Total load = 11.19 + 1.58 + 2.10 = 14.87 KN/m
FLOOR
Beam Self weight = 1.58 KN/m
Partition wall/are = ((4.76-0.23) ×3×0.115×20)/(4.76×5.12) = 1.28 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.75 + 1.8 + 1.28 = 8.83 KN/m2
Self weight of wall = 20×0.23× (3-0.425) ×1 = 11.84 KN/m
Triangular load(w’) = wl×/3 = (8.83×4.76)/3 = 14.00 KN/m
Total load = 14.00 + 1.58 + 11.84 = 27.42 KN/m
Factored load = Total load ×1.5= 27.42×1.5 = 41.13 KN/m
Page | 7
FRAME 2-2
PANEL : A2-B2
TERRACE
PANEL A2-B2 : Dimensions: l× = 4.68, ly= 4.69
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Trapezoidal load (w’) = wl×/2{1-1/3(l×/ly)2} = (6.425×4.68)/2{1-1/3(4.68/4.69)2}
= 10.04 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from A1-B1 = 10.04 KN/m
Total load = 10.04 + 1.72 + 10.04 = 22.16 KN/m
FLOOR
Live Load = 2.0 KN/m2 AND Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2
Partition wall load /area = {0.115×20× [(4.68-0.23)+1.52] ×3}/(4.69×4.68)
= 41.93/(4.69×4.68) = 1.87 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0+3.125+1.8+1.87 = 8.795 KN/m2
=13.74 KN/m
Total load = 13.74 + 1.72 + 11.84 + 10.82 = 38.12 KN/m
Page | 8
PANEL : B2-C2-D2
TERRACE
PANEL B2-C2-D2: Dimensions: l× = 4.68 ly= 5.38
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Trapezoidal load (w’) = wl×/2{1-1/3(l×/ly)2}= (6.425×4.68)/2{1-1/3(4.68/5.38)2}
= 11.24 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from B1-C1 = 7.68 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from C1-D1 = 11.18
Total load (BC) = 11.24 + 1.72 + 7.68 = 20.64 KN/m
Factored load (BC) = Total load ×1.5 = 20.64×1.5 = 30.96 KN/m
Total load (CD) = 11.24 + 1.72 + 11.18 = 24.14 KN/m
Factored load(CD) = Total load ×1.5 = 24.14×1.5 = 36.21 KN/m
FLOOR
Self weight of wall = 20 × 0.23 × (3-0.425) ×1 = 11.84 KN/m
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.925 KN/m2
= 12.11 KN/m
Total load = 13.74 + 1.72 + 11.84 + 10.82 = 38.12 KN/m
Page | 9
FRAME3-3
PANEL : A3-B3
TERRACE
PANEL A3-B3: Dimensions: l× = 3.63, ly= 4.69
Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) =3.125 KN/m2
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
= 9.33 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from A2-B2 =10.04 KN/m
Total load = 9.33 + 1.72 + 10.04 = 21.09 KN/m
FLOOR
Partition wall load /area = {0.115×20× [(3.63-0.23)] ×3}/(3.63×4.69)
= 23.46/(3.63×4.69) = 1.37 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0+3.125+1.8+1.37 = 8.295 KN/m2
= 12.04 KN/m
Total load = 11.84 + 1.72 + 12.08 + 13.74 = 39.38 KN/m
Page | 10
PANEL : B3-C3
TERRACE
PANEL B3-C3: Dimensions: l× = 3.63, ly= 5.38
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
= 9.89 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from B2-C2 =11.24 KN/m
Total load = 9.89 + 1.72 + 11.24 = 22.85 KN/m
FLOOR
Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) =3.125 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 1.37 = 8.295 KN/m2
= 10.06 KN/m
Total load = 10.66 + 1.72 + 11.84 + 12.11 = 36.33 KN/m
Page | 11
PANEL : D3-E3
TERRACE
PANEL D3-E3: Dimensions: l× = 3.63, ly= 4.69
L ive Load = 1.5 KN/m2
Load (w) = 1.5+3.125+1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Triangular load = 6.36 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from A2-B2 =10.04 KN/m
Total load = 6.36 + 1.72 + 41.26 = 49.34 KN/m
FLOOR
L ive Load = 2.0 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.925 KN/m2
Triangular load (w’) = wl×/3 = 6.855 KN/m
Total load = 6.855 + 1.72 + 41.26 = 49.84 KN/m
Page | 12
FRAME 4-4
PANEL : A4-B4
TERRACE
PANEL A4-B4 : Dimensions: l× = 3.66, ly= 4.89
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
= 9.56 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from B2-C2 =9.33 KN/m
Total load = 9.56 + 1.725 + 9.33 = 20.61 KN/m
Factored load = Total load ×1.5=20.61×1.5 = 30.92 KN/m
FLOOR
Partition wall load /area = {0.115×20× [(3.63-0.23)] ×3}/(3.63×4.69)
= 23.46/(3.63×4.69) = 1.32 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 1.32 = 8.245 KN/m2
Trapezoidal load (w’) = wl×/2{1-1/3(l×/ly)2} =
= (8.245×3.66)/2{1-1/3(3.66/4.689)2} =12.06 KN/m
Total load = 12.06 + 1.725 + 11.84 + 12.04 = 37.665 KN/m
Page | 13
PANEL : B4-C4
TERRACE
PANEL B4-C4 : Dimensions: l× = 2.79, ly= 3.66
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
Triangular (w’) = wl×/3 = 5.98 KN/m
Total load = 5.98 + 1.725 + 9.89 = 17.59 KN/m
FLOOR
Partition wall load /area = {0.115×20× [(3.63-0.23)+(2.79-0.23-0.115)] ×3}/

(3.63×4.69) = 23.46/(3.63×4.69) = 3.96 KN/m2
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 3.96 = 10.89 KN/m2
Trapezoidal load (w’) = wl×/3 = 10.127 KN/m
Total load = 10.127 + 11.84 + 1.725 + 10.66 = 34.35 KN/m
Page | 14
PANEL : C4-D4-E4
TERRACE
PANEL C4-D4-E4: Dimensions: l× = 3.66, ly= 5.37
Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2 & Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m
Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1)= 1.72 KN/m
Load (w) = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2
= 9.94 KN/m
Adjacent slab load = 9.89 KN/m
Total load for C4-D4 = 9.94 + 9.89 + 1.725 = 21.55 KN/m
Factored load on C4-D4 = Total load ×1.5 = 21.55×1.5 = 32.33 KN/m
Total load for D4-E4 = 9.94 + 6.36 + 1.725 = 18.025
Factored load on D4-E4 = 18.025×1.5 = 27.03 KN/m
FLOOR
Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 1.2 = 8.13 KN/m2
Trapezoidal load (w’) = wl×/2{1-1/3(l×/ly)2}
= (8.13×3.66)/2{1-1/3(3.66/5.37)2} = 12.57 KN/m
Adjacent slab load from C3-D3 = 10.66 KN/m
Total load on C4-D4 = 12.57 + 1.725 + 11.84 + 10.66 = 36.795 KN/m
Total load on D4-E4 = 12.57 + 1.725 + 11.84 + 6.855 = 32.99 KN/m
Page | 15
FRAME 5-5
Span L×(m) Ly(m) Factored Load on Terrace Factored Load on

(KN/m) Typical Floor (KN/m)
A5-B5 3.66 4.89 20.08 38.44
B5-C5 2.79 3.66 14.66 35.54
C5-E5 3.66 5.37 20.65 39.20
Frame A-A:

A1-A2 4.69 5.12 22.00 37.89
A2-A3 4.68 4.69 20.76 40.92
A3-A4 3.63 4.69 17.39 40.92
A4-A5 3.66 4.89 17.48 35.41
Frame B-B:

B1-B2 3.59 5.12 33.38 60.33
B2-B3 4.68 5.38 32.65 57.12
B3-B4 3.63 4.69 25.85 47.94
B4-B5 2.79 3.66 25.16 53.78
Page | 16
Frame C-C:

C1-C2 4.76 5.12 33.37 65.24
C4-C5 3.66 5.37 25.17 53.58
Frame D-D:

D2-D3 2.97 4.68 17.61 36.54
D3-D4 2.97 3.63 25.31 44.88
Frame E-E:

E1-E2 4.76 5.12 22.04 42.78
E2-E3 2.97 4.68 5.73 23.34
E3-E4 2.97 3.63 16.85 32.33
E4-E5 3.66 5.37 32.48 35.22
Page | 17
DESIGN OF SLAB
Theory :
Slabs are plane structural members whose thickness is small as compared to its length and
breadth. Slabs are most frequently used as roof coverings and floors in various shapes such as
square, rectangular, circular, triangular etc., in building. Slabs supports mainly transverse loads
and transfers them to the supports by bending action in one or more directions. Beams or walls
are the common supports for the slabs.
Types of Slabs:
Depending up on the ratio of longer span to short span (ly/l×) the slabs are classified in to:
a. One way slab

b. Two way slab
One way slab:
Slabs which are supported on all four edges and the ratio of longer span to the shorter span
(ly/l×) is greater than 2 are called as one way slabs. One way slabs bends in one direction .i.e.
along the shorter span and hence span and hence it needs main reinforcement in one direction
only (along the shorter span) to resist one way bending. However minimum reinforcement
known as distribution steel is provided along the longer span above the main reinforcement to
distribute the load uniformly and to resist temperature and shrinkage stresses.
Two way slab :
When the slabs are supported on all the four edges and the ratio of longer span to the shorter
span (ly/l×) is less than or equal to 2, the slabs are likely to bend along the two spans and such
slabs are called as two way slabs. The load is transferred in both the direction to the four
supporting edges and hence main reinforcement has to be designed in both directions to resist
two way bending.
Page | 18
General Design Requirements for slabs as per IS 456:2000
1. EFFECTIVE SPAN: The effective span of a simply supported slab shall be taken as clear
pan plus effective depth of the slab or center to center distance between the supports whichever
is less.
The effective span of a cantilever slab shall be taken as its length to the face of the support plus
half the effective depth except where it forms the end of a continuous slab where the length to
the center of support shall be taken.
2. Limiting Stiffness: The stiffness of slabs is governed by the span to depth ratio. As per
Clause 23.2 of IS 456 for spans not exceeding 10m, the span to depth ration (Basic values)
should not exceed the limits given below:
Cantilever – 7
Simply supported – 20
Continuous – 26
Depending upon the type of steel and percentage of steel, the above values have to be modified
as per Fig .4 of IS-456.
For two way slabs, the shorter span is used for calculating the span to effective depth ration.
3. Minimum Reinforcement: The reinforcement in either direction of span shall not be less than
0.15% of gross cross sectional area if mild steel is use. However, this value is reduced to 0.12%
where high strength deformed bars or welded wire fabrics are used. (Clause 26.5.2.2 of IS -456).
4. Maximum Reinforcement: the diameter of the bars shall not exceed one eighth of the total
thickness of slab (Clause 26.5.2.2 of IS-456).
5. Spacing of Main Reinforcement: The spacing of main reinforcement in slabs shall not be
more than three times the effective depth of solid slab or 300 mm whichever is less (clause
26.3.3 of IS-456).
Page | 19
Slab Design & Calculations
Slab : A1B1A2B2 :
Continuous Two ways Slab (Typical Floor)

Thickness of slab = 125mm
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Self weight of slab = 25×0.125 = 3.125 KN/m2
Total load =2+1.8+3.125 = 6.925×1.5 = 10.38 KN/m
Dimension of the slab: l× = 4.69, ly = 5.12m
Ratio of longer span to shorter span (ly/l×) =5.12/4.69 = 1.09
One short edge discontinuous :
Bending Moment Coefficients (Clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)
Type of panel and Moments Short Span Coefficients: Long Span Coefficients:
Considered (α× ) (αy )
Interior panels: 0.040 0.035
Positive Moment at mid span
Negative Moment at continuous 0.052 0.047
edge
Moments along short span (M×) and long span (My) are given by
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wl× 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.040×10.38×4.692 = 9.13×106 Nmm
My = αy Wl× 2 = 0.035×10.38×4.692 = 7.99 ×106 Nmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.052×10.39×4.692 = 11.88×106 Nmm
My = αy Wl× 2 = 0.047×10.39×4.692 = 10.74×106 Nmm
Page | 20
Positive M× : Positive My :
M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)} M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
9.13×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 7.99×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 9.13×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.99×106 = 0
Ast required = 264.48 mm2 Ast required = 230.08mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000 Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000
= (50.24/264.48) ×1000 = 189.95mm = (50.24/230.08) ×1000 = 218.36mm
Let us provide spacing 125mm Let us provide spacing 200mm
Ast provided = (50.24/125) ×1000 = Ast provided = (50.24/200) ×1000 =
401.92mm2 251.20mm2
Negative M× : Negative My :
11.88×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 10.74×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 11.88×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 10.74×106 = 0
Ast required = 349.28 mm2 Ast required = 313.80 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000 Spacing = (ast/Ast) ×1000
= (50.24/349.28) ×1000 = 143.84 mm = (50.24/313.80) ×1000 = 161.10 mm
Let us provide spacing 100 mm Let us provide spacing 125mm
Ast provided = (50.24/100) ×1000 = Ast provided = (50.24/125) ×1000 =
502.40mm2 401.92mm2
Deflection check :
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415× (264.48/401.92) = 158.39
%Steel = 100×(Ast provided/bd) = (100×401.92)/(100×1000) = 0.4%
Page | 21
Basic values of span to effective depth ratios for spans up to 10 m;
Continuous = 26
From Fig 4 IS456-2000
From the graph Modification factor = 2 ( Note : Based on values of fs and %Steel)
Effective length to depth ratio = 2×26 = 52
Theoretical value of length to depth ratio = l× /d = 4.69×103/100 = 46.90
Hence safe.
Page | 2
Slab : A1B1A2B2 :
Continuous Two ways Slab (Terrace)

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load =1.5+1.8+3.125 = 6.925×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
Dimension of the slab l× = 4.69, ly = 5.12m
Ratio of longer span to shorter span (ly/l×) = 5.12/4.69 = 1.09

edge
Moments along short span (M×) and long span (My) are given by
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wl× 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.040×9.64×4.692 = 8.48×106 Nmm
My = αy Wl× 2 = 0.035×9.64×4.692 = 7.42×106 Nmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.052×9.64×4.692 = 11.03×106 Nmm
My = αy Wl× 2 = 0.047×9.64×4.692 = 9.97×106 Nmm
Page | 3
8.48×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast {100- 7.42×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.48×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.42×106 = 0
Ast required = 244.81mm2 Ast required = 213.04 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000
= (50.24/244.81)×1000 = 205.22 mm = (50.24/213.04)×1000 = 235.82 mm
Let us provide spacing 125 mm Let us provide spacing 200 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/125)×1000 = Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 =
401.92mm2 251.20mm2
11.03×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 9.97×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 11.03×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 9.97×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/322.78)×1000 = 155.65 mm = (50.24/290.10)×1000 = 173.18 mm
334.93mm2 401.92mm2
Deflection Check :
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(244.81/401.92) =146.61
%Steel = 100× (Ast provided/bd) = (100×401.92)/(100×1000) = 0.4%
Page | 4
Continuous = 26
From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note : Based on values of fs and %Steel)
Hence safe.
Slab : B1B2C1C2 :

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall =2.94 KN/m
Total load = 2+1.8+3.125+2.94=9.87×1.5 = 14.80 KN/m
Dimension of the slab l× = 3.59m, ly = 5.12m
edge
Page | 2
Moments along short span M× and long span (My) are given by
Mx = αy Wl× 2 ; My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.042×14.80×3.592 = 8.01×106 Nmm
My = αy Wly 2 = 0.028×14.80×3.592 = 5.34 ×106 Nmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.056×14.80×3.592 = 10.68×106 Nmm
My = αy Wly 2 = 0.037×14.80×3.592 = 7.06×106 Nmm
M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)} My = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
8.01×106 = 0.87 × 415 × Ast {100- 5.34×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.01×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-36105Ast+5.34×106=0
Ast required =230.68 mm2 Ast required = 151.72mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/230.68)×1000mm = 192.73 mm = (50.24/151.72)×1000 = 331.14 mm
334.93mm2 200.96mm2
10.68×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 7.06×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 10.68×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.06×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/311.95)×1000 = 161.05 mm = (50.24/202.33)×1000 = 248.31 mm
502.40mm2 251.20mm2
Page | 3
Deflection check :
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(230.68/334.93) = 165.78
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Slab : B1B2C1C2 :
Continuous Two way Slab(Terrace)

Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load =1.5+1.8+3.125 = 6.43×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
Page | 4
edge
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.042×9.64×3.592 = 5.22×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028×9.64×3.592 = 3.48 ×106 Nmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.056×9.64×3.592 = 6.96×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037×9.64×3.592 = 4.60×106 Nmm
5.22×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.48×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.22×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.48×106 = 0
Ast required = 148.22mm2 Ast required = 97.98mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/)×1000mm = 338.96 mm = (50.24/97.98)×1000 = 512.76 mm
251.20mm2 200.96mm2
Page | 5
6.96×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 4.60×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.96×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.60×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/199.37)×1000 = 251.99 mm = (50.24/130.22)×1000 = 385.81 mm
251.20mm2 200.96mm2
Deflection check :
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(148.22/251.20) = 142.02
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 6
Slab : C1E1C2E2 :
Continuous Two way Slab (typical floor)

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall = 31.195/(4.76*5.12) = 1.28 KN/m2
Total load = 2+1.8+3.75+1.28 = 8.83×1.5 = 13.24 KN/m
Interior panel :
Negative Moment at continuous edge 0.063 0.057
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.047×13.24×4.762 =14.09×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.043×13.24×4.762 = 12.9×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.063×13.24×4.762 =18.89×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.057×13.24×4.762 =17.09×106 KNmm
Page | 7
M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)} 12.90×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125-
14.09×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125- (415Ast/25×1000)}
(415Ast/25×1000)} 5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 12.90×106 = 0
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 14.09×106 = 0 Ast required =297.59 mm2
Ast required = 326.33 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 =(50.24/297.59)×1000 = 168.82 mm
=(50.24/326.33)×1000 = 153.95 mm Let us provide spacing 150 mm
Let us provide spacing 150 mm Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 334.93mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 334.93mm2
18.89×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125- 17.09×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 18.89×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 17.09×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
= (50.24/444.82)×1000 = 112.94 mm = (50.24/399.89)×1000 = 125.63 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/100)×1000 = 502.4mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/125)×1000 = 401.92mm2
Deflection Check :
Reinforcement in X-direction for positive bending Moment
M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
8.78×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125 - (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 14.09×106 = 0
Ast required = 326.33 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/326.33)×1000 = 153.96 mm
Page | 8
Let us provide spacing 150 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 334.93mm2
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided)
= 0.58×415×(326.33/334.93) = 234.52
% steel = (100×334.93)/(125×1000) = 0.27%
Continuous = 26
From the graph Modification factor = 1.6 (Note : Based on values of fs and %Steel)
Effective length to depth ratio = 1.6×26 = 41.6
Hence safe.
Slab : C1E1C2E2 :
Continuous Two ways Slab (Terrace)

Live load = 1.5 KN/m2 & Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 1.5+1.8+3.75= 7.05×1.5 = 10.58 KN/m
Interior panel :
Type of panel and Moments Considered Short Span Coefficients: Long Span Coefficients:
(α× ) (αy )
Page | 9
Mx = αy Wl× 2 & My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.047×10.58×4.762 = 11.27×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.043×10.58×4.762 = 10.31×106 KNmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.063×10.58×4.762 = 15.10×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.057×10.58×4.762 = 13.66×106 KNmm
M× = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)} 10.31×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125-
11.27×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125- (415Ast/25×1000)}
(415Ast/25×1000)} 5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 10.31×106 = 0
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 11.27×106 = 0 Ast required = 235.83 mm2
Ast required = 258.59 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 =(50.24/235.83)×1000 = 213.03 mm
=(50.24/258.59)×1000 = 194.28 mm Let us provide spacing 200 mm
Let us provide spacing 150 mm Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 =
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 251.20mm2
334.93mm2
15.10×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125- 13.66×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 15.10×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-45131.25Ast+13.66×106=0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/350.92)×1000 = 143.16 mm =(50.24/315.92)×1000 = 159.03 mm
401.92mm2 334.93mm2
Page | 10
Deflection Check :
11.27×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {125-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 45131.25Ast + 11.27×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 334.93mm2
= 0.58×415×(258.59/334.93) = 185.83
% steel = (100×334.93)/(125×1000) = 0.27%
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Slab : A2B2A3B3 :

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Page | 11
Internal wall load = 1.66 KN/m²
Total load = 3.125+1.8+3+1.66= 9.59×1.5 = 14.38 KN/m²
(α× ) (αy )
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.028× 14.38 ×4.682 =8.82×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028× 14.38 ×4.682 = 8.82×106 KNmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.037× 14.38 × 4.682 =11.65×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037× 14.38 × 4.682 =11.65×106 KNmm
Negative M× & My:
11.65×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2-36105Ast+11.65×106 =0
ast =πd2/4=50.24
Page | 12
Ast provided = (50.24/125)×1000 = 401.92mm2
Positive M× & MY :
Deflection Check :
8.82×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.82×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/175)×1000 = 287.08 m2

= 0.58×415×(255.08/287.08) = 213.87
%Steel = 100× (Ast provided/bd) = (100×287.08)/(100×1000) = 0.287 %
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 13
Terrace
Live load = 1.5KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load =1.5+1.8+3.125= 6.925×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
(α× ) (αy )
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.028× 9.64 ×4.682 = 5.91×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028× 9.64 ×4.682 = 5.91×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.037× 9.64 × 4.682 = 7.81×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037× 9.64 × 4.682 = 7.81×106 KNmm
Page | 14
Negative M× & My:
7.81×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.81×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/224.69)×1000 = 223 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2mm2
Positive M× & MY :
Deflection Check
5.91×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.91×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96 m2

= 0.58×415×(168.39 /200.96) = 201.68
Page | 15
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Slab : B2D2B3D3 :
Continuous Two ways Slab

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2= 6.925×1.5 = 10.38 KN/m
Interior panel :
edge
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Page | 16
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.032×10.38×4.682 = 7.28×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.024×10.38×4.682 = 5.45×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.043×10.38×4.682 = 9.7×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.032×10.38×4.682 = 7.2×106 KNmm
Positive My :
5.456×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2-36105Ast+5.456×106=0
Ast required = 128 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000
=(50.24/128)×1000 = 392 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/360)×1000 = 139.55mm2
9.7×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 7.2×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2-36105Ast+9.7×106=0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.2×106 = 0
Ast required = 281.8 mm2 Ast required = 206 mm2
ast =πd2/4=50.24 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/281.8)×1000 = 178 mm =(50.24/206)×1000 = 243 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/160)×1000 = 314mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/225)×1000 = 223mm2
Page | 17
Deflection Check :
7.28×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.28×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/208.8)×1000 = 240.6 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/225)×1000 = 223.28mm2
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(208.8/223.28) = 225
%Steel = (100×223.28)/(100×1000) = 0.223 %
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 18
Slab : A3B3A4B4 :
Continuous Two way Slab

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall = 0.115×3.40×3×20 = 23.46 KN/m3
Interior wall per unit area = 23.46/(4.69×3.63) = 1.37 KN/m
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2+1.37 = 8.295×1.5 = 12.44 KN/m
edge
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.039×12.44×3.632 = 6.39×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028×12.44×3.632 = 4.59×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.051×12.44×3.632 = 8.35×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037×12.44×3.632 = 6.06×106 KNmm
Page | 19
Positive My :
5.99×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.59×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/129.92)×1000 = 386.69 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/300)×1000 = 167.47mm2
8.35×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 6.06×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.35×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.06×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/240.9)×1000 = 208.55 mm =(50.24/172.8)×1000 = 290 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/180)×1000 = 279.11mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/270)×1000 = 186mm2
Deflection Check :
6.39×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.39×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Page | 20
Ast provided = (50.24/260)×1000 = 193.23mm2
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(182.5/193.23) = 227.33

B
a %Steel = 100× (Ast provided/bd)=(100×193.23)/(100×1000)=0.2T%
s
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Slab : B3D3B4D4 :
Continuous Two way Slab (Typical Floor)

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2= 6.925×1.5 = 12.3825 KN/m
Interior panel :
Page | 21
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.041×10.38×3.632 = 5.60×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.024×10.38×3.632 = 3.28×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.053×10.38×3.632 =7.25×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.023×10.38×3.632 =3.15×106 KNmm
5.60×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.28×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.60×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.28×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/159.31)×1000 = 315.36 mm =(50.24/92.26)×1000 = 454 mm
251.20mm2 251.20mm2
7.25×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.15×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.25×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.15×106 = 0
Ast required =207.98 mm2 Ast required = 88.55 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/207.98)×1000 = 304.187mm =(50.24/88.55)×1000 = 567.36 mm
200.96mm2 200.96mm2
Page | 22
Deflection Check :
5.60×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.60×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2 mm2
% steel = (100×251.2)/(100×1000) = 0.25%
Continuous = 26
Effective length to depth ratio = 1.98×26 =51.48
Hence safe.
Slab : B3D3B4D4 :
Continuous Two way Slab (Terrace)

Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Page | 23
Total load = 3.125+1.8+1.5= 6.43×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
Interior panel :
(α× ) (αy )
Positive Moment: Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.041×9.64×3.632 = 5.21×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.024×9.64×3.632 = 3.05×106 KNmm
Negative Moment: Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.053×9.64×3.632 = 6.73×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.023×9.64×3.632 = 2.92×106 KNmm
5.21×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.05×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.21×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-36105Ast+3.05×106=0
Ast required =147.93 mm2 Ast required =85.69 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/147.93)×1000 = 339.62 mm =(50.24/85.69)×1000 = 586.30 mm
200.96mm2 200.96mm2
6.73×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 2.92×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
Page | 24
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.73×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-36105Ast+2.92×106=0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/192.55)×1000 = 260.92 mm =(50.24/81.99)×1000 = 612.76mm
200.96mm2 200.96mm2
Deflection Check :
5.21×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.21×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2 mm2
%steel = (100×251.2)/(100×1000) = 0.25
Continuous = 26
Effective length to depth ratio = 1.98×26 =51.48
Hence safe.
Page | 25
Slab : C4E4C5E5 :
Terrace
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load =1.5+1.8+3.125= 6.925×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
Dimension of the slab l× = 3.66, ly = 5.37m
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.055×9.64×3.662 = 7.10×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.035×9.64×3.662 = 4.52×106 Nmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.074×9.64×3.662 = 9.56×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.047×9.64×3.662 = 6.07×106 Nmm
Page | 26
Positive M×: Positive My :
7.10×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 4.52×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.10×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.52×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/203.52)×1000 = 246.85 mm =(50.24/127.9)×1000 = 395.8 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2 mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =200.96mm2
Negative M× : Negative My:
9.56×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 6.07×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 9.56×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.07×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/277.56)×1000 =181 mm =(50.24/173.09)×1000 = 291.9mm
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = 335 mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =
200.96mm2
Deflection Check :
fs = 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(203.52 /251.2 ) = 195.01
Continuous = 26
Page | 27
Hence safe.
Floor
Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall per unit area = 1.39 KN/m
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2+1.39= 8.295×1.5 = 12.47 KN/m
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.055×12.47×3.662 = 9.19×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.035×12.47×3.662 = 5.85×106 KNmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.074×12.47×3.662 = 12.36×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.047×12.47×3.662 = 7.85×106 KNmm
Page | 28
Positive My :
MY = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
5.85×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.85×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/166.63)×1000 = 301.5 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =
200.96mm2
Negative M×: Negative My:
12.36×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 7.85×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 12.36×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.85×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/364.36)×1000 = 137.89 mm =(50.24/225.89)×1000 = 222.4 mm
Deflection Check :
9.19×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2-36105Ast+9.19×106 =0
ast =πd2/4=50.24
Page | 29
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 = (50.24/265.39)×1000 = 189.3mm
Ast provided = (50.24/175)×1000 = 290 m2
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(265.39/290) = 220.27
Continuous = 26
From the graph Modification factor = 2 (Note : Based on values of fs and

%Steel)
Hence safe.
Slab : A4B4A5B5 :
Continuous Two ways Slab

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall = 0.115*3.31*3*20 = 22.839/(4.69*3.66) = 1.33 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2+1.33= 8.255×1.5 = 12.3825 KN/m
Page | 30
Interior panel :
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.053×12.38×3.662 = 8.78×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.035×12.38×3.662 = 5.8×106 KNmm
Negative moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.071×12.38×3.662 = 11.58×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.047×12.38×3.662 = 7.79×106 KNmm
Positive M× : Positive M× :
8.78×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 5.8×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.78×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.8×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/253.87)×1000 = 197.89 mm =(50.24/165.16)×1000 = 304.187 mm
287.085mm2 200.96mm2
Page | 31
11.58×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 7.79×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 11.58×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 7.79×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/339.89)×1000 = 147.81 mm =(50.24/224.09)×1000 = 224.20 mm
401.92mm2 251.20mm2
Deflection Check :
8.78×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.78×106 = 0
Ast required = 253.87 mm2 & ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/175)×1000 = 287.085 mm2
% steel = (100×287.085)/(100×1000) = 0.3%
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 32
Slab : A4B4A5B5 :

Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+1.5= 6.425×1.5 = 9.6375 KN/m
Interior panel :
Positive Moment: Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.053×9.64×3.662 = 6.88×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.035×9.64×3.662 = 4.52×106 KNmm
Negative moment: Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.071×9.64×3.662 = 9.17×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.047×9.64×3.662 = 6.07×106 KNmm
6.88×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 4.52×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.88×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.52×106 = 0
Ast required = 196.99 mm2 Ast required = 128 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Page | 33
=(50.24/196.99)×1000 = 255.19 mm =(50.24/128)×1000 = 392 mm
200.96mm2 200.96mm2
9.17×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 6.07×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 9.17×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-36105Ast+6.07×106=0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/265.69)×1000 = 189 mm =(50.24/173.09)×1000 = 290.25 mm
334.93mm2 200.96mm2
Deflection Check :
6.88×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.88×106 = 0
Ast required = 196 mm2
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000=(50.24/196)×1000=256..2mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 253.28 mm2
Page | 34
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(196/251.2) = 190
%of steel = (100×251.28)/(100×1000) = 0.26%
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Slab : B4C4B5C5 :

Live load = 2 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Interior wall = 4 KN/m
Total load = 3.125+1.8+2+4= 10.92×1.5 = 16.38 KN/m
Interior panel : Bending Moment coefficients(Clauses D-1.1 and 24.41)
(α× ) (αy )
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Page | 35
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.039×16.38×3.662 = 8.56×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028×16.38×3.662 = 6.14×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.051×16.38×3.662 = 11.19×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037×16.38×3.662 = 8.12×106 KNmm
8.56×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 6.14×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.56×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.14×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/247.23)×1000 = 203.21 mm =(50.24/175.15)×1000 = 286.84 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/175)×1000 =287.09 Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =200.96
mm2 mm2
11.19×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 8.12×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 11.19×106 = 0 5.99Ast2-36105Ast+8.12×106=0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 Spacing = (ast/Ast )×1000
=(50.24/327.75)×1000 = 153.13 mm =(50.24/233.98)×1000 = 214.72 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/150)×1000 = Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 =251.20mm2
334.93mm2
Page | 36
Deflection Check :
8.56×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 8.56×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/175)×1000 = 287.09 mm2
%of steel = (100×287.09)/(100×1000) = 0.3%
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 37
Slab : B4C4B5C5 :

Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+1.5= 6.425×1.5 = 9.6375 KN/m
Interior panel :
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.039×9.64×3.662 = 5.03×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028×9.64×3.662 = 3.62×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.051×9.64×3.662 = 6.59×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037×9.64×3.662 = 4.78×106 KNmm
Page | 38
Positive My :
3.62×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.62×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/101.99)×1000 = 492 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96mm2
6.59×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 4.78×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 6.59×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.78×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Spacing = (ast/Ast)×1000 Spacing = (ast/Ast )×1000
=(50.24/188.41)×1000 = 266.65 mm =(50.24/135.43)×1000 = 370.97 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2mm2 Ast provided = (50.24/225)×1000 = 223mm2
Deflection Check :
6.88×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.03×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Page | 39
Ast provided = (50.24/200)×1000 = 251.2 mm2
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(142.69/251.2) = 180
%of steel =(100×251.28)/(100×1000) = 0.25%
Continuous = 26
Effective length to depth ratio = 2.0×26 = 52
Hence safe.
Slab: D3E3D4E4 :
Floor
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load = 3.125+1.8+3= 7.925×1.5 = 11.89 KN/m
Page | 40
(α× ) (αy )
Mx = αy Wl× 2
My = αy Wlx 2
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.041× 11.89 ×2.972 = 4.30×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028× 11.89 ×2.972 = 2.94×106 KNmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.054× 11.89 × 2.972 = 5.66×106 KNmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037× 11.89 × 2.972 = 3.88×106 KNmm
Positive MY :
MY = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
2.94×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 2.94×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/82.55)×1000 = 608.6 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96mm2
Negative M×: Negative My:
5.66×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.88×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 5.66×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.88×106 = 0
Page | 41
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/161.06)×1000 = 311.9 mm =(50.24/105.45)×1000 = 476.43 mm
Deflection Check :
4.30×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.30×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96 mm2
fs= 0.58×fy× (Ast required/ Ast provided) = 0.58×415×(121.54/290) = 147.83
%Steel = 100× (Ast provided/bd) = (100×290)/(100×1000) = 0.29 %
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
Page | 42
Terrace
Floor finish = 24×0.075×1×1 = 1.8 KN/m2
Total load =1.5+1.8+3.125= 6.925×1.5 = 9.64 KN/m
Dimension of the slab l× = 2.97, ly = 3.66
(α× ) (αy )
Positive Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.041×9.64×2.972 = 3.49×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.028×9.64×2.972 = 2.38 ×106 Nmm
Negative Moment:
Mx = α× Wl× 2 = 0.054×9.64×2.972 = 4.59×106 Nmm
My = αy Wlx 2 = 0.037×9.64×2.972 = 3.15×106 Nmm
Positive My :
My = 0.87 ×Astfy{d-(fyAst/fckb)}
2.38 ×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 2.38 ×106 = 0
Page | 43
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
=(50.24/66.65)×1000 = 754.8 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =200.96mm2
Negative M× : Negative My:
4.59×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100- 3.15×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-
(415Ast/25×1000)} (415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 4.59×106 = 0 5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.15×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2 ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm
=(50.24/ 129.92)×1000 = 386.69 mm =(50.24/88.55)×1000 = 567.36 mm
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96 Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 =
mm2 200.96mm2
Deflection Check :
3.49×106 = 0.87×415×Ast {100-(415Ast/25×1000)}
5.99Ast2 - 36105Ast + 3.49×106 = 0
ast = πd2/4 = 50.24 mm2
Ast provided = (50.24/250)×1000 = 200.96 mm2
Page | 44
Continuous = 26
Hence safe.
FRAME ANALYSIS BY USING KANI’S METHOD:
Gasper Kani, a German engineer, developed another distribution procedure based on slope
deflection equations. This method is very useful for the analysis of multistory frames. The
greatest advantage of this method is even if a mistake is committed in distribution in one of the
cycles; it converges finally to the correct answer. Even today many practicing engineers, who are
not familiar with computer methods, use Kani’s method for the analysis of 3 to 4 storey building
frames.
Frame 4-4
Moment of Inertia Column :
For column 1,5: I= 230×4503 /12= 17.46×105 mm4
For column 3,4: I= 450×5253 /12= 4.56×105 mm4
For column 2: I= 230×5253 /12= 27.73×105 mm4
Moment of Inertia Beam: I = 11.55×105 mm4
Page | 45
Displacement Factors :
Storey Vertical member Relative Stiffness Total stiffness Displacement Factor
ZV 11.64 47.85 0.24×(-3/2)= -0.36
Z1V 18.64 47.85 0.39×(-3/2)= -0.59
Z2W 3.04 47.85 0.06×(-3/2)= -0.09
Z3X 3.04 47.85 0.06×(-3/2)= -0.09
Z3Y 11.64 47.85 0.24×(-3/2)= -0.36
Stilt Vertical member Relative Stiffness Total stiffness Displacement Factor

UP 5.82 23.92 0.24×(-3/2)= -0.36
VQ 9.24 23.92 0.39×(-3/2)= -0.59
WR 1.52 23.92 0.06×(-3/2)= -0.09
XS 1.52 23.92 0.06×(-3/2)= -0.09
YT 5.82 23.92 0.24×(-3/2)= -0.36
Displacement Factor = (Relative stiffness/Total Stiffness) × (-3/2).
Relative Stiffness:
ZV = 17.46/1.5 = 11.64 UP = 17.46/3 = 5.82
Z1V = 27.73/1.5 = 18.49 VP = 27.73/3 = 924
Z2W = 4.56/1.5 = 3.04 WR = 4.56/3 = 1.52
Z3X = 4.56/1.5 = 3.04 XS = 4.56/3 = 1.52
Z4Y = 17.46/1.5 = 11.64 YT = 17.46/3 = 5.82
Rotation Factors :
JOINT MEMBER RELATIVE TOTAL ROTATION FACTOR
STIFFNESS(k) RELATIVE 𝒌
(−𝟏/𝟐)
STIFFNESS(∑k) ∑𝐤
A AB 2.36 8.18 -0.14

AF 5.82 -0.35
BA 2.36 -0.07
B BC 4.14 15.74 -0.13
BG 9.24 -0.29
CB 4.14 -0.17
C CD 4.81 10.47 -0.13
CH 1.52 -0.20
DC 4.81 -0.24
D DE 3.89 10.22 -0.19
DI 1.52 -0.07
E ED 3.89 9.71 -0.20
EJ 5.82 -0.30
FA 5.82 -0.21
F FG 2.36 14.00 -0.08
FK 5.82 -0.21
Page | 46
GF 2.36 -0.05
G GB 9.24 24.98 -0.18
GH 4.14 -0.08
GL 9.24 -0.18
Reaction Calculations:
Terrace:
A B C D E
Section A-A:
∑MB = 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
(4.89 × 20.08 × 4.89)/2 - RA × 4.89 - 39.36 + 33.45 = 0
240.08 - 4.89RA - 39.36 + 33.45 = 0  RA= 47.89 KN
∑MC= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
(14.7×2.79×2.79)/2-6.84+17.52-39.36+20.08 × 4.89 (4.89/2 + 2.79) - 47.89+33.45 - RB×2.79 = 0
 RB= 74.91 KN
∑MD= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
-13.43 + (20.65 × 2.40 × 2.40)/2 + 6.59 - 6.84 + 14.7 × 2.79 (2.79/2 + 2.40) -74.91 × 5.19 +
20.08 × 4.89 (4.89/2 + 2.79 + 2.4) + 33.45 - 47.89 × 10.08 - 39.36 + 17.52-2.4 × RC = 0
 RC= 37.99 KN
∑ME= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
-12.38 + 6.59 - 13.43 + 6.59 - 6.84 + 17.52 - 39.36 + 33.45 - 37.99 × 5.37 - 74.91 × 8.16 -47.89
× 13.05 + (20.65 × 2.97 × 2.97)/2 + 20.65 × 2.4 × 4.17 + 14.7 × 2.79 × 6.77 + 20.08 × 4.89 ×
10.61 - RD×2.97 = 0
 RD= 56.94 KN
∑MD= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
15.14 - (20.65 × 2.97 × 2.97)/2 - 12.38 + RE × 2.97 = 0  RE= 56.94 KN
Page | 47
Typical Floor :
F G H I J
∑MG= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
-76.36 + 68.56 + (38.76 × 4.89 × 4.89)/2 - 4.89 × RF = 0  RF= 56.94 KN
∑MH= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
-17.87 + 33.86 - 76.36 + 68.56 - 93.17 × 7.68 + (35.55 × 2.79 × 2.79)/2 + 38.76 × 4.89 (4.89/2 +
2.79) - 2.79 × RG = 0
 RG= 151.69KN
∑MI = 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
-22.94 + 16.52 - 17.87 + 33.86 + 76.36 + 68.56 - 151.69 × 5.19 - 93.17 × 10.08 + (39.21 × 2.4 ×
2.4)/2 + 35.55 × 2.79 (2.79/2 + 2.4) + 38.76 × 4.89 (4.89/2 + 5.19) - 2.4 × RH = 0
 RH= 151.88KN
∑MI = 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
28.45 - 24.61 - (39.21 × 2.97 × 2.97)/2 = 0  RJ= 151.88KN
∑MH= 0 (Take Anti clock wise is positive)
16.52 - 22.94 + 28.45 - 24.61 + 56.93 × 5.37 - 39.21 × 2.97 (2.97/2 + 2.4) - (39.21 × 2.4 × 2.40)
+ 2.4 × RI = 0  RI= 151.88KN
Plinth :
U V W × Y
RU =4.38KN RV=6.18KN RW=4.43KN R×=4.55KN RY=2.96KN
Page | 48
DESIGNING OF FOOTING
Theory :
Foundation is an important part of the structure which transfers the load of the super structure to
the foundation soil. The foundation distributes the load over a larger area so that the pressure on
the soil does not exceed its allowable bearing capacity and restricts the settlement of the structure
with in the permissible limits. Foundation increases the stability of the structure.
Foundations may be shallow or deep foundation depending up on the load and type of foundation
soil. if the load to be supported is very high and soil is of low bearing capacity deep foundation
like pile foundation well foundation etc are provided if the soil with adequate bearing capacity is
available at reasonable depth, shallow foundations are provided.
Footing Reactions
Grid / Load from Load from Load from Weight of the column Total column
Column Terrace(A)KN Typical Plinth(C) (D)KN reaction
Floor(B) KN KN (A+B+C+D)KN
A1 89 3×169 10 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 644
B1 143 3×300 12 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 1093
C1 175 3×358 12 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 1299
E1 132 3×182 10 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 726
A3 153 3×276 12 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 1031
B3 290 3×511 16 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1883
D3 309 3×448 13 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1710
E3 135 3×209 17 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 823
A4 157 3×295 10 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 1090
Page | 49
B4 253 3×445 13 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1645
C4 108 3×228 10 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 840
D4 120 3×223 8 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 835
E4 86 3×201 6 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 733
A5 86 3×160 9 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 613
B5 131 3×254 12 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 943
C5 84 3×250 9 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 881
D5 57 3×110 5 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 430
E5 64 3×132 7 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 505
A2 168 3×312 13 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1161
B2 281 3×498 19 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1838
C2 162 3×323 8 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1183
D2 108 3×264 13 (0.23×0.45×14.5×25) 951
E2 160 3×331 13 (0.23×0.525×14.5×25) 1210
NOTE: UNIT WEIGHT OF THE COLUMN = Thickness × width × unit weight of the RCC ×
column height
( Column height = 3m, Plinth height = 1.5m, Parapet wall = 1m)
Total G +3 column height = 1+3+3+3+3+1.5 = 14.5m
Page | 50
Footing Design & Calculations
1. Footing-1: F1 =500KN
Factored load =500KN
Size of column =230mm×450mm
S.B.C of Soil = 350 KN/m²
Un-factored =500/1.5=333.33 KN
1. Size of the footing:-
Load from the column = 333.33KN
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load
=333.33/10 = 33.33
Total load of footing =333.33+33.33 = 366.66KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil
= 366.66/350 = 1.05m2
Size of the square footing

~
B = √1.05 − 1.25m
Adopt 1.1m×1.1m square footing.
2. Upward soil pressure:-
Factor load = Pu = 500KN
Soil pressure at ultimate load
qu = Pu/area of footing
qu = 500/(1.1×1.1)
= 413.22KN/m2
qu = 0.413N/mm2
3. Depth of Footing from Bending Moment consideration:
The critical section for B.M will be at the face of the column as shown in fig below
Page | 51
B(B−b)² 1100(1100−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.413 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 43.01×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
43.01×106 = 0.138×25×1100×d2
43.01 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1100
d = 106.46mm
Depth required to resist shear in footings is much higher than required for bending
Let us assume the effective depth as twice the depth required from bending consideration.
Provide effective depth = d =300mm
Overall depth D =350mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1- 𝑓 𝑦 𝐵𝑑
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
43.01×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 300 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1100 𝑋 300
]
43.01×106 = 108315 × Ast - 5.45Ast2
5.45 Ast2 -108315 × Ast +43.01×106 = 0
Area of steel required  Ast =405.35mm2
Use 10mm diameter bars

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 78.54 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54 𝑋 1100

Spacing S = = = 213.13 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 405.35
Provide spacing = S = 200 mm

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54𝑋1100
Provide Area of steel : Ast = =  Ast = 431.97 mm²
𝑆 200
5. Check for one way shear:-
The critical section for one way shear is at a distance “d” from the face of the column as shown
in the fig
Factored shear force
Vu = Soil presser from the shaded area
Page | 52
(B−b)
Vu = qu B[ - d]
2
(1100−230)
= 0.413×1100[ - 300]
2
Vu = 61.36×103 N
𝑢 𝑉 61360
Shear stress : τv = 𝐵𝑑 = 1100𝑋300  τv=0.19 N/mm²
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋100 100𝑋431.97
Pt = = 1100𝑋300  Pt = 0.13 %
𝐵𝑑
From table 19, IS 456:2000
τc>τv
So it is safe in one way shear
6. Check for two way shear :-

𝑑
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance 2 from the face of the column as shown in
the fig.
Perimeter of the critical section (p) = 2[(230+300)+(450+300)] = 2560 mm
Area of critical section (A) = p×d = 2560 × 300  A = 768000.00mm²
Two way shear
Vu2 = qu × area of shaded potion
Vu2 = 0.413[(1100×1100) – (530×750)] = 335.74 KN

𝑉𝑢2 335740
Two way shear stress: τv2 = = 768000  τv2 = 0.44 N/mm²
𝐴
Permissible punching shear
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25τp = 1.25 N/mm² , τv2<τp
Hence, it is safe with respect to two way shear.
2. Footing-2 :F2 =650KN
Page | 53
Un-factored = 650/1.5 = 434 KN
Load from the column = 434KN
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load
=434/10 = 43.4
Total load of footing =434+43.4 = 477KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil
= 477/350 = 1.36m2
B = √1.36 = 1.17m
qu = 650/(1.2×1.2) = 451.4KN/m2  qu = 0.45N/mm2
B(B−b)²
Mu = qu[ ]
8
1200(1200−230)²
= 0.45 [ ]
8
Mu = 63.76×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
63.7×106 = 0.138×25×1200×d2
63.7 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1100
d = 124mm
Page | 54
Overall depth D = 350mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
63.7×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 300 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1200 𝑋 300
]
63.7×106 = 108315 × Ast -4.99Ast2
4.99 Ast2 -108315 × Ast +63.7×106 = 0
Area of steel required : Ast = 605 mm2

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 78.54 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54 𝑋 1200

Spacing S = = = 155 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 605

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54𝑋1200
Provide Area of steel : Ast = =  Ast = 628.32 mm²
𝑆 150
in the fig

(B−b)
Vu = qu B[ - d]
2
(1200−230)
= 0.45×1200[ - 300]  Vu = 100200.00 N
2
𝑢 𝑉 100200
Shear stress : τv = 𝐵𝑑 = 1200𝑋300  τv = 0.28 N/mm²
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋100 100𝑋628.32

Percentage of steel : Pt = =  Pt = 0.2%
𝐵𝑑 1200𝑋300
τc>τv
Page | 55
𝑑
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance from the face of the column as shown in the fig
2
Area of critical section (A) = p×d = 2560 × 300
 A = 768000.00mm²
Two way shear : Vu2 = qu × area of shaded potion
Vu2 = 0.45[(1200×1200) – (530×750)] = 470580

1200
𝑉𝑢2 470580
Two way shear stress : τv2 = 𝐴
= 768000
1200
 τv2 = 0.61 N/mm²

τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25
τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
3. Footing-3 : F3 =750KN
Un-factored =750/1.5=500 KN
Load from the column = 500KN
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load =500/10 = 50
Total load of footing =500+50 = 550KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil = 550/350 = 1.57m2
Page | 56
B = √1.57 = 1.25m
qu = Pu/area of footing  qu = 750/(1.3×1.3) = 443.78KN/m2
qu = 0.44N/mm2
B(B−b)²
Mu = qu[ ]
8
1300(1300−230)²
= 0.44 [ ]
8
Mu = 81.86×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
81.86×106 = 0.138×25×1300×d2
81.86 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1300
d = 135.09mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
81.86×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 350 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1300 𝑋 350
]
81.86×106 = 126367.5 × Ast -4.61Ast2
4.61 Ast2 -126367.5 × Ast +81.86×106 = 0
Area of steel required : Ast = 659.71mm2
Page | 57
𝜋
ast = 𝑑² = 78.54 mm²
4
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54 𝑋 1300

Spacing : S = = = 154.76 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 659.71

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54𝑋1300
Provide Area of steel : Ast = =  Ast
𝑆 150
= 680.68 mm²
in the fig

(B−b)
Vu = qu B[ - d]
2
(1300−230)
= 0.44×1300[ - 350]
2
Vu = 105820.00 N
𝑢𝑉 105890
Shear stress : τv = 𝐵𝑑 = 1300𝑋350  τv = 0.23 N/mm²
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋100 100𝑋680.68
Pt = = 1300𝑋350  Pt = 0.149 = 0.15 %
𝐵𝑑
From table 19, IS 456:2000 τc>τv

𝑑
The critical section for two way shear is at a distance from the face of the column as shown in
2
the fig
Vu2 = 0.44[(1300×1300) – (580×800)] = 600740
Page | 58
𝑉𝑢2 600740
Two way shear stress : τv2 = = 966000  τv2 = 0.62 N/mm²
𝐴
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25  τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
4. Footing-4 : F4=850KN
Load from the column = 566.67 KN
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load = 566.67/10 = 56.67
Total load of footing =566.67+56.67 = 623.34KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil = 623.34/350 = 1.78m2
B = √1.78 = 1.33m
qu = 850/(1.4×1.4) = 433.67KN/m2
qu = 0.434 N/mm2
Page | 59
B(B−b)² 1400(1400−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.434 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 103.97×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
103.97×106 = 0.138×25×1400×d2
103.97 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1400
d = 146.72mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
103.97×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 400 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1400 𝑋 400
]
103.97×106 = 144420 × Ast - 4.28 Ast2
4.28 Ast2 -144420 × Ast +103.97×106 = 0
Area of steel required : Ast =728.94 mm2

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 78.54 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54 𝑋 1400

Spacing S= = = 150.84 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 728.94
Provide Area of steel

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54𝑋1400
Ast = =
𝑆 140
Ast = 785.4 mm²
in the fig
Page | 60

(B−b)
Vu = qu B[ - d]
2
(1400−230)
= 0.434×1400[ - 400]
2
 Vu = 112406.00 N
𝑢𝑉 112406
Shear stress : τv = 𝐵𝑑 = 1400𝑋400  τv= 0.2 N/mm²
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑋100 100𝑋785.4
Pt = =  Pt = 0.14 %
𝐵𝑑 1400𝑋400
τc>τv

𝑑
the fig
A = 1184000.00mm²
Vu2 = 0.434[(1400×1400) – (630×850)] = 618230

𝑉𝑢2 618230
Two way shear stress τv2 = = 1184000
𝐴
 τv2 = 0.52 N/mm²
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25  τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
Page | 61
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load =

633.33/10 = 63.33
Total load of footing = 633.33+63.33 = 696.66KN

~
B = √1.99 = 1.42m − 1.5
qu = 950/(1.5×1.5) = 422.22KN/m2
qu = 0.42 N/mm2
B(B−b)² 1500(1500−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.42 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 127.68×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
127.68×106 = 0.138×25×1500×d2
Page | 62
127.68 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1500
d = 157.07mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
127.68×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 400 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1500 𝑋 400
]
127.68×106 = 144420 × Ast - 3.99 Ast2
3.99 Ast2 -144420 × Ast +127.68×106 = 0

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 78.54 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54 𝑋 1500

Spacing : S = = = 129.9 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 906.8
Provide Area of steel

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 78.54𝑋1500
Ast = =  Ast provided = 981.75 mm²
𝑆 120
in the fig

(B−b)
Vu = qu B[ - d]
2
(1500−230)
= 0.434×1500[ - 400]  Vu = 148050.00 N
2
Page | 63
𝑉 𝑢 148050
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋981.75
Pt = = 1500𝑋400  Pt = 0.163%
𝐵𝑑
τc>τv

𝑑
2
the fig
Area of critical section (A) = p×d = 2960 × 400  A = 1184000.00mm2
Two way shear Vu2 = qu × area of shaded potion
Vu2 = 0.434[(1500×1500) – (630×850)] = 788.67×103N

𝑉𝑢2 788670
Two way shear stress: τv2 = = 1184000
𝐴
τv2 = 0.67 N/mm²
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25  τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
Un-factored =1100/1.5=733.33 KN
Page | 64
Self weight of footing = 10% of the column load =733.33/10 = 73.33
Total load of footing =733.33+73.33 = 807KN
B = √2.31 = 1.52m
qu = 1100/(1.6×1.6) = 429.69KN/m2
qu = 0.429 N/mm2
B(B−b)² 1600(1600−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.429 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 161.30×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
161.3×106 = 0.138×25×1600×d2
429.69 × 106
d = √0.138×25×1600
d = 170.94mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
Page | 65
161.30×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 500 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡
1600 𝑋 500
]
161.30×106 = 180525 × Ast - 3.75 Ast2
3.75 Ast2 -180525 × Ast +161.30×106 = 0

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 113.10 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.10 𝑋 1600

Spacing : S = = = 198.70 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 910.73

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.10𝑋1600
Provide Area of steel : Ast = =  Ast
𝑆 190
provided = 952.42 mm²
in the fig

(B−b) (6500−230)
Vu = qu B[ - d] = 0.429×1600[ - 500]  Vu = 127190.00 N
2 2
𝑢 𝑉 127190
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋952.42
Pt = =  Pt = 0.12%
𝐵𝑑 1600𝑋500
τc>τv

𝑑
the fig
Page | 66
Vu2 = 0.429[(1600×1600) – (730×950)] = 802.02×103N

𝑉𝑢2 802020
Two way shear stress τv2 = = 1680000  τv2 = 0.48 N/mm²
𝐴
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25  τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
Un-factored =1200/1.5=800 KN
Load from the column = 800 KN
Self weight of footing =10% of the column load = 800/10 = 80
Total load of footing = 800+80 = 880KN

~
B = √2.51 = 1.59m − 1.7
qu = 1200/(1.7×1.7) = 415.22KN/m2
qu = 0.415 N/mm2
Page | 67
B(B−b)² 1700(1700−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.415 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 190.56×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
190.56×106 = 0.138×25×1700×d2
6
190.56 × 10
d = √0.138×25×1700
d = 180.25mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
190.56×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 500 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1700 𝑋 500
]
190.56×106 = 180525 × Ast - 3.52 Ast2
3.52 Ast2 -180525 × Ast +190.56×106 = 0
Area of steel required Ast =1078.25 mm2
Use 12mm diameter bars,

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 113.10 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.10 𝑋 1700

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1078.25

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.10𝑋1700
Provide Area of steel : Ast = =  Ast provided = 1130.4 mm²
𝑆 170
in the fig
Page | 68

(B−b) (1700−230)
Vu = qu B[ - d] = 0.415×1700[ - 500]  Vu = 165792.50 N
2 2
𝑢𝑉 165792.5
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋1130.4

Percentage of steel : Pt = = 1700𝑋500  Pt = 0.132 %
𝐵𝑑
So it is safe in one way shear.

𝑑
2
the fig
Area of critical section (A) = p×d = 3510 × 500 = 1755000.00mm²
Vu2 = 0.4315[(1700×1700) – (730×1025)] = 869.46×103N

𝑉𝑢2 896460
Two way shear stress τv2 = = 1755000
𝐴
τv2 = 0.49 N/mm²
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25
τp = 1.25 N/mm², τv2<τp
Un-factored =1300/1.5=866.67KN
Page | 69
Self weight of footing = 10% of the column load = 866.67/10 = 86.67
Total load of footing = 866.67+86.67 = 954KN
B = √2.73 = 1.65m
qu = 1300/(1.8×1.8) = 401.23KN/m2
qu = 0.40 N/mm2
B(B−b)² 1800(1800−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.4 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 222.52×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
222.52×106 = 0.138×25×1800×d2
6
222.52 × 10
d = √0.138×25×1800
d = 189.3mm
Page | 70
4. Reinforcement:-
Mu = 0.87 fy Ast d [1- 𝑓𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝐵𝑑
]
222.52×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 500 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

1800 𝑋 500
]
222.52×106 = 180525 × Ast - 3.33 Ast2
3.33 Ast2 -180525 × Ast +222.52×106 = 0

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 113.04 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04 𝑋 1800

Spacing : S = = = 161.3 mm
𝐴𝑠𝑡 1265.01

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04𝑋1800
𝑆 160
in the fig

(B−b) (1800−230)
Vu = qu B[ - d] = 0.4×1800[ - 500]  Vu = 205830 N
2 2
𝑢 𝑉 205830
Shear stress : τv=𝐵𝑑 =1800𝑋500  τv= 0.23 N/mm²
Percentage of steel
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋1272.38
Pt = =  Pt = 0.29%
𝐵𝑑 1800𝑋500
τc>τv

𝑑
the fig
Page | 71
Vu2 = 0.4[(1800×1800) – (730×950)] = 1021.73×103N

𝑉𝑢2 1021730
𝐴
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25  τp = 1.25 N/mm²
τv2<τp
Un-factored =1700/1.5=1133.33KN
Self weight of footing = 10% of the column load = 1133.33/10 = 113.33
Total load of footing =1133.33+113.33 = 1247KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil = 1247/350 = 3.56 m2
B = √3.56 = 1.89m
Adopt 2m×2m square footing.
Page | 72
qu = 1700/(2×2) = 425 KN/m2
qu = 0.425 N/mm2
B(B−b)² 2000(2000−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.425 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 332.87×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
332.87×106= 0.138×25×2000×d2
6
332.87 × 10
d = √0.138×25×2000
d = 219.64 mm
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
332.87×106= 0.87 × 415×Ast × 600 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

2000 𝑋 600
]
332.87×106= 216630 × Ast – 3.0 Ast2
3.0 Ast2 -216630 × Ast +332.87×106= 0

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 113.04 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04 𝑋 2000

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1570.75

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04𝑋2000
𝑆 140
Page | 73
in the fig
Vu= Soil presser from the shaded

(B−b) (2000−230)
Vu = qu B[ - d] = 0.425×2000[ - 600]  Vu = 242250 N
2 2
𝑢 𝑉 242250
Shear stress : τv=𝐵𝑑 =2000𝑋600  τv= 0.2 N/mm²
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋1272.38

𝐵𝑑 2000𝑋600
From table 19, IS 456:2000:-τc>τv

𝑑
the fig
Perimeter of the critical section (p) = 2[(230+600)+(450+600)]
= 3760 mm
A = 2256000.00mm²
Vu2 = 0.425[(2000×2000) – (830×1050)]
= 1329.61×103N
𝑉𝑢2 1329610
Two way shear stress τv2 = =
𝐴 22560000
τv2 = 0.59 N/mm²
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25
τp = 1.25 N/mm² τv2<τp
Page | 74
10. Footing-10 : F10=1900KN
Un-factored =1900/1.5=1266.67KN
Load from the column = 1266.67KN
Self weight of footing = 10% of the column load = 1266.67/10 = 126.67 KN
Total load of footing =1266.67+126.67 = 1349 KN
Area of the footing = Total load/SBC of soil = 1394/350 = 3.68 m2
B = √3.98 = 2 m
Adopt 2.1m×2.1 m square footing.
qu = 1900/(2.1×2.1) = 430.84 KN/m2
qu = 0.43 N/mm2
B(B−b)² 2100(2100−230)²
Mu = qu[ ] = 0.43 [ ]
8 8
Mu = 394.48×106 N-mm
Mu = 0.138fckBd2
394.48×106 = 0.138×25×2000×d2
6
394.48 × 10
d = √0.138×25×2100  d = 233.34 mm
Page | 75
4. Reinforcement:-
𝑓 𝐴
𝑠𝑡
]
𝑐𝑘
394.48×106 = 0.87 × 415×Ast × 600 [1- 25 𝑋415 𝑋𝐴𝑠𝑡

2100 𝑋 600
]
394.48×106 = 216630 × Ast – 2.85 Ast2
2.85 Ast2 -216630 × Ast +394.48×106 = 0

𝜋
ast = 4 𝑑² = 113.04 mm²
𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04 𝑋 2100

𝐴𝑠𝑡 1866.83

𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑋𝐵 113.04𝑋2100
Provide Area of steel Ast = =  Ast provided = 1979 mm²
𝑆 120
in the fig

(B−b) (2100−230)
Vu = qu B[ - d] = 0.43×2100[ - 600]  Vu = 303100 N
2 2
𝑢 𝑉 303100
Shear stress : τv=𝐵𝑑 =2100𝑑600  τv= 0.4 N/mm²
𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑋100 100𝑋1979.25

𝐵𝑑 2100𝑋600
Page | 76
𝑑
2
the fig
Perimeter of the critical section (p) = 2[(230+600)+(450+600)]= 3760 mm
 A = 2256000.00mm²
Vu2 = 0.43[(2100×2100) – (830×1050)] = 1524.53 ×103N

𝑉𝑢2 1524530
𝐴
τp=0.25√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.25√25
τp = 1.25 N/mm² τv2<τp
DESIGN OF COLUMNS
Theory :
A vertical member whose effective length is greater than 3 times its least lateral dimension
carrying compressive loads is called as column. Column transfer the loads from the beams or
slabs to the footings or foundations. The inclined member carrying compressive loads as in case
of frames and trusses is called as struts. Pedestal is a vertical compression member whose
effective length is less than 3 times its least lateral dimension. Generally the column may be
square, rectangular or circular in shape.
Necessity of Reinforcement in columns
Even though concrete is strong in compression , longitudinal steel bars are placed in the column
to reduce the size of the column or to increase the load carrying capacity and to resist any tension
that might develop due to bending of column due to horizontal loads, eccentric loads or moments
Page | 77
To resist any tensile stresses likely to develop, the reinforcement should be placed as near the
surface as possible and should be evenly distributed ensuring the minimum cover.
Transverse reinforcement in the form of lateral ties or spiral reinforcement are provided to resist
longitudinal splitting of the column or splitting of concrete due to development of transverse
tension and to prevent buckling of longitudinal bars
Types of Columns
 Based on type of Reinforcement

(A) Tied column
(B) Spiral column
(C) Composite column
 Based on type of loading
(1) Axially loaded column
(2) Eccentrically loaded column(Uniaxial or Biaxial)
 Based on Slenderness ratio
(A) Short column
(B) Long column
In this G+3 apartment we are designing for the biaxial loaded column. Biaxial loaded
column: when the line of action of the resultant compressive force doesn’t coincide with the
center of gravity of the cross section of the column, it is called as eccentrically loaded
column. Eccentrically loaded columns have to be designed for combined axial force and
bending moments
Column reactions
Grid / Load from Load from Weight of the column Total column reaction
Column Terrace(A)KN Typical floor(B) (D)KN (A+B+C+D)KN
KN
A1 89 3×169 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 630
B1 143 3×300 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 1077
C1 175 3×358 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 1283
E1 132 3×182 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 712
A3 153 3×276 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 1015
B3 290 3×511 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1863
D3 309 3×448 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1693
E3 135 3×209 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 802
A4 157 3×295 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 1076
Page | 78
B4 253 3×445 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1628
C4 108 3×228 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 826
D4 120 3×223 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 823
E4 86 3×201 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 723
A5 86 3×160 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 600
B5 131 3×254 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 927
C5 84 3×250 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 868
D5 57 3×110 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 421
E5 64 3×132 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 494
A2 168 3×312 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1144
B2 281 3×498 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1815
C2 162 3×323 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1171
D2 108 3×264 (0.23×0.45×13×25) 934
E2 160 3×331 (0.23×0.525×13×25) 1193
Column Grouping
Column naming Load (KN) M× My Column size
C1 500 20 20 230×450
C2 720 42 35 230×450
C3 930 37 37 230×450
C4 1100 60 30 230×450
C5 1300 80 35 230×525
C6 1700 60 35 230×450
C7 1900 50 50 230×450
Columns Design & Calculations
1. Column-1 : C1=500 KN
Size of the column = 230×450mm
Concrete mix = M 25
Characteristic strength of reinforcement = 415 N/mm2
Mu× = 20 KN-m & Muy = 20 KN-m
Assume the reinforcement Percentage = 0.8
P/fck = 0.032
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about X-X axis :
d’/D = 40/450 = 0.09

Page | 79
Pu /(fck bd) = 500×103/(25×230×450) = 0.19
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2)= 0.085
Mu×1 = 0.085×25×230×4502 = 98.98 KN-m
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about Y-Y axis :
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck bd ) = 500×103/(25×230×450) = 0.19
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2)= 0.07
Muy1 = 0.07×25×450×2302 = 98.98 KN-m
Calculating of Puz ;
P = 0.8 , fy = 415 N/mm2 and fck = 25 N/mm2
Referring chart 63corresponding above values
Puz /Ag = 13.9 N/mm2
Puz = 13.9×230×450 = 1438.65KN
Pu/Puz = 0.35
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.20
Muy/Muy1 = 0.48
Referring to chart 64 the permissible value of Mu×/Mu×1, Corresponding to the above values
Pu/Puz and Muy/Muy1 is equal to 0.68
0.68>0.20
Hence it is safe.
Ast =230×450×0.8/100 = 828 mm2
Using 12 mm dia bars
No of bars = 828/113.10=8 bars
Page | 80
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.35 1.25
 Mu×/Mu×1) αn+ (Muy/Muy1)αn
= (0.20)1.25+(0.48)1.25
0.54<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
2. Column-2 : C2=720 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 42 KN-m
Muy = 35 KN-m
P/fck = 0.05
d’/D = 40/450 = 0.09
Pu /(fck b d) = 720×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.28
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.095
Mu×1 = 0.095×25×230×4502 = 110.62 KN-m
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 720×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.28
Referring chart 46
Page | 81
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.08
Muy1 = 0.08×25×450×2302 =47.61 KN-m
P = 1.1, fy = 415 N/mm2 and fck = 25 N/mm2
Puz = 14.5×230×450 = 1500.75KN
Pu/Puz = 0.48
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.38
Muy/Muy1 = 0.74
0.50>0.38
Hence it is safe
Ast =230×450×1.1/100 = 1138.5 mm2
No of bars = 1138.5/201.06=6 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.48 1.46
 (Mu×/Mu×1) αn+ (Muy/Muy1)αn
(0.20)1.46+(0.48)1.46
0.88<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
Page | 82
3. Column-3 :C3=930 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 37 KN-m & Muy = 37 KN-m
P/fck = 0.036
d’/D = 40/450 = 0.09
Pu /(fck b d) = 930×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.36
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.09
Mu×1 = 0.09×25×230×4502 = 104.79 KN-m
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 930×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.36
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.075
Muy1 = 0.075×25×450×2302 = 44.63 KN-m
P = 1.5, fy = 415 N/mm2 and fck = 25 N/mm2
Puz = 15.7×230×450 = 1624.95KN
Pu/Puz = 0.57
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.35
Muy/Muy1 = 0.83
Page | 83
0.48>0.35
Hence it is safe.
Ast =230×450×1.5/100 = 828 mm2
No of bars = 828/201.10=8 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.57 1.62
(0.20)1.62+(0.48)1.62
0.92<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
4. Column-4 : C4=1100 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 60 KN-m & Muy = = 30 KN-m
P/fck = 0.064
d’/D = 40/450 = 0.09
Pu /(fck b d) = 1100×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.43
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.085
Page | 84
Mu×1 = 0.085×25×230×4502 = 98.97 KN-m
Uniaxial moment capacity of the section about y-y axis :
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 1100×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.43
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.07
Muy1 = 0.07×25×450×2302 = 41.66 KN-m
Puz /Ag = 16 N/mm2
Puz = 16×230×450 = 1656 KN
Pu/Puz = 0.66
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.61
Muy/Muy1 = 0.72
0.64>0.61 Hence it is safe.
Ast =230×450×1.6/100 = 1656 mm2
No of bars = 1656/201.06=9 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.66 1.77
(0.20)1.77+(0.48)1.77
0.97<=1.0 Hence it is safe.
Page | 85
5. Column-5 : C5=1300 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 80 KN-m
Muy = = 35 KN-m
P/fck = 0.072
d’/D = 40/525 = 0.08
Pu /(fck b d) = 1300×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.43
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.085
Mu×1 = 0.085×25×230×5252 = 134.71 KN-m
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 1300×10^3/(25×230×450)=0.43
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.07
Muy1 = 0.07×25×450×2302 = 48.06 KN-m
Puz = 16.8×230×525 = 2028.6KN
Pu/Puz = 0.64
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.59
Page | 86
Muy/Muy1 = 0.72
Referring to chart 64 the permissible value of Mu×/Mu×1 Corresponding to the above values
0.63>0.59
Hence it is safe
Ast =230×450×1.8/100 = 2173.5mm2
No of bars = 2173.5/201.06=11 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.64 1.73
(0.20)1.73+(0.48)1.73
0.97<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
6. Column-6 : C6=1700 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 60 KN-m & Muy = = 35 KN-m
P/fck = 0.096
d’/D = 40/525 = 0.08
Pu /(fck b d) = 1700×10^3/(25×230×525)=0.56
Referring chart 44
Page | 87
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.075
Mu×1 = 0.075×25×230×5252 = 118.86 KN-m
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 1700×10^3/(25×230×525)=0.56
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.06
Muy1 = 0.06×25×450×2302 = 41.66 KN-m
Puz = 18.8×230×450 = 2270.1KN
Pu/Puz = 0.75
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.50
Muy/Muy1 = 0.84
Referring to chart 64 the permissible value of Mu×/Mu×1 Corresponding to the above values
0.53>0.50
Hence it is safe
Ast =230×525×2.4/100 = 2898 mm2
No of bars = 2898/490.87=6 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.75 1.91
Page | 88
(0.20)1.91+(0.48)1.91
0.98<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
7. Column-7 : C7=1900 KN
Concrete mix = M 25
Mu× = 50 KN-m
Muy = = 50 KN-m
P/fck = 0.136
d’/D = 40/525 = 0.08
Pu /(fck b d) = 1900×10^3/(25×230×525)=0.63
Referring chart 44
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.095
Mu×1 = 0.095×25×230×5252 = 150.56 KN-m
d’/D = 40/230 = 0.17
Pu /(fck b d )= 1900×10^3/(25×230×525)=0.63
Referring chart 46
Mu/(fckbD2 )= 0.08
Muy1 = 0.08×25×450×2302 = 55.54 KN-m
Page | 89
Puz = 21.5×230×450 = 2596.13KN
Pu/Puz = 0.73
Mu×/Mu×1 = 0.33
Muy/Muy1 = 0.90
0.42>0.33
Hence it is safe
Ast =230×525×3.4/100 = 3519 mm2
No of bars = 3519/490.87=6 bars
Pu/Puz αn
<=0.2 1.0
>=0.8 2.0
0.73 1.88
(0.20)1.88+(0.48)1.88
0.95<=1.0
Hence it is safe.
Page | 90
DESIGN OF BEAMS
Theory :
Concrete is fairly strong in compression but very weak in tension. Hence Plain concrete cannot
be used in situations where considerable tensile stresses develop. If flexural members like beams
and slabs are made of plain concrete their load carrying capacity is very low due to its low tensile
strength. Since steel is very strong in tension, steel bars are provided to resist tensile stresses at a
place where the maximum tensile stresses are developed
In case of simply supported beam, tensile stresses are induced in bottom layers because of
positive bending moment (sagging bending moment) and hence steel bars are provided near the
bottom of the beam. In cantilever beams steel bars are placed near the top of the beam to resist
the tensile stress developed in top layers due the negative bending moment (hogging bending
moment)
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:
(A) Singly reinforced beams

(B) Doubly reinforced beams, and
(C) Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams.
(A) Analysis of Singly Reinforced Sections:
If the reinforcing bars are provided only on tension side in the beam section, it is called as
singly reinforced beams.
Consider a simply supported beam subjected to bending under factored loads. Since plane
sections are assumed to remain plane before and after bending strain are proportional to
distance from the neutral axis. Above the neutral axis, the entire cross section is in
compression and below the neutral axis; the cross section is in tension. All the tensile stresses
are assumed to be resisted by the steel bars as the tensile strength of concrete is ignored. The
resultant tensile force, thus acts at the centroid of reinforcing bars.
Doubly Reinforced Beams
Beams which are reinforced in both compression and tension sides are called as doubly
reinforced beam. These beams are generally provided when the dimensions of the beam are
Page | 91
restricted and it is required to resist moment higher than the limiting moment of resistance of
a singly reinforced section. The additional moment of resistance required can be obtained by
providing compression reinforcement and additional tension reinforcement.
Situations Under which Doubly Reinforced Beams are used:
(1) When the depth of the beam is restricted due to architectural or any construction
problems
(2)At the supports of a continuous beam where bending moment changes its sign
(3) In precast members (during handling bending moment changes its sign)
(4) In bracing members of a frame due to changes in the direction of wind loads
(5) To improve the ductility of the beams in earth quack regions
(6) To reduce long term deflection or to increase stiffness of the beam
Beam Design & Calculations

Frame 1-1:
b = 230mm, d = 425-25-8 = 392mm, d’ = 25mm, D = 425mm
Fck=25N/mm2 & Fy=415 N/mm2
1. Calculation of Mulim
Mulim = 0.138×fck×b×d2
= 0.138×25×230×3922 = 121.93 KNm
Mu = 44.68 KNm
Mulim > Mu. It is singly reinforced beam
Mu = 0.87×fy×Ast×d{1-(fyAst/fckbd)}
44.38×106= 0.87×415×Ast×392{1-(415Ast/25×392×230)}
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 + 44.68×106 = 0
Ast = 335.28 mm2
2. Mu = 10.83 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 + 10.83×106 = 0
Page | 92
Ast = 77.37 mm2
Minimum Tensile reinforcement
(Clause 26.5.1 of IS 456)
(Ast/bd) = (0.85/fy)
Ast = 0.85×230×392/415 = 184.67 mm2
3. Mu = 43.56 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 + 43.56×106 = 0
Ast = 326.30 mm2
4. Mu = 68.34 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 + 68.34×106 = 0
Ast = 533.50 mm2
5. Mu=48.36 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 + 48.36×106 = 0
Ast = 365.01 mm2
6. Mu = 10.83 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 +10.83×106 =0
Ast = 77.37 mm2
7. Mu = 53.58 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 +53.58×106 = 0
Ast = 407.85 mm2
8. Mu = 78.90 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 +78.90×106 = 0
Ast = 628.02 mm2
9. Mu = 49.92 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 +49.92×106 = 0
Ast = 377.73 mm2
10. Mu = 52.31 KNm
26.06Ast2 -1.42×105 +52.31×106 = 0
Page | 93
Ast = 397.36 mm2
Shear reinforcement:
Va = 81 KN
Vb,left = -(36.60×4.69)+81 =-90.65 KN
Vb,right = -(36.60×4.69)+(81+159) = 68.35 KN
Vc,left = (-36.60×4.69)-(38.36×3.59)+81+159 = -69.37KN
Vc , right = -69.37+189 = 119.63 KN
Vd = -93 KN
(1). Shear force Vu = 81 KN
Shear stress Tv = (Vu/bd) = 0.90 N/mm2
Ast = 2×200.96 = 401.92 mm2
Percentage of Steel = Pt = (100Ast/bd) = (100×401.92/ 230×392) = 0.45%
For Pt From table 61 of SP16
Tc = 0.464 N/mm2
Shear Resistance = Tcbd = 41.83 KN
Resultant shear V=Vu-Tcbd
V = 81- 41.83 = 39.17 KN
Shear depth ratio V/d = 1.04 KN/cm
Asv = (π/4×82)×2 = 100.48 mm2
Spacing :
A. From table 62 of SP 16
V/d ration, dia. of stirrup bar
Sv = 250mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 0.87×fy×Ast×d/Vus
Sv = 360mm
Sv = 250mm
Page | 94
(2). Shear force Vu = 90.65 KN
Ast = 602.88 mm2
Percentage of Steel = Pt = (100Ast/bd) = 0.67%
Tc = 0.544 N/mm2
V = 41.57 KN
Spacing :
Sv = 250mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 250mm
Sv = 250mm
Ast = 3×200.96 = 602.88 mm2
Tc = 0.544 N/mm2
Page | 95
V = 19.27 KN
Spacing :
Sv = 250mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 250mm
Shear stress Tv =(Vu/bd) = 0.77 N/mm2
Ast = (2×200.96+2×113.10)mm2
Percentage of Steel = Pt = 0.7%
Tc = 0.554 N/mm2
Shear Resistance = Tcbd=49.95 KN
V = 19.42 KN
Spacing :
Sv = 250mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 250mm
Sv = 250mm
Page | 96
Ast =( 2×200.96+2×113.10) mm2
Tc = 0.554 N/mm2
Resultant shear V=Vu-Tcb
V = 69.68 KN
Spacing :
V/d ration, dia of stirrup bar
Sv = 190mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 200mm
Sv = 190mm
(6). Shear force Vu = 93 KN
Shear stress Tv = (Vu/bd) =1.03 N/mm2
Ast = 2×200.96 = 401.92 mm2
Percentage of Steel = Pt = (100Ast/bd) = (100×401.92/ 230×392) = 0.45%
Tc = 0.464 N/mm2
Page | 97
V = 81-41.83
V = 39.17 KN
Spacing :
Sv = 250mm
B. From IS 456-2000
Sv = 250mm
Sv = 250mm
Section 1-1:
V = (36.60×4.69/2)-81 = 4.83 KN
Section 2-2:
V = {(36.60×4.69+38.36×(3.59/2))-81-159} =0.51 KN
Section 3-3:
V = (41.37×4.76/2)-93 = 5.46 KN
Reinforcement :
1. Vu = 4.83 KN Tv = 0.05 N/mm2
Ast = 3×113.10 mm2 Pt = 0.38%
Tcbd = 38.55KN Tc = 0.43 N/mm2
V= Vu-Tcbd = 33.72 KN V/d = 0.90 KN/cm
Sv = 250 mm
2. Vu = 0.51 KN Tv = 0.01 N/mm2
Ast = 3×113.10 mm2 Pt = 0.25%
Page | 98
Tcbd = 32.46KN Tc = 0.43 N/mm2
V= Vu-Tcbd = 31.95 KN V/d = 0.85KN/cm
Sv = 250 mm
3. Vu = 5.46 KN Tv = 0.06 N/mm2
Ast = (3×113.10+200.96) mm2 Pt = 0.47%
Tcbd = 42.77 KN Tc = 0.47 N/mm2
V= Vu-Tcbd = 37.31 KN V/d = 0.99KN/cm
Sv = 250 mm
STAIR CASE
Theory :
Stairs Provide access for the various floors of the building the stair consists of series of steps
with landings at appropriate intervals the stretch between the two landings is called flight. The
room or space where stairs are provided is called stair case.
The width of stair depends up on the type of building in which it is provided generally in
residential building the width of stair is kept as 1m and in case of public buildings it may be to
2m, to allow free flow of users the width of landings should be at least equal to the width of
stairs.
Each step has one tread (going) and one rise. Rise and tread are proportioned so as to provide
convenient and easy access. The rise may vary from 150mm to 200mm The tread is in between
250 mm to 300 mm As per IS : 456, the slope or pitch of the stairs should be in between 250 to
400
Types of stair case :

Depending up on the Geometry/shape
Page | 99
(A)Single Flight stair case
(B)Quarter Turn Stair case
(C) Doglegged Stair case
(D) Open well stair case
(E)Geometrical stair case
(F)Spiral stair case
Based on Structural Behavior (Support Conditions)
(1) Stairs Spanning Horizontally(with side supports)

(2) Stairs Spanning Longitudinally(with supports along sloping line)
Stair case Design& Calculations
Dimensions = 2.74×4.68 m
Height of floor = 3m
Height of the one flight = 1.5m
Riser = 150mm
No of Risers = 1500/150 = 10
No of Treads = 10-1 = 9
Treads = 2390/9 = 265m
Loads
Flight
Step section = ½×0.265×0.15 = 0.02 m2
Density = 24 KN/m3
Load = 0.02×24 = 0.48 KN/m
No of steps in 1m length = 1000/265 = 3.77
Total load per 1m length = 0.48×3.77 = 1.81KN/m
Self weight = 0.175×1×25 = 4.38 KN/m
Page | 100
Floor finish = (0.265+0.15)×0.040 = 0.02 m2
Density = 20 KN/m3
Total load per 1m length = 0.40×3.77 1.51 KN/m
Live load = 3KN/m2
Per 1m length = 3KN/m
Weight of guard rails = {2×3×0.115×20}/(3×2.7) = 1.70KN/m
Landing A
Self weight = 25×0.175 = 4.38KN/m
Floor finish = 1.04×0.04×1×20 =0.83KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m2
Per 1m length = 3KN/m
Total load = 8.21 KN/m
Factored load =1.5×8.21 = 12.32 KN/m
Landing B
According to IS 456 clause 33.2
In a distance of 150mm from the wall there will be no live load
Total length of B = 1.25m
For 1.10m length
Self weight = 4.38 KN/m
Floor finish = 1.1×0.04×1×20 = 0.88 KN/m
Live load = 3 KN/m
Factored load = 1.5×8.26 = 12.39 KN/m
For 0.15m length
Self weight = 4.38 KN/m
Floor finish = 0.15×0.04×1×20= 0.12KN/m
Factored load =1.5×4.50 = 6.75KN/m
Page | 101
Design of Stair Flight :
Summation of MA = 0
RB ×4.68 = (12.32 × 1.04 × 1.04)/2 + {18.61 × 2.39 × (1.04 + 2.39/2)} + {12.39 × 1.1 × (1.04 +
2.39 + 1.1/2)} + {6.75 × 0.15 × (1.04 + 2.39 + 1.1 + 0.15/2)}
 RB =35.25KN
RA = (12.32 × 1.04 + 18.61 × 2.39 + 12.39 × 1.1 + 6.75 × 0.15) - 35.25.
 RA =36.68KN
Let point of zero shear force occurs at distance X from A
36.68 - 12.32 × 1.04 - 18.61 × (X-1.04) = 0
18.61(X-1.04) = 23.87
X = 23.87/18.61 + 1.04
X = 2.32m
Max. Bending Moment occur at X = 2.32 from A
Max. Bending Moment = (36.68 × 2.32) - 12.32 × 1.04 × (2.32-1.04/2) - 18.61 × 1.282/2
= 85.10 - 23.06 - 15.25.
Bending Moment = 46.79 KNm
Minimum Depth required
Bending Moment = 0.138×fck×b×d×d
46.79×106 = 0.138×25×1000×d2
D = 116.46 mm<150 mm
Hence providing depth is safe
Main Reinforcement
Bending Moment = 0.87×fy×Ast×d(1-fyAst/fckbd)
46.79×106 = 0.87×415×Ast×150(1-415Ast/25×1000×150)
46.79×106 = 54157.50Ast-5.99Ast2
Ast = 967.49 mm2
Page | 102
S = 113.10×1000/967.49 = 116.90mm
Provide S = 110mm
Ast = 113.10×1000/110 = 1028.18 mm2
Distribution Reinforcement
0.12% of gross area = 0.12×1000×175/100 = 210 mm2
Using 8mm dia bars
S = 50.24×1000/210 = 239.24mm
Provide S = 230 mm
Ast = 50.24×1000/230 = 218.43 mm2
Check for Deflection :
Pt = 0.69% fs = 0.58×415×967.49/1028.18
fs = 226.49
Modification Factor = 1.2
Simply supported = 20 ×1.2 = 24
L/D = 3540/150 = 23.6
23.6>24
Safe in deflection.
Page | 103
Kani’s Analysis Figures
Loads on Frames :
Frame 1-1 :
Page | 104
Frame 2-2 :
Frame 3-3 :
Page | 105
Frame 4-4 :
Frame 5-5 :
Page | 106
Frame A-A :
Frame B-B :
Page | 107
Frame C1-C2 :
Frame C4-C5 :
Page | 108
Frame D2-D4 :
Frame E-E :
Page | 109
Kani’s Analysis
Frame 1-1 :
Page | 110
Frame 2-2 :
Page | 111
Frame 3-3 :
Page | 112
Frame 4-4 :
Page | 113
Frame 5-5 :
Page | 114
Frame A-A :
Page | 115
Frame B-B :
Page | 116
Frame E-E :
Page | 117
Other Frames : Frame C2-D4 :
Page | 118
Frame C4-C5
Page | 119
Page | 120
Final Moments
Frame 1-1 :
Frame 3-3 :
Page | 121
Frame 4-4 :
Frame 5-5 :
Page | 122
Frame A-A :
Frame B-B :
Page | 123
Frame C1-C2 :
Frame C4-C5 :
Page | 124
Frame D2-D4 :
Frame E-E :
Page | 125
References
 M.R.Dheerendra Babu, “Design of reinforced concrete structures”

 Ashok K.Jain, “Reinforced Concrete (Limit State Design)”, 6th edition
 Ramamrutham, “Structural Analysis”
 S.S.Bhavikatti, “Structural Analysis Volume-1”
 IS codes 456-2000, IS code 875 part-1, part-2 and part-3, sp 16and sp34.
Page | 126

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+3 RESIDENTIAL

submitted in partial fulfillment of the

requirement for the degree of

H. VENUGOPAL ( Roll No: R081065 )

under the guidance of

RGUKT R.K.Valley Campus

(M. RUPAS KUMAR)

(DAUNDKAR RAMESH KAILAS)

Head of the Department ……………………………

Place: R.K Valley.

Date: Signature of the Student

( Mobile No: +91-9491836582 )

I also thankful to my friends, who are supported me in fulfilling this project.

Minimum Grade of Concrete for different exposure conditions:

Exposure Minimum Grade of Concrete for RCC

fcr = 0.7√𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁/𝑚𝑚²

Where fck is the characteristic cube compressive strength of concrete.

Modulus of elasticity of concrete is an important property required for computation of

Where Ec is the short term static modules of elasticity in N/mm2.

Unit weight of common Building Materials (From IS 875 part 1)

S.No Type of Floors Minimum Live Load KN/m2

PANEL A1-B1: Dimensions: l×= 4.69m, ly=5.12m.

Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2

Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) =3.125KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2

Parapet wall = (0.914)(0.115)(1)(20)

Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1) = 1.72 KN/m

Load (w) = 1.5+3.125+1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2

Triangular load (w') = wl×/3 = (6.425×4.69)/3 = 10.04 KN/m

Total load (W) = 10.04 + 1.72 + 2.10 = 13.84 KN/m

Factored load = Total load ×1.5 = 13.84×1.5 = 20.76 KN/m

Live Load = 2.0 KN/m2

Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) = 3.125 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2

Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1) = 1.72 KN/m

Load ( w) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.925 KN/m2

Self weight of wall = 20×0.23×(3-0.425)×1 = 11.84 KN/m

Triangular load (w’) = wl×/3 = (6.925×4.69)/3 = 10.82 KN/m

Total load = 10.82 + 1.72 + 11.84 = 24.38 KN/m

Factored load = Total load×1.5 = 24.38×1.5 = 36.57 KN/m

PANEL B1-C1: Dimensions: l× = 3.59, ly=5.12

Live Load = 1.5 KN/m2

Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) = 3.125 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2

Parapet wall = (0.914)(0.115)(1)(20) = 2.10 KN/m

Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1) = 1.72 KN/m

Load = 1.5 + 3.125 + 1.8 = 6.425 KN/m2

Triangular load (w’) = wl×/3 = (6.425×3.59)/3 = 7.68 KN/m

Total load = 7.68 + 1.72 + 2.10= 11.48 KN/m

Factored load = Total load ×1.5 = 11.84×1.5 = 17.22 KN/m

Live Load = 2.0 KN/m2

Self weight of slab = (0.125×25 ) = 3.125 KN/m2

Floor finish = 1.8 KN/m2

Beam Self weight = (0.23)(25)(0.325)(1) = 1.72 KN/m

Partition wall or Interior wall / area= 0.115 × 20 × (4.89+3.245) × 3 =

= 56.13/(3.59×5.12) = 3.05 KN/m2

Load ( w ) = 2.0 + 3.125 + 1.8 + 3.05 = 9.975 KN/m2

Self weight of wall = 20×0.23×(3-0.425)×1 = 11.84 KN/m

Triangular load (w’) = wl×/3 = (9.975×3.59)/3 = 11.94 KN/m

Total load = 11.94 + 1.72 + 11.84 = 25.50 KN/m

Factored load = Total load ×1.5 = 25.50×1.5 = 38.24 KN/m

TERRACE ( Note: Depth of slab = 150 mm)

PANEL C1-E1: Dimensions: l× = 4.76, ly=5.12