Amer Hameed

Assignment#3

Q:- Briefly explain each of the following with diagrams where needed.

 Internet of Things (IoT)

 Concept and History
 Recent Developments
 Applications and Protocols
 Global Revenue
 5G
 Transition from 4G to 5G
 Deployment of IoT applications on 5G

Ans:-

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any device so long as it has an
on/off switch to the Internet and to other connected devices. The IoT is a giant network
of connected things and people, all of them collect and share data about the way they
are used and about the environment around them.

That includes an extraordinary number of objects of all shapes and sizes from smart
microwaves, which automatically cook your food for the right length of time, to self-
driving cars, whose complex sensors detect objects in their path, to wearable fitness
devices that measure your heart rate and the number of steps you’ve taken that day,
then use that information to suggest exercise plans tailored to you. There are
even connected footballs that can track how far and fast they are thrown and record
those statistics via an app for future training purposes.

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Concept:-
IoT system consists of some devices, which are connected through the Internet to a
certain online network (called platform). Consequently, users can monitor, manage and
control these devices through an application.
Basically, a Typical IoT system consists mainly of 4 parts:
 Devices Each device has one or more sensor to detect the environmental
parameter and send them to the cloud network (platform).

 Internet Connectivity is responsible for connecting the devices to the Internet to

be able to connect to the online platform. Wifi is one of the most popular Internet
connectivity methods.
Another method is the ethernet, but it’s rarely used nowadays in IoT applications.

 IoT-platform is a software that’s hosted online. You can consider it as a network

that all devices are connected to. The platform is smart enough to collect
devices’ data, analyze, process and make decisions based on this data.

Basically, an IoT platform is responsible for:

 Connecting the devices to one specific online area.

 Collecting data received from the devices.
 Monitoring, storing, processing, analyzing and computing these data.
 Taking decisions based on a pre-setted threshold of the processed data.
 Working with different data exchange protocols (I will explain this later).
 Integration with applications (online services, web apps, mobile apps, ..etc).

 Applications is the interface between the user and the platform. So, whenever
the user wants to monitor, configure or control a device, he will interact with the
application, using an application that’s connected to the platform, you can
monitor and control all your devices’ data and actions.

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History:-

The Internet of Things (IoT) has not been around for very long. However, there have
been visions of machines communicating with one another since the early 1800s.
Machines have been providing direct communications since the telegraph (the first
landline) was developed in the 1830s and 1840s. Described as “wireless telegraphy,”
the first radio voice transmission took place on June 3, 1900, providing another
necessary component for developing the Internet of Things. The development of
computers began in the 1950s. The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially
named until 1999. important component in developing a functional IoT was IPV6’s
remarkably intelligent decision to increase address space. By the year 2013, the
Internet of Things had evolved into to a system using multiple technologies, ranging
from the Internet to wireless communication and from micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS) to embedded systems. The traditional fields of automation (including the
automation of buildings and homes), wireless sensor networks, GPS, control systems,
and others, all support the IoT. Kevin Ashton, the Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs at
MIT, was the first to describe the Internet of Things, while making a presentation for
Procter & Gamble. During his 1999 speech.Kevin Ashton believed Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID) was a prerequisite for the Internet of Things. He concluded if all
devices were “tagged,” computers could manage, track, and inventory them. To some
extent, the tagging of things has been achieved through technologies such as digital
watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes. Inventory control is one of the more obvious
advantages of the Internet of Things.

Recent Developments:-

The technology supporting IoT is growing at a fast pace. No wonder they have become
a part of our daily lives.

 IoT operating systems IoT technologies are also introducing newer and
advanced chipsets which might not be compatible with the current operating
systems. Keeping these factors in mind, IoT facilitating operating systems are

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being introduced which are specifically designed with keeping IoT connectivity in
mind.

 Google Waymo is the perfect example of what IoT has in store for us in the
coming future. Machine learning, AI involvement and edge analytics all come into
play to make the car operate and analyze the environment in real time. Now with
the changing times, the company has introduced further new cars into the
market, mostly minivans which facilitate the residents of Phoenix, Arizona.
Google’s group of dedicated engineers developed various sensors for long
range as well as short ranged analysis. As expected, the software side includes
wide arrays of complex algorithms for the entire process to work.

 IoT Ecosystems IoT systems need to cooperate and coexist. This would lead
towards them operating efficiently and productively. Data needs to be shared
between various devices and platforms and as a result, a proper IoT ecosystem
is formed. These ecosystems are developing rapidly all around the world and
major organizations are realizing that. Products and services need to be
developed in such a way that they don’t hinder the processes in any ecosystem
and can be introduced to continuous updates.

 IoT cloud Cloud services have become absolutely essential for IoT deployment.
Because of this, major companies like Amazon are putting in rigorous efforts to
add more offerings to their arsenal catering cloud services. With cloud services,
security features always become a priority thus technology giants are putting in
increased efforts to improve the security layers and locks surrounding these
cloud data storage features.

 Edge computing is changing that rapidly. Local points (storage devices) placed
in a closed vicinity now gather the data, sort it and filter it. This data is then
transferred to the cloud and the entire series of processes become so much
faster. Less bandwidth is consumed and latency is increased as a result of this.

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Applications:-

 Smart Home clearly stands out, ranking as highest Internet of Things application
on all measured channels. More than 60,000 people currently search for the term
“Smart Home” each month. This is not a surprise. The IoT Analytics company
database for Smart Home includes 256 companies and startups. More
companies are active in smart home than any other application in the field of IoT.
The total amount of funding for Smart Home startups currently exceeds $2.5
billion. This list includes multinational corporations like Philips, Haier, or Belkin.
 Wearables remains a hot topic too. As consumers await the release of Apple’s
new smart watch in April 2015, there are plenty of other wearable innovations to
be excited about: like the Sony Smart B Trainer, the Myo gesture control, or
LookSee bracelet. Of all the IoT startups, wearables maker Jawbone is probably
the one with the biggest funding to date. It stands at more than half a billion
dollars.
 Smart grids is a special one. A future smart grid promises to use information
about the behaviors of electricity suppliers and consumers in an automated
fashion to improve the efficiency, reliability, and economics of electricity. 41,000
monthly Google searches highlights the concept’s popularity. However, the lack
of tweets (Just 100 per month) shows that people don’t have much to say about
it.
 The industrial internet is also one of the special Internet of Things
applications. While many market researches such as Gartner or Cisco see the
industrial internet as the IoT concept with the highest overall potential, its
popularity currently doesn’t reach the masses like smart home or wearables do.
The industrial internet however has a lot going for it. The industrial internet gets
the biggest push of people on Twitter (~1,700 tweets per month) compared to
other non-consumer-oriented IoT concepts.
 The connected car is coming up slowly. Owing to the fact that the development
cycles in the automotive industry typically take 2-4 years, we haven’t seen much
buzz around the connected car yet. But it seems we are getting there. Most large

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auto makers as well as some brave startups are working on connected car
solutions. And if the BMWs and Fords of this world don’t present the next
generation internet connected car soon, other well-known giants will: Google,
Microsoft, and Apple have all announced connected car platforms.

Protocols:-

Web browsers use HTTP protocol to communicate with the servers on the internet.
Likewise, IoT devices use specific protocols to communicate (send and receive data)
over the internet to each other.

 CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a protocol that specifies how low-

power compute-constrained devices can operate in the internet of things (IoT).
Designed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (ITEF), CoAP is specified
in IETF RFC 7252. CoAP is designed to enable simple, constrained devices to
join the IoT even through constrained networks with low bandwidth and low
availability. The protocol is generally used for machine-to-machine (M2M)
communication. CoAP functions as a sort of HTTP for constrained devices,
enabling such component level equipment as sensors or actuators to
communicate on the IoT, being controlled and passing along their data as part of
a system. The protocol is designed for reliability in low bandwidth and high
congestion through its low power draw and low network overhead. According to
Jullian Vermillard, Sierra Wireless principle engineer of software, in a network
with limited connectivity or a lot of congestion CoAP can continue to work
where TCP-based protocols such as MQTT fail to complete a handshake.
 AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) is an open source published
standard for asynchronous messaging by wire.AMQP enables encrypted and
interoperable messaging between organizations and applications. The protocol is
used in client/server messaging and in IoT device management. AMPQ is
efficient, portable, multichannel and secure. The binary protocol offers
authentication and encryption by way of SASL or TLS, relying on a transport
protocol such as TCP. The messaging protocol is fast and features guaranteed
delivery with acknowledgement of received messages. AMPQ works well in

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multi-client environments and provides a means for delegating tasks and making
servers handle immediate requests faster. Because AMPQ is a streamed binary
messaging system with tightly mandated messaging behavior, the interoperability
of clients from different vendors is assured. AMQP allows for various guaranteed
messaging modes specifying a message be sent.
 At-most-once(sent one time with the possibility of being missed).
 At-least-once (guaranteeing delivery with the possibility of duplicated messages).
 Exactly-once (guaranteeing a one-time only delivery).

 DDS (Data Distribution Service) is the only open standard for messaging that
supports the unique needs of both enterprise and real-time systems. Its open
interfaces and advanced integration capabilities slash costs across a system's
lifecycle, from initial development and integration through ongoing maintenance
and upgrades. DDS fosters the development of loosely coupled, modular and
open architecture systems. By supporting well-defined interfaces between
components and subsystems, DDS eradicates stovepipe, closed and proprietary
architectures. This eliminates complexity to reduce integration, maintenance and
upgrade costs; promotes competition at the subsystem and middleware levels;
and eases reuse.

 Portability – DDS was designed from the start to support any programming
language. It is the only standard messaging API for C and C++; it also supports
Java, C#, Ada, JMS, WSDL/SOAP and REST/HTTP interfaces.
 Wire interoperability – The DDS Real-Time Publish-Subscribe (RTPS) wire
protocol provides seamless interoperability across implementations, platforms
and programming languages.
 Semantic interoperability – Applications communicate by exchanging
discoverable data objects typically described by a standard data model. The data
model can be specified using the OMG Interface Definition Language (IDL),
XSD/WSDL, XML or a programmatic interface. It can also be generated from a
Unified Modeling Language (UML) model.

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 Many implementations – At least 10 unique middleware implementations

support the DDS API or wire protocol.

 STOMP (Simple Text Oriented Messaging Protocol) Simple Text Oriented

Message Protocol, is a simple text-based protocol used for transmitting data
across applications. It is much simpler and less complex protocol than AMQP, it
is more similar to HTTP. STOMP clients can communicate with almost every
available STOMP message broker, this provide easy and widespread messaging
interoperability among many languages, platforms and brokers. It is for example
possible to connect to a STOMP broker using a telnet client. STOMP does not
deal with queues and topics it uses a SEND semantic with a destination string.
STOMP is recommended if you are implementing a simple message queuing
application without very complex demands on combination of exchanges and
queues.

 MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) is a simple messaging protocol,

designed for constrained devices with low-bandwidth. So, it’s the perfect solution
for Internet of Things applications. MQTT allows you to send commands to
control outputs, read and publish data from sensor nodes and much
more.Therefore, it makes it really easy to establish a communication between
multiple devices. In MQTT there are a few basic concepts

 The first concept is the publish and subscribe system. In a publish and
subscribe system, a device can publish a message on a topic, or it can be
subscribed to a particular topic to receive messages
 Messages are the information that you want to exchange between your devices.
Whether it’s a command or data.
 Another important concept are the topics. Topics are the way you register
interest for incoming messages or how you specify where you want to publish the
message.Topics are represented with strings separated by a forward slash. Each
forward slash indicates a topic level.

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 The broker is primarily responsible for receiving all messages, filtering the
messages, decide who is interested in them and then publishing the message
to all subscribed clients.

Global Revenue:-

Connected Connected Wearable Industrial Connected

Homes Vehicles Systems Internet Cities

2012 $0.6 billion $0.8 billion $0.7 billion $6.4 billion $24.7 billion

2013 $0.7 billion $1 billion $0.8 billion $7.8 billion $29.6 billion

2014 $1 billion $1.4 billion $1.1 billion $9.6 billion $35.3 billion

2015 $1.4 billion $2 billion $6.1 billion $12.4 billion $40.5 billion

2017 $2.5 billion $3.7 billion $10.5 billion $30.5 billion $36.3 billion

2018 $2.9 billion $4.5 billion $11.8 billion $35.9 billion ------

5G:-

Fifth generation wireless (5G) is a wireless networking architecture built on the

802.11ac IEEE wireless networking standard.5G networks are the next generation of
mobile internet connectivity, offering faster speeds and more reliable connections on
smartphones and other devices than ever before.Combining cutting-edge network
technology and the very latest research, 5G should offer connections that are multitudes
faster than current connections, with average download speeds of around 1GBps
expected to soon be the norm.The networks will help power a huge rise in Internet of
Things technology, providing the infrastructure needed to carry huge amounts of data,
allowing for a smarter and more connected world. 5G NR is a new air interface

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developed for the 5G network. It is supposed to be the global standard for the air
interface of 3GPP 5G networks. 5G NR speed in sub-6 GHz bands can be slightly
higher than the 4G with a similar amount of spectrum and antennas, though some
3GPP 5G networks will be slower than some advanced 4G networks, such as T-
Mobile's LTE/LAA network, which achieves 500+ Mbit/s in Manhattan. The 5G
specification allows LAA (License Assisted Access) as well but LAA in 5G has not yet
been demonstrated. Adding LAA to an existing 4G configuration can add hundreds of
megabits per second to the speed, but this is an extension of 4G, not a new part of the
5G standard. Through a combination of high speeds, massive bandwidth and super low
latency, 5G will allow for improvements in AR, VR, robotics, cloud gaming, immersive
education, healthcare and more.

Transition from 4G to 5G :-

 Improved precision 5G uses unique radio frequencies that are higher and more
directional than those used by 4G. The directionality of 5G is important because
4G towers send data all over, which can waste power and energy and ultimately
weaken access to the internet. 4G networks use frequencies below 6 GHz, while
5G will use much higher frequencies in the 30 GHz to 300 GHz range.The larger
the frequency, the greater its ability to support fast data without interfering with
other wireless signals or becoming overly cluttered.5G also uses shorter
wavelengths than 4G, which means antennas can be shorter without interfering
with the direction of the wavelengths. 5G can therefore support approximately
1,000 more devices per meter than 4G. On 5G, more data will more quickly get
to more people with less latency and disruption to meet surging data demands.
5G networks can also more precisely understand the data being requested and
can self-modulate power mode (low when not in use or high when you’re
streaming HD video, for example), generally making devices more user-friendly.

 Low latency/more bandwidth With 5G, it takes less time for the signal to travel,
which translates to low levels of latency. Technologies such as AI and machine
learning offer great potential, but require high bandwidth and low latency to

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achieve optimal performance,” said Katibeh. “The same is true for technologies
like virtual reality and augmented reality, which can offer a customer experience
like nothing before.

Deployment of IoT applications on 5G:-

Following are the IoT deployed applications on 5G:

 Factory cell automation, including assembly line devices that communicate

with control units with high reliability and low latency to support critical
functions. Industrial facilities are expected to be among the biggest users of
private 5G networks that are more secure and reliable.
 Smart venues and stadium networks that offer audiences a blend of physical
and virtual experiences during concerts and sporting events, and allow
crowd sourcing.
 Emergency communications to help with search and rescue and identify and
fix catastrophic problems involving machinery even if parts of a network have
been damaged.
 Smart city networks that include remote monitoring of city infrastructure,
real-time traffic information and public safety alerts for improved emergency
response times. Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) will facilitate more
efficient traffic management, dynamic traffic rerouting and tra ffic light
control.
 Media on demand applications will support consumer use of media content
(such as audio and video) anytime, anywhere. Media delivery can be
optimized for bandwidth, latency and cost by deploying a content distribution
network close to the edge, thus allowing consumers to experience VR and
AR with ease.

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Refrences:

https://www.dataversity.net/brief-history-internet-things/#

https://1sheeld.com/iot-understanding-concepts/

https://www.techradar.com/news/8-interesting-developments-in-iot-technology

https://www.ubuntupit.com/top-15-standard-iot-protocols-that-you-must-know-about/

https://www.statista.com/statistics/503466/iot-subsystems-revenue-worldwide/

https://www.sixgill.com/2018/08/09/5g-changes-ioe-governance-game/

https://www.adweek.com/digital/the-shift-from-4g-to-5g-will-change-just-about-
everything/

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