16.1: a) Therefore, the amplitude is while keeping A constant requires decreasing k, and increasing, by the same factor. Therefore the new wavelength is 16.2: ‘The much higher bulk modulus increases both the needed pressure amplitude and the speed, but the speed is proportional to the square root of the bulk modulus. The overall effect is that for such a large bulk modulus, large pressure amplitudes are needed to produce a given displacement. 16.3: From Eq, (16.5), a) b) The amplitude at exceeds the pain threshold, and at the sound would be unbearable, 16.4: The values from Example 16.8 are Using Example 16.5, so the pressure amplitude of this wave is This is times smaller than the pressure amplitude at sea level (Example 16-1), so pressure amplitude decreases with altitude for constant frequency and displacement amplitude 16.5: a) Using Equation (16.7), b) Using Equation (16.8),16.6: a) The time for the wave to travel to Caracas was and the speed was (keeping an extra figure). Similarly, the time for the wave to travel to Kevo was 680 s for a speed of and the time to travel to Vienna was 767 s for a speed of ‘The average speed for these three measurement Due to variations in density, or reflections (a subject addressed in later chapters), not all waves travel in straight lines with constant speeds. b) From Eq, (16.7), and using the given value of and the speeds found in part (a), the values for the bulk modulus are, respectively, These are larger, by a factor of 2 or 3, than the largest values in Table (11-1). 16.7: Use at as given in Table ‘The sound wave travels in water for the same time as the wave travels a distance in air, and so the depth of the diver is This is the depth of the diver; the distance from the horn is 16.8: ),b), ©) Using Eq, 4d) Repeating the calculation of Example 16.5 at gives. and so and16.9: Solving Eq. (16.10) for the temperature, or b) See the results of Problem 18.88, the variation of atmospheric pressure with altitude, assuming a non-constant temperature. If we know the altitude we can use the result of Problem 18.88, Since and Although a very high altitude for commercial aircraft, some military aircraft fly this high. This result assumes a uniform decrease in temperature that is solely due to the increasing altitude. Then, if we use this altitude, the pressure can be found: and or about .13 atm. Using an altitude of 13,667 m in the equation derived in Example 18.4 gives which overestimates the pressure due to the assumption of an isothermal atmosphere. 16.10: As in Example The same calculation with so the increase is 16.11: Table 16.1 suggests that the speed of longitudinal waves in brass is much higher than in air, and so the sound that travels through the metal arrives first. The time difference is