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ME 331

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning


Lec. M.Umer

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 1


Psychrometry
Topics of the Week…
 Sensible Heat and Latent Heat processes

 Sensible Heat Factor

 Bypass factor

 Air washer

 Water Injection

 Steam Injection

 Summer Air-Conditioning System

 Winter Air-Conditioning

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 2


Psychrometry
Basic Processes in Conditioning of Air

OA-Sensible Heating
OB-Sensible Cooling
OC-Humidifying
OD-Dehumidifying
OE-Heating and Humidifying C
G E
OF-Cooling and Dehumidifying
OG-Cooling and humidifying A
B
OH-Heating and dehumidifying O

F H
D

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 3


Psychrometry
Sensible Heat Process-Heating or Cooling

When the state of the air moves from O to A or to B, there is no change in the moisture
content of the air.
If the state changes from O to C or to D, the DBT remains constant.
However, most practical moisture-transfer processes involve a change in temperature as
well.
The heat transfer for AB or BA is given by:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (𝐶𝑝𝑎 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣 ) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 ) B A


O

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (1.005 + 1.88𝜔) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 )

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 4


Psychrometry
Sensible Heat Process-Heating or Cooling
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (1.005 + 1.88𝜔) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 )

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 Where 𝐶𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝𝑎 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣 (ℎ𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑑 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡)

𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (1.022) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 )
𝑄𝑠 = ρ 𝑐𝑚𝑚 1.022 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄𝑠 = (1.2) 𝑐𝑚𝑚 1.022 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑄𝑠 = 0.02044 𝑐𝑚𝑚 ∆𝑡 𝑘𝑊

Note:
1. For Sensible cooling coil may have refrigerant, cooling water or cool gas flowing through it.
2. The sensible cooling can be done only up to the dew point temperature

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 5


Psychrometry
Latent Heat Process-Humidifying or Dehumidifying

Moisture in the form of vapor has to be transferred to change the humidity ratio of the air at
constant dry-bulb temperature. This transfer of moisture is given by for process CD or DC:
During humidification, the relative humidity increases.
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐷 )
Where ℎ𝑓𝑔 is the latent heat of vaporization
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷
at the given dry bulb temp.

𝑄𝐿 = ρ 𝑐𝑚𝑚 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛

1.2 𝑐𝑚𝑚 2500 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷 C


𝑄𝐿 = 𝑘𝐽/𝑠𝑒𝑐
60

𝑄𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷 𝑘𝑊 O

D
𝑄𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚𝑚 ∆𝜔 𝑘𝑊

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 6


Psychrometry
Sensible Heat Factor (SHF)
The ratio of the sensible heat transfer to the total heat transfer is termed as the sensible heat
factor. Thus
𝑄𝑆 𝑄𝑆
𝑆𝐻𝐹 = =
𝑄𝐿 + 𝑄𝑆 𝑄
ℎ𝐶
ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴 + (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐵 )
ℎ𝐵
ℎ𝐵 − ℎ𝐴
𝑆𝐻𝐹 =
ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐴 C
ℎ𝐴
An SHF of 0.75 to 0.8 is quite common
in air-conditioning practice in a normal
dry day climate.
A B
A lower value of SHF (0.65), implies a
high latent heat load, which is quite
common in humid climate.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 7
Psychrometry
By Pass Factor

A bypass factor of the apparatus representing the fraction of un-contacted air in terms
of the states 1, 2 and S.
It can be expresser as follow:

𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑋𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑋𝐴𝐷𝑃 ℎ2 − ℎ𝑠


𝑋= = = 1
𝑇𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑋𝑖𝑛 − 𝑋𝐴𝐷𝑃 ℎ1 − ℎ𝑠

2
S
Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1-X), a
fraction of the contacted air as known as efficiency
of heating or cooling coils. X 1-X

Where ADP is the apparatus dew point of the coil

Note:
Under ideal conditions, the dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the apparatus
should be equal to that of the coil. But is not so, due to inefficiency of the coil.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 8


Psychrometry
Example
Atmospheric air at a dry bulb temperature of 16C and 25% relative humidity passes
through a furnace and then through a humidifier, in such a way that the final dry bulb
temperature is 30C and 50% relative humidity. Find the heat and moisture added to
the air. Also determine the sensible heat factor of the process.
Solution

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 9


Psychrometry
Example
Atmospheric air at a dry bulb temperature of 16C and 25% relative humidity passes
through a furnace and then through a humidifier, in such a way that the final dry bulb
temperature is 30C and 50% relative humidity. Find the heat and moisture added to
the air. Also determine the sensible heat factor of the process.
Solution

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 10


Psychrometry
Air Washer

 An air-conditioning apparatus that involves the flow


of air through a spray of water

 During the course of flow the air may be cooled or


heated, humidified or dehumidified or simply
adiabatically saturated, depending on the mean
surface temperature of water.

 The water is accordingly externally cooled or heated


or simply re-circulated by a pump.

 Make-up water is added for any loss in the case of


humidification of air.
Air Washer
 Eliminator plates are provided to minimize the loss
of water droplets.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 11


Psychrometry
Air Washer
Process1-2A: The mean surface temperature of the water is greater than the dry bulb
temperature of air. The water is externally heated

Process1-2B: The mean surface temperature


of the water is equal to the dry bulb
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated. S

2C 2B
Process1-2C: The mean surface temperature S
of the water is less than the dry bulb 2D 2A
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated.
1
Process1-2D: The mean surface temperature
of water is equal to the WBT of air.
Recirculation of water without any external
heating or cooling.

𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 12


Psychrometry
Air Washer

Process1-2E: Enthalpy of the air decreases,


hence the water is required to be externally
cooled.

Process1-2F: The temperature of water is


S
equal to the dew point temperature of air.
Water is required to be cooled. 2C 2B
S
2D 2A
Process1-2G: The mean surface temperature
S 2E
is lower than the dew point temperature of
S 2F
air. Air is simultaneously cooled and 1
dehumidified.
2G
S
Note: The air washer affords means for year-
round air-conditioning system.
𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 13


Psychrometry
Air Washer

Interpretation:

1. If the spray water is heated external to S


the washer, the WBT of air increases. 2C 2B
S
2. If the spray water is cooled external to 2D 2A
the washer, the WBT of air decreases. S 2E
S 2F
1
3. If the spray water is neither heated nor
cooled external to the washer, the WBT 2G
of air is not changed S

𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 14


Psychrometry
Energy Balance
𝐻2 − 𝐻1 = 𝐻4 − 𝐻3
3
𝑚𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤4 − 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤3 Water, 𝑚𝑤

𝑚𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤3 − 𝑡𝑤4 + 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤4


1 2
The humidifying efficiency of an air washer can be defined as: Air In, 𝑚𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚𝑎

ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
ƞ𝐻 = = 4
ℎ𝑆 − ℎ1 𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1 𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )

𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔2
𝑋=
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
𝜔2 − 𝜔1
𝑋 =1−
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1

𝑋 = 1 − ƞ𝐻 Note: the humidifying efficiency is the same as the contact factor

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 15


Psychrometry
Example
Air at 10C dry bulb temperature and 90% relative humidity is to be heated and humidified to
35C dry bulb temperature and 22.5C wet bulb temperature. The air is pre-heated sensibly
before passing to the air washer in which water is recirculated. The relative humidity of the
air coming out of the air washer is 90%. This air is again reheated sensibly to obtain the final
desired condition. Find: 1. the temperature to which the air should be preheated. 2. the total
heating required. 3. the make up water required in the air washer. 4. the humidifying
efficiency of the air washer.

Solution
First of all, mark the initial condition of air i-e at
10C DBT and 90% RH at point 1, then mark the
final condition i-e 35C DBT and 22.5C WBT at
point 2.
From point 1, draw a horizontal line to represent
sensible heating and from point 2 draw horizontal
line to intersect 90% RH curve at point B. Now
from point B, draw a constant WBT line which
intersects the horixontal line drawn through point
1 at point A.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 16
Psychrometry
Example
1. Temperature to which the air should be preheated:
From the psychrometric chart, the temperature to which the air should be preheated is
𝑡𝐴 = 32.6 °𝐶

2. Total Heating Required:

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 17


Psychrometry
Example

3. Make up water required in the air washer:

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 18


Psychrometry
Example

4. Humidifying efficiency of the air washer:

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 19


Psychrometry
Water Injection

If water at 𝑇𝑓 be injected and sprayed into a flowing air stream with help of nozzle,
the condition of the air will change depending on the amount of water that
evaporates.
𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
S
𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ
𝑚𝑎 𝑓 2C
S
2B
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )ℎ𝑓
S 2A
ℎ𝑓 is the enthalpy of water.
1

If the water is injected at the WBT of the


air, there no need of heat supply or
rejection and the process follows the
constant WBT line 1-2B.
𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 20


Psychrometry
Steam Injection

Steam is normally injected into fresh outdoor


air which is then supplied for the
conditioning of textile mills where high
humidity has to be maintained. 2 𝝎𝟏

𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
𝝎𝟐
1

𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ
𝑚𝑎 𝑣

𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 21


Psychrometry
Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification

This process is mainly used in industrial air


conditioning and can also be used for some
comfort air-conditioning.

In this process, the air is passed over


chemical which have an affinity for
moisture. As the air comes in contact with
these chemicals, the moisture gets condensed
out of the air and gives up its latent heat. 1

𝑻𝟏

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 22


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System

For the simplest air-conditioning system, consider a space which is to be maintained


at the room or inside condition of say dry bulb temperature 𝑡𝑖 and humidity ratio 𝜔𝑖 .
Let 𝑄𝑠 represent the sensible heat gain and G, the moisture gain of the room
from internal and external sources.

𝑅𝑇𝐻 = 𝑅𝑆𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿𝐻

RTH= Room Total Heat


RSH= Room Sensible Heat
RLH=Room Latent Heat

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 23


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor

 The introduction of fresh


𝑄𝑠
outside air for the ventilation Ventilation Re-circulated air, 𝑡𝑖 𝜔𝑖
of conditioned space is 𝑚𝑎0
Room at 𝑡𝑖 𝜔𝑖
necessary to dilute the
carbon dioxide and odours 𝑚𝑎𝑖 𝐺
and other air contaminants
for maintaining the purity of 1 2 S Supply air, 𝑡𝑠 𝜔𝑠

room air.
𝑚𝑎0
 As a result the supply air to 𝑚𝑎𝑠
Cooling and Fan
the room comprises fresh air Dehumidifying
and re-circulated room air. Apparatus
 An amount equivalent to the
fresh air is ejected from the
room.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 24


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
 0 and i represent the outside and 0
inside air sates and 1 is the state
of air after the mixing of
recirculated room air with 1
ventilation air.
 The mixture entering the
conditioning apparatus comprises 𝑖
𝑆, 𝑠, 2
recirculated room air 𝑚𝑎𝑖 and
ventilation air 𝑚𝑎0 .
 Note: In this case the coil ADP
and the room ADP are the same. 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑖 𝑡0
𝑆: Surface at ADP
𝑠: Leaving air
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹= Room sensible Heat Factor 2: Supply air
G𝑆𝐻𝐹= Grand Sensible Heat Factor

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 25


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ1 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ2 0
𝑚𝑎0

𝑄 = (𝑚𝑎𝑖 ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚𝑎0 ℎ0 ) − 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ2


1
𝑄 = (𝑚𝑎𝑠 − 𝑚𝑎0 ) ℎ𝑖 + 𝑚𝑎0 ℎ0 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ2 𝑚𝑎𝑖
𝑖
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ( ℎ𝑖 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑚𝑎0 (ℎ0 − ℎ𝑖 ) 𝑆, 𝑠, 2 𝑚𝑎𝑠

Room load Ventilation load 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 𝑡𝑖 𝑡0


𝑆: Surface at ADP
𝑠: Leaving air
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹= Room sensible Heat Factor 2: Supply air
G𝑆𝐻𝐹= Grand Sensible Heat Factor

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 26


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor
Example: The air-handling unit of an air-conditioning plant supplies a total of 4500 cmm
of dry air which comprises by weight 20% fresh air at 40ºC DBT and 27ºC WBT, and 80%
recirculated air at 25ºC DBT and 50% RH. The air leaves the cooling coil at 13ºC saturated
state. Calculate the total cooling load and room heat gain.

Outside Inside Coil Inlet ADP


(0) (i) (1) (S)
DBTºC 40 25 28 13
WBTºC 27
RH % 50 100
S.H 17.2 10 11.44 9.4
Enthalpy 85 50.8 57.6 37.0

Specific volume of air entering the cooling


coil:
4500
𝑚3 𝑚 𝑎1 = kg d.a/min = 86.3 kg d.a/sec
𝑣 = 0.869
1 0.869
𝑘𝑔 𝑑.𝑎
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 27
Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air-Zero Bypass Factor

Outside Inside Coil Inlet ADP


(0) (i) (1) (S)
DBTºC 40 25 28 13
WBTºC 27
RH % 50 100
S.H 17.2 10 11.44 9.4
Enthalpy 85 50.8 57.6 37.0

Total Cooling load


Room heat gain
𝑄 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ( ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑅𝐻𝐺 = 𝑄 − 𝑄0 = 1781.4 − 590.4
𝑄 = 86.3 57.64 − 37 = 1781.4 𝑘𝑊 𝑅𝐻𝐺 = 1191 𝑘𝑊
Fresh air load
𝑄0 = 𝑚𝑎0 ℎ0 − ℎ𝑖 = 0.2 86.3 85 − 50.8 = 590.4 𝑘𝑊

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 28


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air Bypass Factor X
In actual practice the bypass factor in not 0
zero, hence it is necessary to lower the
apparatus dew point temperature ADP than
the room ADP, in such a way that the leaving 𝑡𝑠 = 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 1
𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙
air state 2 lies on the RSHF line i-s.
𝑆 𝑖
𝑠, 2
𝑆′
𝑡2 − 𝑡′2 ℎ2 − ℎ′2 1−𝑋
𝑋= = 𝑋
𝑡1 − 𝑡′2 ℎ1 − ℎ′2
𝑡2 ′ = 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑡2 𝑡𝑖 𝑡1

It will be seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to lower the ADP of the surface, and
hence to decrease the coefficient of performance of the refrigerating machine.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 29


Psychrometry
Summer Air-Conditioning System with
Ventilation Air Bypass Factor X
Example: A building has the following calculated cooling loads;
RSH gain = 310 kW
RLH gain = 100 kW
The space is maintained at the following conditions:
Room DBT = 25ºC
Room RH = 50%
Outdoor air is at 38ºC and 50% RH. And 10% by mass of air supplied to he building is outdoor air. If the
air supplied to the space is not to be at a temperature lower than 18ºC, find:

1. Minimum amount of air supplied to space in 𝑚3 /𝑠.


2. Volume flow rate of recirculated room air, exhaust air and outdoor air.
3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil
4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0.756

If we draw RSHF line, it intersects with


𝑡2 =18ºC vertical line, gives supply air
state point s or 2.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 30


𝟎

𝟏
𝒊
𝑺 𝟐,s

9º𝑪 𝟏𝟖º 26.3º 3𝟖º

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 31


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or 2) (S)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836
1. Minimum amount of air supplied to space in 𝑚3 /𝑠.

𝑅𝑇𝐻 410
𝑚𝑎𝑠 = = = 44.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑠 50.5 − 41.2

𝑉𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑣𝑠 = (44.1)(0.836) = 36.86 𝑚3 /𝑠

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 32


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or 2) (S)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

2. Volume flow rate of recirculated room air and exhaust air.

𝑚𝑎0 = 0.1𝑚𝑎𝑠 = 0.1 44.1 = 4.41 𝑘𝑔/𝑠

𝑉0 = 𝑚𝑎0 𝑣0 = (4.41)(0.91) = 4.0 𝑚3 /𝑠

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 33


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or 2) (S)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil

𝑡1 = 0.9𝑡𝑖 + 0.1𝑡0 = 0.9 25 + 0.1 38 = 26.3º𝐶

𝑉1 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝑣1 = (44.1)(0.865) = 38.14 𝑚3 /𝑠

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 34


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or 2) (S)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑄𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 𝐺𝑇𝐻 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠 ℎ1 − ℎ2 = 44.1 54.6 − 41.2 = 591 𝑘𝑊


ADP = 9ºC (Obtained by intersecting the 1-2 line with saturated curve)
𝑡2 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 18 − 9
𝐵𝑃𝐹 = = = 0.52
𝑡1 − 𝑡𝐴𝐷𝑃 26.3 − 9

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 35


Psychrometry
Outside Inside Coil Inlet Supply ADP
(0) (i) (1) (s or 2) (S)
DBTºC 38 25 26.3 18 9
WBTºC
DPTºC 16
RH % 50 50 100
S.H
Enthalpy 92 50.5 56 41.2
S. Volume 0.91 0.865 0.836

4. Capacity, ADP, BPF and GSHF of the cooling coil.

𝑇𝑆𝐻 𝑇𝑆𝐻 𝑚𝑎𝑠 𝐶𝑝 (𝑡1 − 𝑡2 )


𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = =
𝑇𝑆𝐻 + 𝑇𝐿𝐻 𝐺𝑇𝐻 592

44.1 (1.02)(26.3 − 18)


𝐺𝑆𝐻𝐹 = = 0.635
591
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 36
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
 In general, the process in the conditioning apparatus for winter air conditioning for
comfort involve heating and humidifying.
 In winter, building sensible heat losses are partially compensated by the solar heat
gain and the internal heat gains such as those from occupancy, lighting, etc.
 Similarly, the latent heat gain from occupancy is more or less offset the low outside
air humidity.
 Thus in winter, the heating load is likely to be less than the cooling load in summer.

Two of the typical process combinations are:

I. Preheating the air with steam or hot water in a coil followed by adiabatic
saturation and reheat.
II. Heating and humidifying air in an air washer with pumped recirculation
and external heating of water followed by reheat.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 37


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
I. Preheating the air with steam or hot water in a coil followed by adiabatic
saturation and reheat.
II. Heating and humidifying air in an air washer with pumped recirculation
and external heating of water followed by reheat.

𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠
3
𝑖
𝜔↑
1
𝑃𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2
0

𝑡→
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 38
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Example: In an industrial application for winter air conditioning, an air washer is used
with heated water spray followed by a reheater. The room sensible heat factor may be
taken as unity. The design conditions are:
Outside air: 0º DBT and dry.
Inside: 22º DBT and 50% RH
Room heat loss: 703 kW
The following quantities are known from the summer design.
Ventilation air = 𝑉𝑜 = 1600 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Supply air = 𝑉𝑠 = 2800 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Spray water quantity = 𝑚𝑤1 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
The air washer saturation efficiency is 90%. The make-up water is available at 20ºC.
Calculate:
1. The supply air condition to space.
2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber.
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
4. The heat added to the spray water.
5. The reheat, if necessary.

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 39


𝟏𝟗. 𝟔º

𝑺
𝟖. 𝟖
𝟖. 𝟐
𝟐 𝒊 𝒔
𝟒. 𝟖º

𝟑. 𝟓
𝟏

𝟎
9.4
34.2º

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 40


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Solutions:
1. The supply air condition :
𝑅𝑆𝐻 = 𝑄𝑠 = 0.0204(𝑐𝑚𝑚)𝑠 (𝑡𝑖 − 𝑡𝑠 )

703 = 0.0204(2800) (22 − 𝑡𝑠 )


𝑡𝑠 = 34.2º
Since RSHF=1, from psychrometric chart, the supply WBT is 19.6ºC, and specific
humidity 𝜔𝑠 is 8.2 kg/kgd.a.

2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber:


𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑎𝑖𝑟 %
𝑡1 = 0.43𝑡𝑖 + 0.57𝑡0 = 0.43 22 + 0.57 0 = 9.43º𝐶 1600
= × 100 = 57%
2800
Similarly:
𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 %
𝜔1 = 0.43𝜔𝑖 + 0.57𝜔0 = 0.43 8.2 + 0.57 0 = 3.53 1200
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎 = × 100 = 43%
2800
WBT of entering air is 4.8ºC (Psychro… chart)

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 41


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Solutions:
Specific humidity of leaving air
𝑔
𝜔2 = 𝜔𝑠 = 𝜔𝑖 = 8.2
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎
Expression for saturation or humidifying efficiency
𝜔2 − 𝜔1
ƞ𝐻 =
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1

8.2 − 3.53
0.9 =
𝜔𝑆 − 3.53
Specific humidity at the wetted-surface
𝑔 𝑤. 𝑣
𝜔𝑆 = 8.73
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎
DBT (𝑡𝑆 ) at the wetted-surface (Psychro… chart)
𝑡𝑆 = 11.8ºC
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 42
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Solutions:
DBT of leaving air
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 9.43
ƞ𝐻 = =
𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡1 11.8 − 9.43

𝑡2 = 11.6ºC

WBT (𝑡′2 ) of leaving air (Psychro… chart)

𝑡′2 = 11.5ºC
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
The temperature of the leaving spray water and the wet bulb temperature of the
leaving air may be taken to be the same. Hence the leaving spray water temperature
(This will be the case once equilibrium is being reached, observe adiabatic saturation
and wet bulb temperature topic previously covered, week9a)

𝑡′2 = 𝑡𝑤4 = 11.5ºC

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 43


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Solutions:
Air washer energy balancing equation

𝑚𝑎 ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 𝑚𝑤 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤3 − 𝑡𝑤4 + 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1 𝐶𝑝𝑤 𝑡𝑤4

2800 2800
33 − 18.2 = (500)(4.187) 𝑡𝑤3 − 11.5 + 0.0082 − 0.0035 (4.187)(11.5)
0.88 0.88

47091 = (2093.5) 𝑡𝑤3 − 11.5 + 720


3
Water, 𝑚𝑤
𝑡𝑤3 − 11.5 = 22.15

𝑡𝑤3 = 33.7º𝐶 1 2
Air In, 𝑚𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚𝑎

4
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 44
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System

4. The heat added to the spray water:


Make-up water ∆𝑚𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
2800
∆ 𝑚𝑤 = 0.0082 − 0.0035
0.88
2800 𝑘𝑔
∆ 𝑚𝑤 = 0.0082 − 0.0035 = 14.95 = 0.2492 𝑘𝑔/𝑠𝑒𝑐
0.88 𝑚𝑖𝑛
Amount of heat to make-up water
𝑄1 = 0.2492 4.187 33.7 − 20 = 14.3 𝑘𝑊
Amount of heat to raise temperature of spray water
500
𝑄2 = 4.187 33.7 − 11.5 = 774.5 𝑘𝑊
60
Heat added to spray water
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 = 14.3 + 774.5 = 789 𝑘𝑊

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 45


Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System

5. Reheat:

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 0.0204 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝑠 (𝑡𝑠 − 𝑡2 )

𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 0.0204 2800 34.2 − 11.6 = 1291 𝑘𝑊

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 46


Reference:
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (C.P. Arora)

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 47

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