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Bypass factor
Air washer
Water Injection
Steam Injection
Winter Air-Conditioning
OA-Sensible Heating
OB-Sensible Cooling
OC-Humidifying
OD-Dehumidifying
OE-Heating and Humidifying C
G E
OF-Cooling and Dehumidifying
OG-Cooling and humidifying A
B
OH-Heating and dehumidifying O
F H
D
When the state of the air moves from O to A or to B, there is no change in the moisture
content of the air.
If the state changes from O to C or to D, the DBT remains constant.
However, most practical moisture-transfer processes involve a change in temperature as
well.
The heat transfer for AB or BA is given by:
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐴 − ℎ𝐵 )
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 + 𝜔𝐶𝑝𝑣 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵
𝑄𝑠 = 𝑚𝑎 (1.022) (𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 )
𝑄𝑠 = ρ 𝑐𝑚𝑚 1.022 𝑡𝐴 − 𝑡𝐵 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄𝑠 = 0.02044 𝑐𝑚𝑚 ∆𝑡 𝑘𝑊
Note:
1. For Sensible cooling coil may have refrigerant, cooling water or cool gas flowing through it.
2. The sensible cooling can be done only up to the dew point temperature
Moisture in the form of vapor has to be transferred to change the humidity ratio of the air at
constant dry-bulb temperature. This transfer of moisture is given by for process CD or DC:
During humidification, the relative humidity increases.
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 (ℎ𝐶 − ℎ𝐷 )
Where ℎ𝑓𝑔 is the latent heat of vaporization
𝑄𝐿 = 𝑚𝑎 ℎ𝑓𝑔 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷
at the given dry bulb temp.
𝑄𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚𝑚 𝜔𝐶 − 𝜔𝐷 𝑘𝑊 O
D
𝑄𝐿 = 50 𝑐𝑚𝑚 ∆𝜔 𝑘𝑊
A bypass factor of the apparatus representing the fraction of un-contacted air in terms
of the states 1, 2 and S.
It can be expresser as follow:
2
S
Conversely, one can define a contact factor (1-X), a
fraction of the contacted air as known as efficiency
of heating or cooling coils. X 1-X
Note:
Under ideal conditions, the dry bulb temperature of the air leaving the apparatus
should be equal to that of the coil. But is not so, due to inefficiency of the coil.
2C 2B
Process1-2C: The mean surface temperature S
of the water is less than the dry bulb 2D 2A
temperature of air. The water is externally
heated.
1
Process1-2D: The mean surface temperature
of water is equal to the WBT of air.
Recirculation of water without any external
heating or cooling.
𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏
Interpretation:
𝑻𝒅 𝑻𝒘
𝑻𝟏
ℎ2 − ℎ1 𝜔2 − 𝜔1
ƞ𝐻 = = 4
ℎ𝑆 − ℎ1 𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1 𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔2
𝑋=
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
𝜔2 − 𝜔1
𝑋 =1−
𝜔𝑆 − 𝜔1
Solution
First of all, mark the initial condition of air i-e at
10C DBT and 90% RH at point 1, then mark the
final condition i-e 35C DBT and 22.5C WBT at
point 2.
From point 1, draw a horizontal line to represent
sensible heating and from point 2 draw horizontal
line to intersect 90% RH curve at point B. Now
from point B, draw a constant WBT line which
intersects the horixontal line drawn through point
1 at point A.
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 16
Psychrometry
Example
1. Temperature to which the air should be preheated:
From the psychrometric chart, the temperature to which the air should be preheated is
𝑡𝐴 = 32.6 °𝐶
If water at 𝑇𝑓 be injected and sprayed into a flowing air stream with help of nozzle,
the condition of the air will change depending on the amount of water that
evaporates.
𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
S
𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ
𝑚𝑎 𝑓 2C
S
2B
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )ℎ𝑓
S 2A
ℎ𝑓 is the enthalpy of water.
1
𝑚𝑣
𝜔2 = 𝜔1 +
𝑚𝑎
𝝎𝟐
1
𝑚𝑣
ℎ2 = ℎ1 + ℎ
𝑚𝑎 𝑣
𝑻𝟏 𝑻𝟐
𝑻𝟏
room air.
𝑚𝑎0
As a result the supply air to 𝑚𝑎𝑠
Cooling and Fan
the room comprises fresh air Dehumidifying
and re-circulated room air. Apparatus
An amount equivalent to the
fresh air is ejected from the
room.
It will be seen that the effect of the bypass factor is to lower the ADP of the surface, and
hence to decrease the coefficient of performance of the refrigerating machine.
𝑅𝑆𝐻𝐹 = 0.756
𝟏
𝒊
𝑺 𝟐,s
𝑅𝑇𝐻 410
𝑚𝑎𝑠 = = = 44.1 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
ℎ𝑖 − ℎ𝑠 50.5 − 41.2
3. State and volume flow rate of air entering the cooling coil
I. Preheating the air with steam or hot water in a coil followed by adiabatic
saturation and reheat.
II. Heating and humidifying air in an air washer with pumped recirculation
and external heating of water followed by reheat.
𝐴𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑅𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠
3
𝑖
𝜔↑
1
𝑃𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 2
0
𝑡→
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 38
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Example: In an industrial application for winter air conditioning, an air washer is used
with heated water spray followed by a reheater. The room sensible heat factor may be
taken as unity. The design conditions are:
Outside air: 0º DBT and dry.
Inside: 22º DBT and 50% RH
Room heat loss: 703 kW
The following quantities are known from the summer design.
Ventilation air = 𝑉𝑜 = 1600 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Supply air = 𝑉𝑠 = 2800 𝑐𝑚𝑚.
Spray water quantity = 𝑚𝑤1 = 500 𝑘𝑔/𝑚𝑖𝑛.
The air washer saturation efficiency is 90%. The make-up water is available at 20ºC.
Calculate:
1. The supply air condition to space.
2. The entering and leaving air conditions at the spray chamber.
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
4. The heat added to the spray water.
5. The reheat, if necessary.
𝑺
𝟖. 𝟖
𝟖. 𝟐
𝟐 𝒊 𝒔
𝟒. 𝟖º
𝟑. 𝟓
𝟏
𝟎
9.4
34.2º
8.2 − 3.53
0.9 =
𝜔𝑆 − 3.53
Specific humidity at the wetted-surface
𝑔 𝑤. 𝑣
𝜔𝑆 = 8.73
𝑘𝑔𝑑. 𝑎
DBT (𝑡𝑆 ) at the wetted-surface (Psychro… chart)
𝑡𝑆 = 11.8ºC
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 42
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
Solutions:
DBT of leaving air
𝑡2 − 𝑡1 𝑡2 − 9.43
ƞ𝐻 = =
𝑡𝑆 − 𝑡1 11.8 − 9.43
𝑡2 = 11.6ºC
𝑡′2 = 11.5ºC
3. The entering and leaving spray water temperature.
The temperature of the leaving spray water and the wet bulb temperature of the
leaving air may be taken to be the same. Hence the leaving spray water temperature
(This will be the case once equilibrium is being reached, observe adiabatic saturation
and wet bulb temperature topic previously covered, week9a)
2800 2800
33 − 18.2 = (500)(4.187) 𝑡𝑤3 − 11.5 + 0.0082 − 0.0035 (4.187)(11.5)
0.88 0.88
𝑡𝑤3 = 33.7º𝐶 1 2
Air In, 𝑚𝑎 Air Out, 𝑚𝑎
4
𝑚𝑤 − 𝑚𝑎 (𝜔2 − 𝜔1 )
Refrigeration & Air Conditioning M.Umer 44
Psychrometry
Winter Air Conditioning System
5. Reheat: