CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter is design to present relevant literatures on the study of the

perception on Makatizen card among residents of barangay Rizal in Makati City that can

help the reader to understand the research. In this chapter, the researchers will define

the different themes for each topic that are used in the study.

National Identity Card

A national identity card is a portable document, typically a plasticized card with

digitally-embedded information, that someone is required or encouraged to carry as a

means of confirming their identity. Since the World Trade Center tragedy of September

11, 2001, many countries have discussed issuing national identity cards as a way to

distinguish terrorists from the law-abiding population. The government of the U.K. has

discussed going in the direction of a national identity card that will use one or

more biometric techniques such as iris or fingerprint recognition to confirm the identity of

a card holder. The controversial plan would include developing a national database of

basic personal information(https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/definition/national-

identity-card).

Perhaps, the only country in Southeast Asia that hasn’t imposed a national ID

system yet is the Philippines. Neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and
Singapore have had one in place for a long time now, which is not just used for their

identification but also for keeping track of their a citizen’s information deemed as

necessary (https://www.imoney.ph/articles/filsys-financial-implications/).

Metro Manila (CNN Philippines, August 8) — The national identification (ID) card

will be available for free in Metro Manila and Calabarzon (Region IV-A) by yearend, a

congressman said Wednesday."[The National Capital Region] and Region IV-A will be

the pilot areas... before the end of the year," Davao City Representative KarloNograles

announced on CNN Philippines' The Source

(http://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/08/08/national-id-philsys-roll-out-manila-

region-4a-2018.html).

The RA No. 11055 or known as “An Act Establishing the Philippine Identification

System” was published on the Manila Bulletin and will take effect on 25 August 2018. a

foundational identification system to provide a valid proof of identity for all citizens and

resident aliens as a means of simplifying public and private transactions; a social and

economic platform which shall serve as the link in the promotion of seamless service

delivery, enhancing administrative governance, reducing corruption, strengthening

financial inclusion, and promoting ease of doing business(https://psa.gov.ph/philsys).

Proponents say the Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) can help improve

the delivery of government services but experts worry about its implications on privacy.

The Philippine Identification System (PhilSys) is the government’s central identification

platform. In a nutshell, it is a means to simplify public and private

transactions.Proponents of the national ID system said that it can greatly improve the

delivery of government services – especially for those who lack proper government-

issued identification cards as a person’s record in the PhilSys would be valid and

sufficient proof of identity.According to Republic Act 11055, the system aims to

"eliminate the need to present other forms of identification when transacting with the

government and private sector." (https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/204247-

proposed-national-id-system-philippines-facts)

These ID cards have actually been in use since December 2018 already. The

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) had a trial run with the 1 million individuals under

the Unconditional Transfer Program. Once this trial run is completed and deemed

successful, the application for everyone else will begin. The PSA projects a full roll-out

by September 2019 (https://www.wheninmanila.com/the-philippine-national-id-cards-

will-soon-be-in-use-and-this-is-how-you-can-get-one/).These ID cards have actually

been in use since December 2018 already. The Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)

had a trial run with the 1 million individuals under the Unconditional Transfer Program.

Once this trial run is completed and deemed successful, the application for everyone

else will begin. The PSA projects a full roll-out by September 2019

(https://www.wheninmanila.com/the-philippine-national-id-cards-will-soon-be-in-use-

and-this-is-how-you-can-get-one/).
 The Philippine System Identification Act or PhilSys Act (Republic Act 11055),

signed into law by Pres. Rodrigo Duterte on August 6, 2018, mandates the government

to create a single identification card for all Filipino citizens and foreign residents in the

Philippines that will serve as their official national ID

(https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/philippine-national-id-philsys-card/).

This is where the new Philippine ID becomes complex. You will be required to

register for the national Philippine ID card and the government like your address, date of

birth, contact details, blood type and more, will store data about you. You will undergo

an iris scan for ultimate identification and the government in the guise of supplying the

cardholder with better government services does all this. How this will work out is

beyond comprehension. Allegedly, your new Philippine ID card will be sufficient for you

to avail services from government agencies like PhilHealth,

GSIS etc.(https://ofwmoney.org/philsys-national-id/#What-is-National-ID-System-Law)

Many advanced countries are now demonstrating that, beyond the security

benefits for both states and individuals, ID cards with their derived digital IDs can

provide citizens and businesses with real services and benefits, without infringing upon

new rules on data protection and civil liberties.

(https://www.gemalto.com/govt/identity/).

ID cards help associate a lot of information with a particular person. For

example, an ID card might carry information such as health risks that the individual

holds, according to the University of Miami. This card can be scanned and searched
on a national database when the individual has a medical emergency and suddenly

has to go to a hospital. If the patient is difficult to identify, such as when the patient is

badly hurt or unconscious, the only way that the patient can probably be identified is

through the card.National ID cards are implemented for national security reasons.

Government officials can prevent individuals who are not supposed to be in a certain

area, such as individuals who have been deemed national security threats, from

performing certain actions such as flying. ID cards help combat identity theft. If a

country has universal standards for ID cards and is able to prevent forgery of these

cards, conducting identity theft can be more difficult because the owner of the ID card

can prove his identity. National ID cards will likely be used to fight illegal employment.

Those who are undocumented immigrants are not allowed to work within many

countries. Authentic national ID cards will help employers identify if a job applicant is

actually a citizen of some citizens might try to vote in elections more than once. Many

times, they come up with fictional characters so that a candidate can get additional

votes. National ID cards prevent forged identities, according to Oxford Journals

(https://legalbeagle.com/7285969-advantages-national-id-cards.html).

Makati City: History and Background

Before Makati became a bustling central business district, the city had undergone

several major makeovers. Starting out as a marshland that eventually became a

Spanish settlement, none could've foreseen what Makati is today: modern, vibrant, and

an international city where people from all over the world gather for business and leisure

(https://kmc.solutions/history-of-makati/).
 Originally founded in 1670 as a visita of Sta. Ana de Sapa under the jurisdiction

of the Franciscans, Makati City was first dismissed as "worthless" swamp land by the

Spanish conquistador Juan Miguel de Legazpi in 1571. Yet over the centuries, this

small community would leave large imprints in social, economic and cultural history. The

friars established two of the earliest churches in the Philippines, the NuestraSeñora de

Gracia in Guadalupe and the Church of Sts. Peter and Paul in Makati, drawing pilgrims

from all over the country. At the turn of the century, the Americans established Fort

McKinley in Makati, and in 1901, San Pedro de Makati, with a population of 2,500, was

incorporated into the province of Rizal. On 28 February 1914, the Philippine Legislature

passed Act 2390, shortening the name San Pedro Makati to Makati in the 1930s, the

first airport, Nielson Airport, opened in what is now the Ayala Triangle. The first centrally

planned community was established in the 1950s, and since the 1970s, Makati has

been the undisputed financial and commercial capital, the once worthless swampland

becoming prime real property. Makati has also figured prominently in the political history

of the Filipino. The community was one of the cradles of the revolt against Spanish

colonial rule, and following the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983, the epicenter of

the protest movement against the dictatorial rule of Ferdinand Marcos. On 2 January

1995, Makati became an independent city by virtue of Republic Act 7854

(https://wikitravel.org/en/Makati).

Makati City belongs to the seventeen urban centers that define Metro Manila,

one of the most highly populated Metro regions anywhere. Having a population of over
half a million people, Makati is rated as the 42nd most densely populated city in the

world, with roughly 7,200 residents per square mile

(https://www.makaticity.com/about/).However in daytime, especially during the typical

work days, the city reaches million of population due to large number of people working

in the city. With a total land area of 27.36 square kilometers or 2,735 hectares it owns

the whole 4.3% of National Capital Region’s total land area.

(https://philippinescities.com/makati-city/).

The city of Makati is the financial centre of the Philippines and one of the major

financial, commercial and economic hubs in Asia. It is one of the most populous

metropolitan areas in the world, and provides an eclectic mix of holiday rentals - from

luxurious homes to small holiday villas and rental condos on the outskirts of the city.

Makati is well known for its highly cosmopolitan culture, and many expatriates live and

work in the city. It is also a major cultural and entertainment hub in Metro Manila

(https://www.tripadvisor.com.ph/Tourism-g298450-Makati_Metro_Manila_Luzon-

Vacations.html). In fact, the COA has also confirmed Makati as the country’s richest city

with its total assets reaching P196.7 billion, more than double the figure in 2016. It is

also the first local government unit to breach the P100-billion mark for assets

(https://pia.gov.ph/index.php/news/articles/1017028).

Makati City has the most dynamic local economy among 20 metro-sized

Philippine cities, according to the recently concluded Philippine Cities Ranking Project

(PCCRP) 2007. The study only show that Makati has remained competitive, even
posting a "substantial growth" despite the economic turmoil haunting the country today,

according to a statement issued on Thursday by Makati Mayor

JejomarBinay(https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/109075/makati-has-

most-dynamic-economy-among-big-rp-cities-aim-study/story/). Economic dynamism

refers to the activities that create a stable expansion of business and industries and

higher employment. The indicators are the size of the local economy and growth of the

local economy measured using business registrations, capital, revenue and permits;

capacity to generate jobs; inflation rate; cost of living; cost of doing business; and

presence of financial institutions and business groups.

(https://www.philstar.com/metro/2016/07/15/1603158/makati-ranks-first-economic-

dynamism-ncc).

Investor incentives and IT-readiness in terms of Internet connectivity, telecoms

infrastructure, and 24/7 technical support have made Makati’s 41 PEZA-listed buildings

a sought-after base for hundreds of BPO companies, all of which are powered by a

workforce that’s one of the most competitive in the region

(https://www.zipmatch.com/blog/makati-city-by-the-numbers/).

Unlike most cities and municipalities in the Philippines, whose primary concerns

revolve mostly around local development issues, the major economic challenges facing

the City are how: (a) to enhance its role as the premier central business district, not only

of the country but of the entire Southeast Asian region, amidst competition from other
business districts, and (b) to ensure that its residents share in the benefits as well as the

responsibilities of this role. In order to address these challenges, there is a need to

anticipate and provide for future growth requirements, and to continuously upgrade local

service capacities and improve the overall physical environment

(http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/uploads/staticmenu/docs/economic_structure.pdf).

Makati Health Plus (MHP) Program or “Yellow Card”

In 1986, Mayor Jejomar Binay signed an agreement with the Makati Medical

Center to allot a number of beds to poor residents, with the city government subsidizing

the beneficiaries’ hospital bill. The increasing demand for health services eventually

prompted the city government to push for the construction of its own full-service

hospital. Thirty-two years later, the Makati Health Plus (MHP) Program, more popularly

known as the “Yellow Card,” continues to provide indigent and low-income residents,

and other beneficiaries with access to quality health care through subsidized

hospitalization and free outpatient services at the city government run hospital; Ospital

ng Makati (Osmak) (https://www.bworldonline.com/makati-city-leads-the-way-in-

socialized-health-care/).

The Makati Health Plus (MHP) Program, better known as the “Yellow Card”,

provides indigent and low-income residents and other beneficiaries with access to

quality health care through subsidized hospitalization and free outpatient services at the

city-run Ospital ng Makati (OSMAK) in Barangay Pembo. Yellow Card beneficiaries are
also entitled to free check-ups or consultations at the city’s 28 fully-equipped barangay

health centers, where medical services, ranging from maternal and child care to elderly

care, are available. Aside from OSMAK, the Acute Care Center-OSMAK in Bel-Air

provides emergency medical care for the seriously ill or injured beneficiaries

(http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/uploads/staticmenu/docs/benefits_cards.pdf).

If you can't afford medical services then you're very much qualified to avail of the

program, however, you need to have all the requirements that support the fact that you

are an indigent. Here are the three categories, check out in which category you fall

under and read on to know what you need to bring when you apply for the MHP card.

(These requirements are for first time applicants only). A. Family Card- This covers the

married Makati residents, married non-Makati residents employed by the city

government, single parents and his/her declared/qualified dependents. B. Solo Card-

This type is for those of 21 years old and single, for the single non-Makati resident

employed in the city government and single house-helpers. C. For Makati City

Government Employees- Refer to letter A if you are a married non-Makati resident and

B if you are a single non-Makati resident. Note: The most important requirement you

need to secure is your Certificate of Employment from the Head Office or the concerned

department in the city government you are working at

(https://treadwithtine.blogspot.com/2016/02/how-to-apply-for-makatis-yellow-card.html).

The program has given beneficiaries the opportunity to avail of services such as

major surgeries in one of the best private hospitals in the Philippines. In 2000, 50,042
cardholders were treated at the Makati Medical Center, with total billings of PhP170

million (US$3.3 million). Under the terms of the expenses sharing scheme, the city

government of Makati shouldered PhP96 million (US$1.9 million), and Makati Medical

Center, P74 million (US$1.4 million) (https://www.ucl.ac.uk/dpu-

projects/drivers_urb_change/urb_society/pdf_health_educ/HABITAT_BestPractice_Mak

ati_YellowCard_Philippines.pdf).

Furthermore, the program covers medicines for hypertension, diabetes mellitus,

cardio-vascular diseases, dyslipidemia, enlarged prostate, gout, cough and colds,

sexually transmitted infections, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, seizure

disorder, allergy, ulcer, vertigo and gastro-intestinal problems and more. It also provides

free multivitamins for children, adults and pregnant patients, as well as oral and

injectable contraceptives (https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/08/03/makati-city-raises-

yellow-card-program-fund-by-30-to-p900-million/).

Makati Mayor Abby Binay has called on the City Council to extend the validity of

the Yellow Card to three years instead of one year. The Yellow Card is the popular

name for the Makati Health Plus Program (MHP), which provides government-

subsidized health care for Makati residents, city government workers, and other

qualified beneficiaries.“For the convenience of our residents and other qualified

beneficiaries of the city health program, we will extend the validity of their cards to three

years from the current yearly renewal,” Binay said

(https://metromanila.politics.com.ph/2016/08/26/eh-di-mabuti-makati-to-extend-validity-

of-yellow-card-to-three-years/).

Over a year after Makati Mayor Abby Binay initiated reforms in the Makati Health

Plus Program (MHP), popularly known as Yellow Card, a total of 62,307 cardholders

have been registered as of December 2018, including 4,101 who were granted lifetime

membership and no longer need to renew their cards. Based on the MHP Office report

to the mayor, there were 4,845 new applications approved and 56,048 renewals in

2018. The new cardholders included 2,687 new lifetime members, in addition to 1,414

approved in 2017. “We continue to improve and expand the benefits and privileges

Yellow Card members receive, to ensure the health of the future generation of

Makatizens. Residents are assured that they will continuously be treated by medical

experts and receive free medicines,” she explained

(https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1091766/4000-makatizens-get-lifetime-yellow-card-

membership-under-mayor-abby). In order to qualify for lifetime membership, applicants

who are 60 to 79 years old must present a Certified True Copy of the latest Certificate of

Non-Delinquency of Real Property Taxes, with the tax declaration bearing the

applicant’s name (https://news.mb.com.ph/2019/03/04/4101-makati-folk-get-lifetime-

yellow-cards/).
 MANILA, Philippines - Residents of Makati City as well as local and national

government employees assigned in the city can now avail of subsidized medical care

and hospitalization at the Philippine Heart Center (PHC) after the city government

entered into an agreement with the PHC on April 17.

With the memorandum of agreement signed by Makati Mayor Jejomar Erwin Binay and

PHC Medical Director Dr. Manuel Chua Chiaco, beneficiaries of the Makati Health Plus

Program (Yellow Card) and Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth) can

now access specialized medical care at the PHC when their condition warrants services

beyond the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of the city-run Ospital ng Makati

(OsMak). Under the agreement that took effect for one year starting last April 17, a

patient who is assessed by a Cardiac Specialist at the OsMak to be in need of medical

care at the PHC, will then be endorsed to the PHC

(https://www.philstar.com/nation/2013/04/26/935209/free-hospitalization-heart-center-

makati-residents).

The Yellow Card program of Makati was selected as a “best practice” by the

Dubai International Award for Best Practices in 2002 for its “outstanding contribution

towards improving the living environment.”

(https://jojobinay.wordpress.com/category/health/).

Citizen Cards or the “Blu Card”

 Makati is known for its many innovative programs for senior citizens which go

beyond the provisions of national laws concerning the elderly. It has provided cash gifts,

free and unlimited admission to cinemas in the city, free birthday cakes and golden

wedding anniversary cakes, free medicines and subsidized medical services, and free

tours, among others

(http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/news/view.jsp?id=3847#.XOrlp3szbiw).

The BLU card provides financial assistance to families of a senior upon his/her

death. Likewise, under this program, a senior citizen receives an annual cash gift of

P2,000.00, with P1,000.00 given in June and another P1,000.00 in December

(http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/uploads/staticmenu/docs/benefits_cards.pdf).

The yearly cash gift is given in two equal installments every June and December

and varies according to specific age groups: P3,000 for those aged 60 to 69 years old,

P4,000 for 70 to 79 years old, and P5,000 for those aged 80 and above. Thus, the first

age group this June will receive P1,500, the second group, P2,000, and the third group,

P2,500. The city has allocated P330.1 million this year for the cash gift and centenarian

incentive under the Blu Card Program (https://news.mb.com.ph/2018/06/18/makati-city-

govt-distributes-mid-year-cash-gift-for-blu-card-holders/).

The city government of Makati will distribute P500 as additional year-end cash

gift to some 75,565 qualified BLU Card holders starting Wednesday, February 15. “We

hope that the additional allowance will help our senior citizens cope better with the

troubles of aging. Since the city government already provides them monthly supply of
maintenance medicines, free hospitalization and other medical services, they could use

the extra money for their other needs,” Mayor Abby Binay said

(https://www.manilatimes.net/makati-blu-card-holders-get-extra-cash-gift/312298/).

At present, the senior citizens of Makati under the BLU Card program are entitled

to cash gifts ranging from P3,000 to P5,000 a year, based on age brackets. Since 2012,

51 centenarians have been awarded with P100,000 cash gift. Of these, 26 were

recognized during the current administration

(http://manilastandard.net/lgu/ncr/277542/senior-citizens-laud-blu-card.html).

Makatizen Card: Launching

As published in Manila Standard online article, the Makati City government

started the village-level distribution of Makatizen Card, a multi-purpose card which can

be used by residents and city hall employees for official, personal and financial

transactions.Mayor Abigail Binay presided over the launching of distribution in Barangay

Rizal, where some 1,000 residents who had successfully registered were able to

immediately activate their cards and try them out with partner merchants

(http://www.manilastandard.net/news/top-stories/260644/makati-rolls-out-makatizen-

cards-.html).

The Makatizen Card is a public private partnership (PPP) between Makati and G-

xchange and iBayad Online Ventures, Inc. It is a comprehensive universal card system

that offers residents, students and city government employees expanded and improved
access to government services (https://www.manilatimes.net/300000-receive-

makatizen-cards/345434/).

“With our acceptance of the Proof-of-Concept Makatizen Card powered by the

digital platforms of G-Xchange, which manages GCash, and iBayad Online Ventures,

the city government has taken the first step towards building a cashless ecosystem for

our citizens. This means free all-in-one access to the city’s financial and social services.

GCash will serve as the financial service provider for the card while iBayad will deploy

the POS terminals and build the merchant network where the cards will be accepted. “

(http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/mayors_corner/view.jsp?id=1041)

Furthermore, they can receive cash allowances, stipends, and other cash

benefits using their Makatizen Card. They can also use their cards to pay fees and

taxes, as well as for personal remittances and other financial transactions. City

government employees, on the other hand, can use their Makatizen Card to receive

salaries and allowances. The Makatizen Card also functions as an Automated Teller

Machine (ATM) Card and is a valid government ID (https://www.globe.com.ph/about-

us/newsroom/corporate/makati-city-globe-gcash-ibayad-introduce-makatizen-card.html).

According to Philippine Primer, Makati Mayor Abigail Binay said the Makatizen

Card collaboration with Globe, GCash, and iBayad “takes us a step nearer to achieving

our goal of empowering everyone, including those in the marginalized sectors of

society, to enjoy a better quality of life.” In other words, Makatizen Card is a new way to
make life more easier and convenient (http://primer.com.ph/blog/2017/06/02/makatizen-

card-makati-citizens-go-cashless-digital/).

The city government of Makati opened 31 payment centers for the Makatizen

cardholders. Called @urSerBisBayad Centers, these are located in 28 barangay halls,

at the Ospitalng Makati, University of Makati, and Makati City Hall. Makatizen

cardholders can pay their bills for utilities and other fees and do other transactions,

including prepaid loading and e-money loading for their GCash accounts. Makati Mayor

Abby Binay said that with the establishment of the payment centers, transactions

involving Makatizen cardholders will be more convenient. “With these facilities now

within their reach, cardholders can already experience the benefits of the ongoing digital

transformation of the city,” Mayor Abby said. Bills payment accepted under the

Makatizen Card Program include Globe, Meralco, Manila Water, Maynilad, University of

Makati, Bayan Telecommunications, Bank of the Philippine Islands, PLDT, SMART,

Equicom, and Manulife. Also included are Cocolife, Sun Life Financial, Fortune Care,

Manila Memorial Park, Eternal Plans, Inc., Innove, Sky, Magnificat, UNICEF, Asian

Vision Cable Holdings, and Home Credit.Mayor Abby pointed out that for every one

peso paid through the Makatizen Card, the cardholder will earn one Makatizen Loyalty

Point, which can be used to get special products and services from the Makatizen

Rewards Program (https://pia.gov.ph/news/articles/1007961).

 City government employees, meanwhile, can use their Makatizen Card to receive

salaries and allowances.The Makatizen Card is also considered a valid government-

issued ID. It comes with a near-field communication (NFC) feature that allows city

offices equipped with iBayad machine readers to verify the identity of residents and city

government employees. No additional documents will be needed for identification

(https://www.rappler.com/business/171455-makati-city-globe-ibayad-makatizen-card).

A total of 1,500 registrants from Barangay Pio del Pilar in Makati City were

issued their Makatizen cards following initial rollouts in other barangays in the Second

District for the past two months. “This ceremonial launch for District 1 signifies our

strong unity as a community that has steadily propelled us closer to our shared vision of

a Digital Makati,” Mayor Abigail Binay said during the event over the weekend. The

residents were able to immediately try the cards in purchasing goods from partner

merchants. The mayor added the event symbolized the growing community effort

driving the momentum of the city’s digital transformation

(https://businessmirror.com.ph/2018/05/06/1500-more-residents-get-makatizen-cards/).

Currently, the Makatizen cards are being rolled out to Makati government

employees and senior citizens, while the rest of residents will be able to avail in the

coming days (https://technology.inquirer.net/63371/makati-residents-can-pay-taxes-buy-

from-food-stalls-with-new-makatizen-card).
 “I hope to be able to maximize the benefits of this card! They said that when

transacting in Makati you don’t need to show multiple IDs, just this one. It would be so

cool if they can implement that to the private sector nationwide. I hope that future would

come soon “(https://everydayfixations.wordpress.com/2017/11/16/how-to-get-a-

makatizen-card/).

Perception: Processes and Importance

According to Study Moose, perception is the process of interpreting the

messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment. Among the

most important perceptions that influence organizational behavior are the perceptions

that organizational members have of each other (https://studymoose.com/what-is-

perception-essay). While, UK Essays stated that perception is the process by which

people organize and obtain meaning from the sensory motivation they receive from the

environment. It is the process by which we make sense of our world. No two people in

the same situation will perceive it in exactly the same way

(https://www.ukessays.com/essays/psychology/the-affects-of-perception-on-other-

people-psychology-essay.php)

Perception allows us to take the sensory information in and make it into

something meaningful. For example, let's look at our perception of words. Each letter of

the alphabet is in itself a singular letter. When we perceive words, we think of them as

one singular unit that is made up of smaller parts called letters. It is through this
organization of letters into words that we are able to make something meaningful. That

is, we perceive an entire word, and this word has a specific meaning that can be found

in the dictionary (https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-perception-in-psychology-

definition-theory-quiz.html).

We have repeatedly seen that perception involves immediately within itself the

effects of antecedent experience, and a secondary result of this complication with

memory processes is that when we perceive an object which is in any way familiar we

instantly recognise it. If the object thus recognised be one about which our previous

experience is unambiguous, we respond almost instantly with appropriate movements--

those of aversion, if it be repulsive or harmful, those of approbation, when the contrary

sentiments are aroused. If the object have no such definite antecedent reactions

connected with it, we straightway fall to deliberating as to our course of action ; or if the

impression be wholly fleeting, we pass to some more stimulating enticement

(https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Angell/Angell_1906/Angell_1906_f.html).

Perception includes the five senses; touch, sight, sound, smell, and taste. It also

includes what is known as proprioception, a set of senses involving the ability to detect

changes in body positions and movements. It also involves the cognitive processes

required to process information, such as recognizing the face of a friend or detecting a

familiar scent. The perceptual process is a sequence of steps that begins with the

environment and leads to our perception of a stimulus and action in response to the
stimulus (https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-

2795839).

The perceptual process is a sequence of steps that begins with stimuli in the

environment and ends with our interpretation of those stimuli. This process is typically

unconscious and happens hundreds of thousands of times a day. An unconscious

process is simply one that happens without awareness or intention. When you open

your eyes, you do not need to tell your brain to interpret the light falling onto your retinas

from the object in front of you as “computer” because this has happened unconsciously.

When you step out into a chilly night, your brain does not need to be told “cold” because

the stimuli trigger the processes and categories automatically

(https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction-to-

perception/).For example, on a hike we may spot an object on a

hill, and we may interpret the visual sensory

information. The process of identifying the object

would be an example of perception

(http://www.psychologyandsociety.com/perception.html).

Perception is very important in understanding the human behaviour, because

every person perceives the world and approaches the life problems differently-

Whatever we see or feel is not necessarily the same as it really is. It is because what

we hear is not what is really said, but what we perceive as being said. When we buy

something, it is not because it is the best, but because we take it to be the best. Thus, it
is because of perception, we can find out why one individual finds a job satisfying while
another one may not be satisfied with it.(ii) If people behave on the basis of their

perception, we can predict their behaviour in the changed circumstances by

understanding their present perception of the environment. One person may be viewing

the facts in one way which may be different from the facts as seen by another

viewer.(iii) With the help of perception, the needs of various people can be determined,

because people’s perception is influenced by their needs. Like the mirrors at an

amusement park, they distort the world in relation to their tensions.(iv)Perception is very

important for the manager who wants to avoid making errors when dealing with people

and events in the work setting. This problem is made more complicated by the fact that

different people perceive the same situation differently. In order to deal with the

subordinates effectively, the managers must understand their perceptions properly

(http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/perception/perception-meaning-
definition-nature-and-importance/63796).

Perception is an intellectual, psychological process which is subjective as

individuals perceive similar incident

differently(https://businessjargons.com/perception.html).

Perception is one of the most important fragments of the communication process.

It allows us all to see an individual experience of the world. The process is simple, the

brain actively selects, organises and interprets stimuli, in order to process this

experience (https://www.megaessays.com/viewpaper/23263.html).