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PARADIGMS OF INQUIRY
INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES

PARADIGMS OF THEORIES AND INSTRUMENTS AND

DESIGNS
INQUIRY TECHNIQUES
Approaches Experimental
Quasi-experimental
QUANTITATIVE Pretest- posttest
Statistical procedures Standardized tests: Intelligence test,
Natural Physical sciences Psychometric Aptitude tests, checklists,
Tests Attitude scales, measures of interest,
EXPLANATION Measurement scales Projective techniques,
POSITIVISM Questionnaire surveys
Descriptive statistics
Statistical inference

Ethnography Direct observation

Participant observation
Case study Non-obtrusive methods: family letters,
QUALITATIVE Action research Life history, autobiography.
Social sciences Hermeneutic Diary / journal
Critical theory Records
COMPREHENSION Grounded theory Documents: letters, memoranda, agendas,
INTERPRETATIVISM official files, administrative documents,
Feminist approach newspapers, historical documents
Historical Interview: open ended interview, focused
Content analysis interview, structured interview, ethnographic
interview.
Physical artifacts: tools, vestiges, objects.
INQUIRING Maps, games, photos, social events.

OBSERVING QUESTIONING TAKING NOTES DESCRIBING

INTERPRETING REFLECTING PLANNING ACTING

WRITING
PEDAGOGICAL KNOWLEDGE
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