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Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 622-628. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_064
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
ABSTRACT
Though battery use increases more and more and the capacity is increased as a
result of short battery use time, research and development is in progress with the
purpose of reducing the charging time and increasing the charging speed due to the
physical limitations and the limitations on technology development. High speed
chargers and high frequency battery chargers used with AC power utilize two
conversion circuit designing methods, and the efficiency and performance of chargers
have been enhanced by using additional PFC, filter, safety circuit, etc. If a lead-acid
battery is charged with a slow charger for general battery, sulfuric acid accumulates
as a by-product of the chemical reaction, which leads to battery performance
deterioration. In order to charge such a battery turning it into the state of initial
performance, a charger which employs high frequency wave is used to prevent
performance deterioration. As it is also important to check the battery state at this
time to ensure quick charging and prevent performance deterioration, we intend to
look into various methods of checking the battery state, changes in the charger
efficiency, and the difference between a high frequency battery charger and a general
slow battery charger.
Keywords: Lead-acid battery, High-frequency, SOC, LLC, Transformer.
Cite this Article Min Ho Kim, Bok Gil Choi, Haeng Muk Cho, Technology and Trend of
High Frequency Battery Charger for Lead-Acid Battery, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 2019, pp. 622-628.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
A battery is a storage medium that stores electric energy, and the reliability of the battery
power should be enhanced so that the battery can be protected against blackouts resulting
from a fire, natural disaster, repair, or checkup. For this reason, the reliability of the power
supplied by a battery that is responsible for the operation of equipment even in an unforeseen
situation is very important. Also, increasing the duration of a battery by lowering its
discharging rate is the most important part for the equipment which operates using electric
energy. [1] Among such batteries, we see that lead-acid battery developed in the 1860s of
which the manufacturing unit price is inexpensive is utilized in various fields for wide variety
of applications including an auxiliary battery such as ESS or UPS for emergency, those for
industries, automobile and photovoltaic power generation even at this point in time when
diverse batteries such as lithium ion/polymer batteries have been developed, and battery
discharge takes place as the equipment operates and the battery is required to be charged for
continuous operation of the equipment.
Charging method is divided into two, general charging method and quick charging
method, based on the charging time as shown in Figure 1, and the charging time could have
been greatly reduced through quick charging which uses high voltage and high current.
However, the SOC (State of Charge) should be estimated as the time a lead-acid battery can
be used should be estimated because the battery should be protected against overcharge when
it is quick-charged and over-discharge should be prevented when it is consumed, and there are
various methods of estimating it such as discharge experiment, coulomb counting method,
open circuit voltage, etc. Among the methods mentioned above, the focus will be put on the
method of estimating the SOC based on the data provided by the manufacturer and the
method of grasping the SOC by analyzing the voltage value through a discharge experiment.
[2]
2. LEAD-ACID BATTERY
Lead-acid battery is a type of secondary battery and is utilized in many fields until today due
to its cheap price compared to that of lithium iron or lithium polymer battery, excellent
stability, high reliability and long service life. A lead-acid battery converts chemical energy
into electric energy through a discharging reaction where PbO2 of the cathode and Pb of the
anode react with sulfate ions to produce PbSO4 and water, and the reaction formula is as
Expression (1). Also, it returns to the original state capable of discharging through a charging
reaction where PbSO4 and water are decomposed and reduced to PbO2 and Pb (Equation 2).
Charging and discharging take place as such a process is repeated, and sulphate accumulates
during the chemical reaction at the time of discharge and continued accumulation of sulphate
causes gradual degradation of alternating current leading to performance deterioration of the
battery. [2][3]
(Reaction at the cathode of a lead-acid battery)
⇔ (1)
(Reaction at the anode of a lead-acid battery)
⇔
(Reaction in a whole lead-acid battery) (2)
⇔
As to the method of removing sulphate during charging, when the battery is charged using
a high frequency charger, the high frequency band decomposes the packed sulphate to prevent
performance deterioration caused by sulphate and also reduces the charging time.
To use such a high frequency charger, the low frequency band should be removed from
the circuit inside the charger and the output should be provided through a switching circuit so
that only the high frequency band can be output. For outputting high frequency wave, there
exist diverse methods such as the case of obtaining it through the switching device after
converting AC power into DC power, the method of making it using a film condenser, and the
method of directly outputting it from the transformer.
complete battery charging up to 100 % through slow charging, it seems that quick chargers do
not have other functions.
SOC can be estimated using the Matlab simulation program and, though such a method
can be employed to estimate the reliability of the battery model and SOC using only the
specification values and it has a disadvantage that, the higher the discharge rate is, the more
the error from the specification values grows, it is thought to be a method required for
development of a model that estimates battery SOC following temperature change or external
environment change [11].
5. CONCLUSIONS
We have found that the performance of a lead-acid battery deteriorates because sulphate is
generated in the chemical reaction during charging and introduced that the sulphate can be
removed using high frequency wave. We have also introduced diverse circuits and methods
that can be used to generate high frequency wave and, if this is added to improve the existing
one and batteries are charged using an accurate SOC, the obstacles to battery charging caused
by noise or environmental factors are expected to be overcome.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work (Grants No. S2591854) was supported by Business for Cooperative R&D between
Industry, Academy, and Research Institute funded Korea Small and Medium Business
Administration in 2018.
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