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Solar thermoelectric cooling technology
M .M.Abo Elmaaref, Ahmed A. Askalany, M. Salem
Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of
Industrial Education, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524,
Egypt
Abstract
In the current scenario, HVAC system (commonly used in the air
conditioners) is very efficient and reliable but it has some
negatives. It has been observed during the last two decades that
the O3 layer is slowly destroyed because of the refrigerant (CFC
and HFC) used for the refrigeration and air- conditioning
purposes. The common refrigerant used is HFC’s which are leaked
and slowly ascend into the atmosphere. When they reach to O3
layer they act on O3 molecules and the layer of O3 is destroyed. A
single molecule of HFC can destroy thousands of O3 molecules and
that's why it has created a threat for the not only to maintain earth
eco system stable but also to of existence of earth. So turn the
world to discuss the use of non-traditional means such as
thermoelectric and thermionic units which could be derived from
clean energy from the solar cells have already been used on a small
scale in cooling technologies such as a refrigerator emitting there is
a trend toward the use of air conditioning, so we ate in this search
all what is possible to control the using emitting units to improve
the performance of the benefit of technology in refrigeration and
air.
The present paper also better semi-conductor materials, which
consists of thermoelectric, which was given to the best Number.
deserved to improve the performance of thermoelectric cooling
function, as well as for some uses of thermoelectric refrigeration
and air conditioning and access to good results could be
improved in the future if we build mutual thermal design and
manufacture of better and less thermal resistance Finally, our
vision for the future use of clean energy from the solar energy
and thermoelectric.
Keywords—thermoelectric cooler; Peltier effect; solar cell;
Coefficient of performance.
I. INTRODUCTION
Energy crisis, ozone depletion, and global warming have
become more and more serious with the social development.
The amount of energy consumed by air conditioners,
refrigerators, and water heaters is increasing rapidly, and
occupies about 30% of the total power consumption [1].
Electricity consumption for air conditioning systems has
been estimated around 45% for residential and commercial
buildings [2]. Because of the rapid growth in world
population and economy, the total world energy
consumption is projected to increase by about 71% from
2003 to 2030 [3]. In Egypt, the rate of electricity
consumption growth more than 7% annually and would
1
Proceedings of 3rd International Conference on Energy Engineering
Faculty of Energy engineering - Aswan University - Aswan - Egypt
December 28-30, 2015
K. Harby
Mechanical Power Engineering and Energy Department,
Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia 61517,
Egypt
need to double its current generation capacity by 2020.
Furthermore, primary energy requirement in Egypt increases
by 2.6% every year [4-5]. So clean energy contribute to the
creation of a clean environment, so we used for solar cells
with thermoelectric air conditioning. The most widely used
refrigerators and air conditioning systems are employ the
conventional vapor compression cycle due to its high COP.
These systems use a liquefiable vapor as the refrigerant and
require mechanical power for driving the compressor, which
is usually provided electrically. However, these systems are
now. less attractive because the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
refrigerants have a high ozone depletion potential (ODP),
high global warming potential (GWP), high consumption of
electrical energy, which is usually supplied by fossil fuel
combustion, producing greenhouse gases and other
pollutants [6]. In addition, there are several areas where grid
electricity is not available at the moment and is unlikely to
be available in the next few decades due to the huge
financial outlays involved. These
include These include villages, rural areas and remote
locations in developing countries. Middle East region,
particularly Egypt enjoys the availability of a huge amount
of solar energy and long daily sunny hours. Hence, solar
powered cooling cooling systems such as thermoelectric
cooling systems consider interesting green cooling
technology in this region. In these systems, can be achieved
using thermoelectric effect, which refrigeration converts
electrical energy supplied by photovoltaic cells directly into
a temperature gradient. Thermoelectric cooling and heating
influenced predominantly by the Peltier effect, James Peltier
discovered in 1834. Peltier effect occurs when a direct
current (DC) is passed between two electrically dissimilar
materials, either heating or cooling occurs at the junction,
depending on the direction of the electric current [7]. The
conversion of electricity into heat is called thermoelectric
cooling, whereas the opposite effect, that is, the conversion
of heat into electricity, is called thermoelectric generation.
Thermoelectric cooling systems have no mechanical moving
parts and do not employ working fluids, which transfer heat
from the cold side of the modules to the hot side with
consumption of electricity [8]. Due to the advantages such
as high reliability, low weight, and
flexibility in packaging and integration, thermoelectric
cooling systems have been widely used in military,
aerospace, instrument, and industrial products [9-10]
Thermoelectric cooling systems can be powered directly by
a photovoltaic (PV) without the help of AC/DC inverter,
which greatly reduces the costs. Moreover, these systems
are Freon free, causing no harm to the environment.
Therefore, the thermoelectric coolers and the solar cells
combined technologies are beneficial to solar energy using
and environment protection, which fully fulfill the demand
of ZEBs [11]..
II. WORKING PRINCIPLE
The thermoelectric effect is a process of the production of
electromotive force out of temperature difference on two
conductor- or semiconductor-based electronic components,
and backwards-temperature difference obtained by applying
a DC power. In the second backward case, heating and
cooling are controlled by changing a polarity on the voltage
source. The working principle is based on the Seebeck and
the Peltier effects as described in the literature [12]. At the
elementary level, a thermoelectric unit module has a p-leg
and an-leg made of p-type and n-type semiconductor
materials, respectively. A thermoelectric module operating
as a thermoelectric cooler or heat-pump is shown below in
Fig. 1. The direct current (DC) is passed from a negative to
positive type semiconductor material. The temperature TL of
the interconnecting conductor decreases and heat is
absorbed from the environment (cooling effect) by the ‘cold
end’ of the thermoelectric module, and transferred or
‘pumped’ through to the ‘hot end’ of the module ‘TH’ due to
the Peltier effect. cooling effect occurs, as shown in the
Figure, when electrons pass from a low energy level in the
positive type material through the interconnecting conductor
to a higher energy level in the n-type material [13].
Normally, the ‘hot end’ of the module will be attacehd to a
heat sink in order to reject this heat into the atmosphere.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of a thermoelectric cooling
module. [13]
Practical thermoelectric devices emerged in the 1960’s and
have developed significantly since then with a number of
manufacturers now marketing thermoelectric modules for
cooling, heating and power generation applications.
Nowadays, more ambitious applications are coming out,
such as thermoelectric domestic refrigerators [14-15-16].
Thermoelectric method is one of the investigated methods
2
among. solar cooling technologies [17]. The potential uses
of this system range from cooling of the electronic
components, to domestic refrigerators and air conditioners
for cooling/ heating a room space. Thermoelectric
refrigeration replaces the three main working parts with: a
cold junction, a heat sink and a DC power source. The
refrigerant in both liquid and vapor form is replaced by two
dissimilar conductors. The cold junction (evaporator
surface) becomes cold through absorption of energy by the
electrons as they pass from one semiconductor to another,
instead of energy absorption by the refrigerant as it changes
from liquid to vapor. The compressor is replaced by a DC
power source which pumps the electrons from one
semiconductor to another. A heat sink replaces the
conventional condenser fins, discharging the accumulated
heat energy from the system. The difference between two
refrigeration methods, then, is that a thermoelectric cooling
system refrigerates without use of mechanical devices,
except perhaps in the auxiliary sense, and without
refrigerant.
III SOLAR THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM
Solar thermoelectric refrigerator is a special type of
refrigerator which utilizes solar energy instead of
conventional electrical energy to power the thermoelectric
modules that has been used to cool the refrigeration space.
The main components of these systems are the photovoltaic
cells and the thermoelectric refrigeration system. The theory
of photovoltaic sizing and optimum tilt angle for
photovoltaic array is being applied here also; different
components should be selected according to the system type,
configuration, site location and applications. However, the
PV array is the most expensive component in these systems
[18]. is shown in schematic diagram Fig. 2,
Fig.2. Schematic of solar-driven thermoelectric refrigeration
system.
i.COMPONENTS OF THE SOLAR
THERMOELECTRIC COOLING SYSTEM
A normal solar PV system includes different components
that should be selected according to the system type,
configuration, site location and applications. A complete PV
cooling system may be consists of the following major
components: photovoltaic panels, a solar charge controller, a
battery bank Fig.3, an inverter circuit, and an electrical
vapor compression AC unit [19].

The form of the section is intended to charge the battery
from solar cells Fig.3

PV module: produce electricity by converting light energy
(from the sun) into DC electrical energy.

Solar charge controller: regulates the voltage and
current coming from the PV panels going to battery and
prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the battery
life. Inverter: is an electrical circuit that converts DC
output of PV panels or battery into a clean AC current
and then delivers the electrical energy to the AC load.

Battery: stores energy (DC voltages) at a charging
mode when sunlight is available for supplying DC
electrical energy to electrical appliances when there is a
demand or absence of daylight.

The vapor compression AC or DC unit: is actually a
conventional cooling or refrigeration system that is run
by the power received from the inverter or directly from
the battery.
ii. COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP)
Using solar energy to power the thermoelectric devices (DC
current) is thought to be an attractive way to serve the needs
for thermoelectric refrigeration system, since the TECs
consume a large amount of electricity, this meet demand for
energy conservation and environment protection.
According to the energy efficiency of a thermoelectric
device, operating in a cooling or refrigeration mode, is
based on the amount of heat that it removes compared to the
amount of work that it requires. This value is referred to as
coefficient of performance, COP. [20]
COPTE=
For the solar-driven thermoelectric systems, the
performance of whole system (Ƞsystem) can be written as
the product of the performance of the thermoelectric
refrigeration system (COPTE) and the PV efficiency (ȠPV),
that is,
Ƞsystem= COPTH × ȠPV
The COPTE of the thermoelectric refrigeration system
reported is usually less than 0.6, and the Ƞ PV average 10%,
so the Ƞsystem of a solar-driven thermoelectric system is
usually less than 0.06. [21]
IV. THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS
Semiconductors are the optimum choice of material to
sandwich between two metal conductors because of the
ability to control the semiconductors’ charge carriers, as well
as, increase the heat pumping ability. Metals are used to
sandwich the semiconductor. Table I Figure shows the merit
of each substance used in forming a thermoelectric
TABLE1. Figure of Merit for Different Materials [22]
Material Figure of merit
Pb – Te 1.2 x 10-3
Pb – Se 1.2 x 10-3
Pb2 – Te3 1.2 x 10-3
Bi2 – Te3 1.3 x 10-3
(BiSb)2 – Te3 3.3 x 10-3
V. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
PELTIER EFFECT
As any technology, Peltier effect has both advantages and
disadvantages. They are valuable and have to be estimated
in each area where Peltier effect is going to be integrated. It
allows previewing if the technology is reasonable to be used,
or some alternative is relevant to be found. However, the
main drawbacks and benefits have to be mentioned at this
point to understand the main problems to deal with. Sumup
its shortcomings in several score:[23]. Peltier element takes
a large amount of current and power, while the heat
production is not huge.
 Condensation is obvious when cooling of one side of the
element is strong, while the other side becomes excessively
hot.
 Thermoelectric emitting no possibility of mechanical.
 Able to dissipate limited amount of heat flux.
 Lower coefficient of performance than vapor-compression
systems.
 Relegated to low heat flux applications.
 More total heat to remove than without a TEC.
The advantages of thermoelectric:
 There is no by moving mechanical parts and therefore does
not have the votes of the need not to passage of a boat
cooling pipes inside this be installed simple small size.
VI. EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICALSTUDY OF
RECENT LITERATURE REVIEWS
A. COOLING SYSTEM
There are several studies on the thermoelectric cooling
Models where he presented each of Abdullah et al.[24] have
carried out an experimental study on cooling performance of
a developed hybrid Solar Thermoelectric- Adsorption
cooling system. The developed system produced cooling via
the Peltier effect during the day, by means of thermoelectric
elements, and through adsorption (activated carbon-
methanol) process at night. They evaluate the coefficient of
performance by using derived equations, the average COP
values of the hybrid cooling system were found about 0.152
for thermoelectric system and about 0.131 for adsorption.
Riffat et al. [25] compared the performance of three types of
domestic air-conditioners, namely the vapor compression air
Conditioner, the absorption air-conditioner
3
and the thermoelectric air-conditioner. It was concluded that
that solar thermal-driven air-conditioning systems are
attractive in many regions due to the increase of the cooling
demand, lightweight, fast start-up, noiseless, environmental
friendly (completely CFC free), simple, reliable, and easy
control and wide operating temperature (-40 to -70 oC). But
it still very expensive at present, because the use of PV.
Hongxia Xi et al. [26] presented an overview of the
development solar-based thermoelectric technology (i.e.,
solar-driven refrigeration and solar-driven thermoelectric
power generation) and their applications. They concluded
that the solar-driven thermoelectric technologies could be
used in a wide variety of fields. They are attractive
technologies that not only can serve the needs for
refrigeration, air-conditioning applications and power
generation, consideration.Wei et al. [27] presented
experimental study on a thermoelectric cooling and heating
system driven by solar cell. The system consists of solar
cells, experimental room which is installed with
thermoelectric device, heat exchanger and storage tank. As
shown fig.4,The experiments have been done in a model
room whose volume is 0.125 m3, in summer condition,
using solar panel whose area is 0.5 m2. The minimum
temperature 17˚C was achieved, with COP of the
thermoelectric device higher than 0.45. The temperature of
water in the storage tank with a volume of 18.5 L has raised
about 9 oC. It concluded that COP of the system is higher
than 0.45, the thermal efficiency was 12.06%, and electrical
efficiency 10.27%. The energy saving system is acoustically
silent, environmentally friendly, and can reduce cooling and
heating load in room.
Fig.4. Experimental investigation and simulation on a
thermoelectric cooling and heating system driven by solar.
Dai et al. [28] developed a thermoelectric refrigeration
system powered by solar cells and carried out experimental
investigation and analysis to meet the needs for outdoor use
(2-3 persons). Two solar cell panels. They can turn 13% of
the total energy received from solar radiation into electric
power. For each panel, the area is 0.4 m2. The
thermoelectric refrigerator consists of a thermoelectric
cooling module, whose specific input power is 45 W, and
specific voltage is 12 V. the experiment set-up. It is
concluded that the studied refrigerator can maintain the
temperature in refrigerated space at 5-10 °C, and has a COP
about 0.3 under given conditions As shown in Fig.5,.
4
Fig. 5, Schematic of solar cell driven, thermoelectric
refrigerator (prototype).
Mengetal et al [29] conducted numerical studies of the
cooling load and coefficient of performance of a commercial
water-cooling thermoelectric refrigerator with a maximum
cooling load of 2.33 W and a maximum COP of 0.54. The
results demonstrated that the heat convection of the heat
exchanger and the heat leakage through the air gap are the
main factors that can cause irreversibility and decrease the
performance of the system .In the past years. Ewert et al
[30] designed and developed an affordable solar
thermoelectric refrigerator for the desert people living in
Oman where electricity is not available. In this study, 10
thermoelectric modules were used in the design of the
refrigerator. The PV solar cells used in this study had the
efficiency of 14%. The experimental results indicated that
the temperature of the refrigeration was reduced from 27oC
to 5oC in approximately 44 min under outdoor conditions
Wahab et al. [31]. The coefficient of performance of the
refrigerator was calculated and found to be about 0.16. The
system performance was strongly dependent on the intensity
of solar insulation and the temperature difference of hot and
cold sides between the thermoelectric modules. Mei et al.
[32] studied a solar-assisted automobile thermoelectric air-
conditioner and other studies related to solar thermoelectric
refrigerators have been reported. (Dai et al [33]. The
research of thermoelectric device combined with the solar
energy is expanding Xia et al [34]. The solar energy is
convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In
the past years, a lot of work has been reported on
thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [35] reported the
performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara
researched a solar cell driven thermoelectric cooling
prototype headgear for outside personal cooling Hara et al
[36]. Atta studied solar water condensation by using
thermoelectric coolers [37]. Their research on solar
thermoelectric cooling has provided a wealth of valuable
data and analysis.
B. Thermoelectric air conditioning system
The research of thermoelectric device combined with the
solar energy is expanding Xia et al [38]. The solar energy is
convenient, environmental protection and inexhaustible. In
the past years, a lot of work has been reported on
thermoelectric cooling. Van Sark et al [39] reported the
performance of the thermoelectric hybrid modules. Hara
researched a solar cell.
TABLE 2 . Summary of the main results on the level of
previous studies to use thermoelectric cooler.Content of the
table reference and cold side temperatureAnd hot side The objective of this review is to identify the best standards to
temperature (ₒC) and coefficient of performance,Cooling use solar energy with technological system for refrigeration
capacity (w). and air conditioning such as thermoelectric and thermionic for
application on a large scale because its performance arrived at
Ref Thot Tcold COP Pw cooling least 30% this is very promising for use in climate of Egypt. A
capacity thermoelectric air-condition was designed and built which can
be used for personal cooling & heating. Four TECs were used
44 60 02 0.34 134.6 29.2
for achieving the cooling with a DC power supply through
45 40 15 0.8 140 022 external power supply. After we had earlier studies the
46 56 25 1.81 56 01 importance of thermoelectric in refrigeration and air-
47 45 18 0.52 54 53-74.5 conditioning, especially after their integration with clean
48 42 20 2.6 165.3 430 energy, where derive their energies of solar cells feeding DC
49 44 4 1.8 9122 4222 and then the assessment of thermoelectric performance labs,
as was the best wineries of the performance of a large cooling
Driven thermoelectric cooling prototype headgear for outside
capacity at 430 W was 2.6 thermoelectric technology also
personal cooling Hara et al [40]. Atta studied solar water
witnessed great development, use the water to cool and absorb
condensation by using thermoelectric coolers Lert et al [41].
heat from the hot side to improve efficiency and proved its
Their research on solar thermoelectric cooling has provided a
worthiness reliability high so I see in the future to improve the
wealth of valuable data and analysis. Investigated the cooling
And we have worked on this review in order to work on the
performance and thermal comfort of a TE ceiling cooling panel
stand toward the best of the hand cooling technologies,
(TE-CCP) system. Thermal acceptability assessment was
unconventional and found that the energy consumption of
performed to determine whether the indoor environment met
thermoelectric and thermionic solar energy less than
the ASHRAE Standard-55¢s 80% acceptability criteria.8 A
conventional energy, which caused damage environment so
suitable condition occurred at 1 A of current low with a
Abdul review found that the coefficient of thermoelectric and
corresponding cooling capacity of 201W, giving a COP o0.82
thermionic performance can be improved through good design
with 27ₒC average indoor temperature and 0.8 m/s indoor air
thermal exchanges and improve Articles semi-connected
velocity.The aim of the investigation described herein is to
configuration in thermoelectric and thermionic as well as
evaluate the thermal comfort and find the optimum COP of a
availability of solar energy in our Arab Republic of Egypt,
compact TE air conditioner. The effects of electrical current
which facilitates the use of thermoelectric and thermionic to
supplied to the TE modules and air velocity on thermal comfort
take advantage of them in refrigeration and air-conditioning in
are discussed. Liu et al. [42] presented theoretical and remote areas.
experimental investigations of a novel solar thermoelectric air
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