Soil Final Extra

I.
Introduction
Soil investigation represents a method of determining the properties of the soil in the
selected site. This procedure is done with the aim of establishing whether soil is safe and solid
for construction. . It aims to know the type, grading and nature of soil. Not until the soil samples
are analysed can a construction project start. Soil investigation entails the application of
several different methods and represents an essential part of the building and site preparation
process. The results of this below-ground investigation can affect the development of the
construction project.
Construction projects require careful, precise and thorough planning because they can
have a great impact on their surroundings. In whatever structure you build, everything starts
with the foundation. Since the foundation holds the entire structure, it is important that it’s
rock solid. This is where soil investigation plays a vital role that will enable you to plan your
foundation work properly. However, before starting your project, you should learn more about
soil investigation and its importance in construction projects.
Soil investigation represents a method of determining the properties of the soil in the
selected site. It describes the application of several different methods and represents an
essential part of the building and site preparation process. The results of this below-ground
investigation can affect the development of the construction project. Soil investigation bears
a great importance in construction process because it can cause foundation failures due to
the insufficient bearing capacity of the soil. This can pose a serious threat to the safety of the
nearby area such that it may collapse and endanger the homes and lives of other people.
This procedure is done with the aim of establishing whether soil is safe and solid for
construction. It aims to know the type, grading and nature of soil. Not until the soil samples
are analysed can a construction project start.
The scope of this study shall include a soil investigation using soil tests to determine the
soil properties and its classification. Information obtained from the laboratory and field tests
shall be used to interpret results. The major drawback of this investigation is that the
researchers encountered great difficulties upon achieving the desired outcome in some
experiments conducted for this research.
This study highlights the steps in obtaining important properties in a soil such as its water
content, specific gravity, atterberg’s limits, grain-size analysis, compaction, permeability,
compressive strength, density, and consolidation or the settlement of a soil. The data and
informations entailed in this paper is of utmost importance and may serve as a basis in the
future when constructing a structure in the selected area being studied.
Location: USEP Ground
Benchmark: in front of the eagle door

From Left corner of the wall - Door (4.4m)
Door - Curb and Gutter (5.63m)
Curb and Gutter - Side of Experiment Site (10.32m)
Experiment Site - Final Experiment Area (2.5m)
Dimension of Site (0.8m x 0.8m)
II. Outline of Investigation
MANUAL VISUAL CLASSIFICATION
Visual Manual classification describes and identifies the naturally occurring soil based
on visual examination and simple manual tests with respect to its texture, color, plasticity, and
etc.
The sample was test based on the procedures and criteria given by the ASTM D2488-
09a. The results of the manual and visual tests were used to identify the soil classification of
the soil sample obtained. The soil descriptions are based upon the judgment of the individual
making the description.
Checklist for Description of Soils
(Based on Table 13 ASTM D2488- 09a)
1. Group Name Gravelly elastic silt with sand

2. Group Symbol MH
3. Percent of cobbles or boulders, or 0%
both (by volume)
4. Percent of gravel, sand, or fines, or G- 15%, S- 5%, F- 80%
all three (by dry weight)
5. Particle-size range: Gravel- fine, coarse
Gravel- fine, coarse Sand- fine, medium, coarse
Sand- fine, medium, coarse
6. Particle angularity: angular, sub Sub rounded
angular, surrounded, rounded
7. Particle shape: (if appropriate) flat Flat and elongated
elongated flat and elongated
8. Maximum particle size or dimension 3 in
9. Hardness of coarse sand and larger Medium
particles
10. Plasticity of fines: non plastic, low, Medium
medium, high
11. Dry strength: none, low, medium, Medium
high, very high
12. Dilatancy: none, slow, rapid None
13. Toughness: low, medium, high Low
14. Color (in moist condition) Dark brown/Taupe Color
15. Odor (mention only if organic or Organic
unusual)
16. Moisture: dry, moist, wet Moist
17. Reaction with HCI: none, weak, None
strong
For intact samples:
18. Consistency (fine-grained soils only): Very soft

very soft, soft, firm, hard, very hard
19. Structure: stratified, laminated, Stratified
fissured, slickenside, lensed,
homogeneous
20. Cementation: weak, moderate, Weak
strong
21. Local name “YUTA”
22. Geologic interpretation Colluvial Soils
23. Additional comments Presence of roots, difficulty in excavating
WATER CONTENT
This test contains three samples. Each sample weighs 231.8 g, 240.2 g and 276.4 g. The
sample were on its moist condition. Each sample is placed on a moisture can and store in the
oven for 24 hours until its weight became constant.
Water Content is an indicator of the amount of water present in the soil. This test was
conducted in accordance with ASTM D2216- 98. This method is based on removing soil
moisture by oven-drying a soil sample until the weight remains constant. The water content
of a material is used in expressing the phase relationships of air, water, and solids in a given
volume of material.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
In this laboratory, oven- dry (oven-dried at 110 ± 5°C) soil sample was used that
represent the soil solids that passes the Sieve No. 10 in accordance with AASHTO T 88. The
mass of the oven-dried sample is 50g in every pycnometer or volumetric flask and 3 samples
was conducted.
The specific gravity of a soil is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of
material to an equal volume of material. It is used in expressing the phase relationship of air,
water, and solids in a given volume of material.
Record the mass of the pycnometer without water and with distilled water at room
temperature that filled until on its calibrated level and record its temperature.
The sample was cool to room temperature, weigh and transfer to the pycnometer.
Add distilled water into pycnometer in an amount that will provide complete sample
coverage. Then soak for minimum of 12 hours.
After preparation, remove entrapped air and cool to room temperature, fill the
pycnometer with distilled water to its calibrated capacity. Record the mass and the
temperature. Information above was taken from ASTM D854-02.
LIQUID LIMIT
The sample obtained was reduced to testing size of 150 g – 200 g and was oven dried
and sieved in no. 40.
Distinctions in soil are used in assessing the soils that are to have structures built on
them. Soils when wet retain water, and some expand in volume. The amount of expansion is
related to the ability of the soil to take in water and its structural make-up. The liquid limit (LL)
is conceptually defined as the water content at which the behaviour of a clayey soil changes
from plastic to liquid. However, the transition from plastic to liquid behaviour is gradual over
a range of water contents, and the shear strength of the soil is not actually zero at the liquid
limit. During the study of the liquid limit test was conducted based on ASTM D 4318 with certain
limitations.
PLASTIC LIMIT
The sample used for this laboratory test was obtained from the soil used during the
Liquid Limit Test, specifically from the soil used within the range of 20-30 blows. A portion of 20
grams or more was prepared.
The Plastic Limit Test, together with other tests such as Liquid Limit Test is conducted to
correlate with engineering behavior such as compressibility, hydraulic conductivity
(permeability), compactibility, shrink-swell, and shear strength. Also, it can be used to express
its relative consistency. The procedures to be followed in this test is referred to ASTM D 4318-
00.
As the moisture content of the soil moves below the liquid limit, it becomes more
plastic. The Plastic Limit is determined by a simple test in which the soil is repeatedly rolled into
threads approximately 3.2 mm (1/8 in) in diameter. During the repeated rollings, the soil
gradually loses moisture until it reaches the point where it will no longer hold together and
breaks into shorter pieces. The minimum moisture content at which the soil begins to behave
as a plastic is called the Plastic Limit
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
The Atterberg limits are a basic measure of the critical water contents of a fine-
grained soil. One of the Atterberg limits is the Shrinkage Limit (SL). It is the particular point
where further loss of moisture will not result in any more volume reduction. The sample remains
the same but changes from semi-solid state to solid state.
This test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D4943 – 08. To have a sample that
is sure enough to fill three evaporating dishes, a soil specimen of not less than 300 grams was
prepared. This specimen was oven-dried prior to the test. Because of the unavailability of
mercury and for safety purposes, paraffin wax was used instead.
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
Particle size analysis determines the gradation (the distribution of aggregate particles,
by size, within a given sample) in order to determine compliance with design, production
control requirements, and verification specifications.
According to ASTM D422-63, the test sample, which is sandy from the data we
obtained in the visual manual test, shall be approximately 115 g passing No. 10 (2 mm) sieve.
From the separation of the soil on the No. 10 sieve by dry-sieving and washing, we get the
masses of the washed and dried fraction retained on the No. 10 sieve. From these two masses,
the percentages retained and passing the No. 10 sieve can be calculated.
The gradation data may be used to calculate relationships between various

aggregate or aggregate blends, to check compliance with such blends, and to predict
trends during production by plotting gradation curves graphically, to name just a few uses.
LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST
The sample used was air dried. It was not sieved so that it may represent the actual
state of the soil that is on the field. Also during the compaction, a 200ml of water was being
added for every trial except for the first one.
Filling of embankments, foundation pads and road bases are one of the main use of
soil in engineering projects. By compaction, the dense state of a soil is obtained in order to
improve its engineering properties. Removal of air voids helps attain the optimal moisture
content at which the soil achieves its maximum dry density. During the study the standard
proctor compaction method was conducted based on the ASTM D698 with certain
limitations.
FIELD DENSITY TEST (FDT)
This test is used for the determination of the in-place density and unit weight of the
intact or In-situ soil, provided that the natural void or pore openings in the soil are small enough
to prevent the sand from entering the voids.
A test hole is hand excavated in the soil to be tested and all the material from the
hole is saved in a container. The hole is filled with free flowing sand of a known density, and
the volume is determined. The in-place wet density of the soil is determined by dividing the
wet mass of the removed material by the volume of the hole. The water content of the
material from the hole is determined and the dry mass and the dry density of the in-place
material are calculated using the wet mass of the soil, the water content, and the volume of
the hole. Based on ASTM D1556.
This test is used to determine the in-place density and compare it to the maximum dry
density (MMD). It can also determine the Degree on Compaction of the in-place soil.
PERMEABILITY
The test involves the flow of water through a column of cylindrical soil sample under
the constant pressure difference. The test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D2434-
68. The soil sample was placed into the specimen compacting it by layer up to the desired
height. Then allow water to flow through the hose until the water level is constant. Measure
the head loss in the manometer and also measure the water discharge.
The testing apparatus is equipped with a constant head reservoir and an outlet
reservoir which allows maintaining a constant head during the test. Water used for testing is
at constant temperature. The permeability cell is also equipped with a loading piston that
can be used to apply constant axial stress to the sample. During the test, the amount of water
flowing through the soil column is measured for a given time.
CONSOLIDATION
Specimen may be obtained from a large block of sample and trim the excess sample
from the mold. Remolded specimens can be prepared from bulk samples to density and
moisture conditions demanded by the agency requesting the test. Undisturbed sample
destined for sampling should be handled in accordance with the practices for Group C and
D samples in Practices D 4220. Bulk Samples destined for sampling should be handled in
accordance with the practice for Group B samples.
In ASTM d 2435 – 96, Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation, a soil
specimen is restrained horizontally and load is applied axially with total stress increase. Each
stress added is maintained until excess pore water pressures are completely gone.
During the consolidation process, measurements are made to the changes in the
specimen’s height and the data obtained are used to determine the relationship between
the effective stress and void ratio or strain, and by evaluating the coefficient of consolidation
which consolidation can occur.
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE TEST (UCT)
The sample obtained from the chosen location was remolded. It was heated until the
sample is in its oven dried state and then adds water to the sample based on the moisture
content resulted from the FDT. The researchers considered the dry density within the range
resulted from FDT and Compaction Test.
The test was conducted in accordance with ASTM D2166-00. This test method aims to
determine the unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil in the undisturbed,
remolded, or compacted condition, using strain-controlled application of the axial load. It
also provides an approximate value of the strength of cohesive soils in terms of total stresses.
This test method is applicable only to cohesive materials which will not expel or bleed water
during the loading portion of the test and which will retain intrinsic strength after removal of
confining pressures, such as clays or cemented soils.
ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL
Soil classification deals the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing

properties. All soils vary in properties but we will be able to estimate how it will behave under
loads and how we can use it as a construction material if we understand the composition of
a soil mass.
III. Summary of Results
The data below are the overall results the BMC group accumulated from all of the
laboratory experiments conducted. The soil obtained by the researches from the location
they were assigned to is concluded, by manual visual, to be a gravelly elastic silt with sand in
which the researchers based it from the Table 13 of the ASTM D2488-09a. The moisture content
and specific gravity is 22.49 % and 2.44 respectively which was averaged from three soil
samples. The atterberg limits: liquid limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit are 36.21%, 27.59%,
and 15.60%, respectively. Given the data from the atterberg limits, the plasticity index of the
soil sample is 5.685.
Furthermore, given the data from the particle size analysis, the uniformity coefficient
and the coefficient of curvature are 17.48 and 0.51, respectively. The maximum dry density
(MDD) from the laboratory compaction test is 2099.97 kg/cu.m and the optimum moisture
content (OMC) of the soil in this state is 19.84 %. However, the maximum dry density of the soil
from the field density test was found out to be 1393.97 kg/cu.m and by this reason it was
calculated that the degree of compaction of the soil in the field is only 66.38 %.
Moreover, by falling head permeability test, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil is
3.65 x 10-9 cu.m/s. The average stress is, vertical strain and deformation of the soil from the
unconfined compression test are 2.131 psi, 0.108 in, and 0.341 in, respectively. Finally, after
consolidating the soil sample for one week, the final height of the soil sample is 18.882 mm
from 20 mm and the final void ratio is 0.48.
Overall, using the data from the particle size analysis and the atterberg limits, the
researchers concluded, in engineering classification of soil, that the soil the group obtained is
silty and clayey type gravel/sand by the AASHTO Classification and poorly graded sand by
the USCS Classification.
Group Name Gravelly Elastic Silt With Sand
Manual Visual
Group Symbol MH
Moisture Content Average Water Content 22.49%
Specific Gravity Average Specific Gravity 2.44
Liquid Limit Average liquid Limit 36.21%
Average Plastic Limit 27.59%

Plastic Limit
Plasticity Index 5.685
Shrinkage Limit Average Shrinkage Limit 15.60%
Laboratory OMC 19.84%

Compaction Test Maximum Dry Density 2099.97 kg/cu.m
Maximum Dry Density 1393.97 kg/cu.m

Field Density Test
Degree of Compaction 66.38%
Permeability Hydraulic Conductivity (k) 3.65 x 10^-9 cu.m/s
Final Height 18.882 mm

Consolidation
Final Void Ratio 0.48
Average Stress 2.131 psi
UCT Average Vertical Strain 0.108 in
Average Deformation 0.341 in
Engineering AASHTO Classification Silty and Clayey Gravel/Sand

Classification of Soil USCS Classification Poorly Graded Sand
IV. Limitations
MANUAL VISUAL CLASSIFICATION
Visual Manual Classification of soil is done in one specific location which is the
project site of this study. This test doesn’t need any equipment since it only requires one’s
own judgement to classify the soil
WATER CONTENT
This test must have at least three (3) samples which are in its in natural moist
condition.
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that
pass the 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve, by means of a water pycnometer. When the soil contains
particles larger than the 4.75-mm sieve, Test Method C 127 shall be used for the soil solids
retained on the 4.75-mm sieve and these test methods shall be used for the soil solids passing
the 4.75-mm sieve.
Soil solids for these test methods do not include solids which can be altered by these methods,
contaminated with a substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic
soil solids, such as fibrous matter which floats in water.
LIQUID LIMIT
This test is applicable for cohesive soils passing no. 40 (0.425mm) sieve. Only the liquid
limit was desired in this test but the data can also be used to calculate plasticity index and is
also used extensively, with other soil properties to correlate with engineering behaviour such
as compressibility, hydraulic conductivity, compactibility and shear strength. In this test, the
Cassagrande’s apparatus was calibrated in accordance with D 4318 – 00.
PLASTIC LIMIT
When estimating the engineering behaviour of soils, the sample to be used for Liquid
Limit and Plastic Limit test should be in its natural moist condition. It should not be dried before
testing unless data on dried samples are desired.
The test may be performed using material left over from the thoroughly mixed portion
of the soil prepared for the liquid limit test. Where no leftover soil is available from the liquid
limit test and it is determined that the soil is organic or fine-grained, containing no plus No. 40
(0.425 mm) material, the plastic limits shall be run on the natural soil, brought to the
approximate moisture content for plastic limit determinations.
The results of three (3) samples must be obtained for averaging.
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
This test method is applicable only for cohesive soils passing No. 40 (0.425 mm)
sieve. Only shrinkage limit was desired in this test but the data obtained can also be used to
calculate shrinkage ratio, volumetric shrinkage and liner shrinkage. In this particular test, the
volume of the evaporating dish was determined in accordance with A1 of ASTM D4943 – 08.
GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS
This test method covers the quantitative determination of the particle size distribution
of soils. The distribution of particle sizes larger than 75 μm (retained on the No. 200 sieve) is
determined by sieving. Also, the data gathered can be used to graph the gradation curve
and get the necessary information needed for this experiment.
The trial of compaction was only determined after the weight of the sample
decreases. After the first decrease in the weight of the sample at least one more trial is
required.
This test method is not suitable for organic, saturated, or highly plastic soils that would
deform or compress during the excavation of the test hole. This test method may not be
suitable for soils consisting of unbound granular materials that will not maintain stable sides in
the test hole, soils containing appreciable amounts of coarse material larger than 11⁄2 in. [38
mm], and granular soils having high void ratios.
PERMEABILITY
The constant head permeability test is used to determine the coefficient of

permeability of a soil. The soil sample that has been used in this laboratory was based upon
on the result from the field density test, particularly the moisture content of the sample. The
test is carried out in the permeameter, which vary in size depending on the grain size and the
compaction shall be based on the compaction on the field.
CONSOLIDATION
Due to limited time to perform the laboratory activity, only four pressure increments
were applied and no unloading was done. Also field density and compaction test should be
completed since data gathered from the said tests were to be used in the consolidation test.
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE TEST
This test method is applicable to the determination of the unconfined compressive

strength of cohesive soil in the remolded and compacted condition using strain-controlled
application of the axial load. This method provides an approximate value of the strength of
cohesive soils in terms of total stresses. In this test, the equipment used is specified in Test
Method D 2216.
Engineering classification of soils can only be done if grain size analysis was already
performed, graphed and calculated, and the values of LL, PL and PI were determined. This
classification was done using USCS and AASHTO Classification System.
V. Conclusion
Researchers must recognize that the preconstruction site investigation should be
an iterative process. A project to be built in the future comprises several phases, and
appropriate data must be collected and analyze to support the requirements of all
phases. Anomalies should not be left unresolved by the presumed final result, but
further tests can be conducted again until the presumed final result can be
confirmed.
From the data gathered, it can be concluded that the visual manual and
engineering soil classification based on USCS and AASHTO results has a slight
difference simply because of human fallibility and lack of experience. The preliminary
investigation was less accurate since it was only based on personal judgments.
The result of the soil profile referred from the USCS, the investigated soil is classified
to be silty sand. Soil stabilization can be made to further strengthen the bearing
capacity of the soil and can be used for future construction of structures.
In general, the following data may be used as reference for future projects
 The classification of soil investigated.

 The maximum dry density and its corresponding optimum moisture
content obtained from the lab and field.
 The degree of compaction of the field with respect to lab.
 The hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
 Relationship of void ratio and pressure from Consolidation Test.
 Relationship stress and strain from Unconfined Compressive Test.
VI. Recommendation
Properly mix the whole sample and accurately reduce it to testing size to have a
representative sample for each test.
Prepare all the materials needed for the test.
Follow the procedures written on the manual.
Perform the experiment carefully and as accurately as possible.
Always observe cleanliness and safety precautions when doing the experiment.
Secure alternative ways in oven drying sample.
In D4943-08, if possible, coat the dry soil pat with a thin layer of wax.
In D1556, it is recommended:
- To have the soil unsaturated and compacted upon conducting this test.
- Bring decent equipment for digging the test holes.
- Fill the jar up to its rim.
Conduct Visual Manual on the field during daytime.
For laboratory tests involving mixing of water and soil, it is advisable to cover the sample
properly with moist cloth or plastic cellophane to avoid loss of moisture.
Appendices
COMPUTATIONS
WATER CONTENT
SAMPLE ID WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF WET WEIGHT OF DRY

MOISTURE CAN SOIL (A) SOIL (B)
(g) (g) (g)
SAMPLE 1 13.4 231.8 193.2
SAMPLE 2 14.1 240.2 189.4
SAMPLE 3 14.3 276.4 228.7
Formula:
(𝐀)− (𝐁)
WC =
(𝐁)
For Sample 1:
231.8−193.2
WC = x 100
193.2
WC = 19.78 %
For Sample 2:
240.2−189.4
WC = x 100
189.4
WC = 26.82 %
For Sample 3:
276.4−228.7
WC = x 100
228.7
WC = 20.86 %
19.78+26.82+20.86
AVERAGE WATER CONTENT = = 22.49%
3
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Data Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Mass of pycnometer filled
Wa 369g 344g 353g
with water at Ti(grams)
Mass of pycnometer
Wf 120g 97g 105g
(grams)
Calibrated temperature
of the content of the
Ti 26.75°C 26°C 26.5°C
pycnometer when
Wadetermined (°C)
Observed temperature of
the contents of the
Tx 27.5°C 28.25°C 28°C
pycnometer when Wb was
determined (°C)
Wa 368.95g 343.85g 352.91g
with water at Tx(grams)
Wb with water and soil at 400g 376g 381g
Tx(grams)
Mass of oven dried soil
Wo 50g 50g 50g
(grams)
Gs Specific Gravity 2.57 2.58 2.16
Average Specific Gravity: 2.44

Computation
ρw (@Tx)
Wa(@Tx) = x [ Wa (@Ti) − Wf ] + Wf
ρw (@Ti)
Wo Ti
Sg = x
Wo + (Wa − Wb ) Tx
Sample 1
0.99635915
Wa(@Tx) = x [ 369 − 120 ] + 120
0.996544475
= 368.95 g
50 26.75
Sg = x
50 + (368.75 − 400) 27.5
= 2.57
Sample 2
0.996192175
Wa(@Tx) = x [ 344 − 97 ] + 97
0.9968156
= 343.85
50 26
Sg = x
50 + (340.85 − 376) 28.25
= 2.58
Sample 3
0.9962642
Wa(@Tx) = x [ 353 − 105 ] + 105
0.99663485
= 352.91
50 26.5
Sg = x
50 + (352.91 − 381) 28
= 2.16
LIQUID LIMIT
Sample No. 1 2 3 4
(0-10) (10-20) (20-30) (30-40)
No. of Blows 5 11 22 31
Wt. of the Wet Sample, g 42.2 31.2 32.9 37
Wt. of the Dry Sample, g 32.2 25.5 28 30.8
Wt. of the Comtainer, g 9.2 9.2 13.7 11.5
Wt. of Water, g 10 5.7 4.9 6.2
Wt. of Dry 23 16.3 14.3 19.3
Water Content, % 43.48% 34.97% 34.27% 32.12%
N 0.121
LL = Wn ( )
25
31
LL = (0.3212)( )0.121 = 32.97%
25
22
LL = (0.3427)( )0.121 = 33.74%
25
11
LL = (0.3497)( )0.121 = 31.66%
25
5
LL = (0.4348)( )0.121 = 35.79%
25
∑ LL = (32.97 + 33.47 + 31.66 + 35.79)
∑ LL = 134.16
134.16
LLaverage = = 33.54%
4
Mc − PL
LI = = 36.21
PI
Liquid Limit Graph
PLASTIC LIMIT
Plastic Limit in each trial
W2 −W3
PL = x 100 where: W1 = Mass of can
W3 −W1
W2 = Mass of can + moist soil
W3 = Mass of can + dry soil
27.3 − 24.1
PL1 = x 100 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟗𝟖%
24.1 − 14.4
53.2 − 49.5
PL2 = x 100 = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟔%
49.5 − 37
28 − 25.1
PL3 = x 100 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟐𝟎%
25.1 − 15.2
Average Plastic Limit
32.98 + 29.6 + 20.20

PL = = 27.59 %
3
Plasticity Index
PI = LL − PL
From the Liquid Limit Test, LL = 33.275%
PI = 33.275 − 27.59
PI = 5.685
‘
Plastic Limit Graph
SHRINKAGE LIMIT
Trial 1 2 3
Mass of dish (g) 38.1 45.7 41.2
Mass of dish with petroleum jelly, M, (g) 38.6 46.1 41.5
Mass of dish with petroleum jelly and wet soil, M w, (g) 157.8 196.7 196.4
Mass dish with petroleum jelly and dry soil, Md, (g) 125.8 156.5 155
Mass of dry soil coated with wax, Msxa, (g) 100.9 128.7 125.6
Indicated mass of displaced water of dry soil with wax, M wsx,
48 76 68
(g)
Mass of dish with water, Mdish+water 94.3 119.7 117.7
Volume of water to fill the dish, Vi (cm3) 56.2 74 76.5
Mass of the dry soil pat, Ms

M s = M d– M
Trial 1 2 3
Mass of the dry soil pat, Ms, (g) 87.2 110.4 113.5
Initial moisture content of the soil at the time it was placed in the dish, MC
Mw − Md
w= (100)
Ms
Trial 1 2 3
Moisture Content, w, (%) 36.7 36.4 36.48
Average Moisture Content = 36.53 %
Volume of dry soil pat coated with wax, Vf

Vdx = Mwsx/ ρw
whereρw= 1g / 1 cm3
Trial 1 2 3
Volume of dry soil pat coated with wax, Vf,, (cm3) 48 76 68
Mass of wax, Mx
Mx = Msxa- Ms
Trial 1 2 3
Mass of wax, Mx (g) 13.7 18.3 12.1
Volume of wax, Vx
mx
V x=
ρx
ρx = 0.9 g/cm3
Trial 1 2 3
Volume of wax, Vx (cm3) 15.22 20.33 13.44
Volume of the dry soil pat, Vd

Vd = Vdx– Vx
Trial 1 2 3
Volume of the dry soil pat, Vd (cm3) 32.78 55.67 54.56
Volume of water to fill the dish = Volume of the evaporating dish = Volume of wet soil pat, V
mw
V=
ρw
Trial 1 2 3
Volume of wet soil pat, Vd (cm3) 56.2 74 76.5
Shrinkage Limit (SL)
Vd − V
SL = w – (ρw) (100)
ms
Trial 1 2 3
Shrinkage Limit, SL (%) 9.84 19.8 17.15
Average SL = 15.6 %
Point No. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Mass of mold, kg 4.065 4.065 4.065 4.065 4.065
Mass of mold w/ 5.715 5.9426 6.025 5.975 5.92

soil, kg
Mass of wet soil, 1.65 1.8776 1.96 1.91 1.855
kg
Volume of mold 9.32x10-04 9.32x10-04 9.32x10-04 9.32x10-04 9.32x10-04
used, cu.m
Wet Density, 1771.34 2015.67 2104.13 2050.46 1991.41

kg/cu.m
Moisture
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5
Contents
Mass of 113.3 145.5 142.6 152 172.6

container
and wet soil
Mass of 101.8 127.3 120.6 125.4 137.9
container
and dry soil
Mass of 11.1 13.6 11.7 10.9 11.1
container, g
Moisture 12.68% 16.01% 20.20% 23.23% 27.37%
Content %
Middle
portion
Mass of 110.2 125.6 122.2 152.8 173.5
container
and wet soil
Mass of 99.2 109.9 104.4 125.6 138.8
container
and dry soil
Mass of 11.2 11.2 11.5 11.2 14.6
container, g
Moisture 12.50% 15.91% 19.16% 23.78% 27.94%
Content %
Bottom
portion
Mass of 107.2 127.2 147 158.2 176.5
container
and wet soil
Mass of 96.6 111.5 124.3 131.3 141.6
container
and dry soil
Mass of 11.8 11.5 11.7 14.7 13.9
container, g
Moisture 12.50% 15.70% 20.16% 23.07% 27.33%
Content %
Average 12.56% 15.87% 19.84% 23.36% 27.54%

water
content, W
Dry density, 1769.11 2012.48 2099.97 2045.68 1985.94
kg/cu.m
Specific Gravity of Soil Assumed moisture Density of Water ZAV Unit

Solids, Gs content, w Weight
2.44 12.56% 1000 2432.55
2.44 15.87% 1000 2430.59
2.44 19.84% 1000 2428.24
2.44 23.36% 1000 2426.17
2.44 27.54% 1000 2423.71
Compaction Graph
CALIBRATION OF EQUIPMENT
(1) Mass of jar with 1.4509 kg
funnel
(2) Mass of Jar with 5.613 kg
water
(3) Mass of water (2) - mass of Jar 5.2721 kg
(4) Volume of Jar (2) / 1000 .005272 m3
CALIBRATION OF SAND TO BE
USED
(5) Mass of jar with 8.056 kg
funnel filled with sand
(6) Mass of sand (5) - (1) 6.6051 kg
(7) Density of sand (6) / (4) 1252.84 kg/m3
used
(8) Mass of sand to fill 1.521 kg
the cone/funnel
FIELD DENSITY TEST
(9) Mass of sand in the 6.6051 kg
jar before the test
(10) Mass of sand in 1.3311 kg
the jar after the test
(11) Mass of sand in (9) - (10) - (8) 3.753 kg
the test hole
(12) Mass of the soil 4.553 kg
removed from the test
hole
(13) Volume of the test (11) / (7) .002996 m3
hole
(14) Bulk density of the (12)/(13) 1519.97 kg/m3
soil tested
(15) Average water 0.0903
content of the soil
tested
(16) Dry density of the (14) / 1+(15) 1393.97 kg/m3
soil from the lab
(17) Maximum dry 2108.32 kg/m3
density of the soil from
lab
(18) Degree of [(16)/(17)]x100 66.12 %
compaction of the in-
place soil
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3
(19) Mass of 91.4 kg 74.7 kg 73.1 kg
container
and wet soil
(20) Mass of 79.7 kg 67.1 kg 65.3 kg
container
and dry soil
(21) Mass of 14.4 kg 18.7 kg 20 kg
container
(22) Mass of 77 kg 56 kg 53.1 kg
wet soil
(23) Mass of 65.3 kg 48.4 kg 45.3 kg
dry soil
(24) Moistur 0.117 0.076 .078
e content
PERMEABILITY
k =QL / (Aht)
Q= 2.5 x 10-5 m3
L= 31 cm
A= 78.54 cm2
Dinside = 10 cm
h= 30 cm
t= 9000 seconds
k =QL / Aht
A=πr2
= π(5)2
A= 78.54 cm2
k= QL / Aht
= (2.5 x 10-5 m3)(0.31 m) / (0.7854 m2)(0.3 m)(9000 s)
k = 3.65 x 10-9m3/s
CONSOLIDATION
𝑀𝑇𝑓 120.9 𝑔
Md = 1+ 𝑤 = 1+0.2464 = 97 g
𝑓𝑝
𝑀𝑇𝑜− 𝑀𝑑 107.7−97
Initial water content, 𝑤0 = 𝑀𝑑
𝑥 100 = 97
𝑥 100 = 11.03%
𝑀𝑇𝑓− 𝑀𝑑 120.9−97
Final water content, 𝑤𝑓 = 𝑀𝑑
𝑥 100 = 97
𝑥 100 = 24.64%
𝑀𝑑 97
Initial dry density, ρ𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜
= 60.38
= 1.6065
Dry unit weight, γ𝑑 = 9.8 𝑥 ρ𝑑 , in KN/m3 = 9.8 𝑥 1.6065 = 15.7437 KN

𝑀𝑑 97 𝑔
Volume of solids, 𝑉𝑠 = = = 39.75
𝐺ρ𝑤 2.44(1.0)
𝑉𝑠 39.75
Equivalent height of solids, Hs = 𝐴
= 30.19 = 1.32
𝐻𝑜 − 𝐻𝑠 2− 1.32
Void ratio before test, eo = 𝐻𝑠
= 1.32
= 0.51
𝐻𝑓 − 𝐻𝑠 1.98−1.32
Void ratio after test, ef = = = 0.5
𝐻𝑠 1.32
Consolidation Graph
UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE TEST (UCT)
Sample No. 1 2 3
Diameter of the Sample 0.04 m 0.04 m 0.04 m
Length of the Sample 0.08 m 0.08 m 0.08 m
Mass of Mold 984 g 984 g 984 g
Mass of Mold + Sample 1164 g 1167 g 1173 g
Mass of the Sample 180 g 183 g 189 g
Cross-sectional Area 0.00126 m2 0.00126 m2 0.00126 m2
Volume of the Sample 0.000101 m3 0.000101 m3 0.000101 m3
Wet Density 1782.178 kg/m3 1811.881 kg/m3 1871.287 kg/m3
Dry Density 1634.53 kg/m3 1661.773 kg/m3 1716.258 kg/m3
Mass of Moisture Can 11.6 g 14.7 g 13.5 g
Soil + Moisture Can 179.6 g 192.1 g 186.6 g
Mass of Sample 168 g 177.4 g 173,1 g
Moisture Content 1.20% e
Mass
Wet Density =
Volume
Sample 1
0.180
Wet Density =
0.000101
kg
Wet Density = 1782.178
m3
Sample 2
0.183
Wet Density =
0.000101
kg
m3
Sample 3
0.189
Wet Density =
0.000101
kg
m3
Wet Density
Dry Density =
1 + mc
Sample 1
1782.178
Dry Density =
1 + 0.09033
kg
Dry Density = 1634.53
m3
Sample 2
1811.881
Dry Density =
1 + 0.09033
kg
m3
Sample 3
1871.287
Dry Density =
1 + 0.09033
kg
m3
AASHTO Classification
Since F200 < 200%, the soil is a granular material.
From Lab #6
LL = 33.275%
From Lab #7
PL = 27.59%
PI = LL – PL = 5.685%
Locating on the table, the soil is
A-2-4 = LL = 40 max
PL = 10 max
 Silty and Clayey gravel/sand
USCS Classification
R200 = 70.25%
F250 = 29.75%
Since R200 > F250 , the soil is coarse grained
R4 = 9.63%
Percent of sand fraction, SF = R200 – GF
= 70.25% - 9.63%
GF = 9.63%
SF = 60.62%
Since GF < SF, it is a sandy soil
From lab #5 D60 = 0.441
D50 = 0.249
D30 = 0.0775
D10 = 0.0253
𝐷60
CU = = 17.43
𝐷10
(𝐷30 )2
CC = = 0.538
𝐷60 𝑥 𝐷10
LL = 33.275%
PL = 27.59%
Locating on the chart, the soil is SM with < 15% gravel
 Poorly graded sand

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Name : JOIENA D. AFINIDAD
Date of Birth : April 22, 1997
Address : Purok 6, Bual, Tulunan, Cotabato
Cellphone Number : 09503356869
E-mail Address : wengjda@gmail.com
LABORATORY EXPERIENCES
We the Bright Minds Corporation (BMC) took a soil sample of not less than 15 kg from
one foot below the ground surface in our assigned location. We have two boys in our group
and we already know that it is their job to dig the soil but the girls can’t be stopped from
helping. On that day, we already performed two activities which are visual manual and
moisture content. For the rest of the activities, we experienced cooking soil samples using a
butane burner, crushing large pieces of soil using mortar and pestle, getting our hands dirty
through mixing of soil and water and going home late just to finish the activity(s) for that day.
The aforementioned experiences were encountered in all laboratory experiments but each
activity also has unique experiences. It is my first time to conduct all the activities except
Manual Visual Classification since we already had that as a group activity in our class and
Field Density Test was experienced during our on-the-job training. We, sometimes,
experienced difficulty in understanding procedures but with the guidance of Ma’am Lemin
and with the combined “bright minds” of my groupmates, we were able to finish all the
required experiments for soil investigation.
LABORATORY CHALLENGES
It is always a challenge when you’re doing something you haven’t done before. Soil
investigation is a big challenge for Bright Minds Corporation but with great determination and
teamwork, we were able to pull it off. Also, we were challenged when we planned to do
Liquid Limit Test but unfortunately the three LL devices were borrowed by the other groups
already. It turned out to be a blessing in disguise since we conducted Compaction Test
instead. Standard Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation tested our punctuality. We
have to be at the CE Laboratory to read the percentage on time. But out of all the laboratory
experiments, Permeability test challenged us the most. Our first attempt on permeability test
lasted for more than a week so we just decided to repeat it, now with known field density.
The second attempt which was our final permeability test lasted for almost a week. We had
undergone some changes in the test to finally bring it to an end. It was still a constant-head
permeability test but in different version.
We may have encountered challenges and difficulties throughout our Soil

Investigation but we were determined enough to continue and finish studying our soil
samples.
LABORATORY LEARNINGS
Each experiment offers a unique lesson. As a part of this case study, I have learned
things not only related to soil and engineering but also things related to life and attitude.
We were able to classify our soil after all the other experiments were done. It was when
I realized that all tests must be conducted properly and with great care to have accurate
results since those results will be used in classifying the soil we are studying. Data and results
are the most important part of the study. Having incomplete data will confuse you while
analyzing a particular test. It is indeed important to record and document everything.
I also appreciate the concept of teamwork from the start of the study up to now. We
are not that equipped to conduct this study alone. We are still newbies. I will not be able to
finish this study if it is an individual work. But I hope that this will be the start, this will be our
stepping stone in appreciating and in understanding more the importance of soil foundations
in engineering works.
Name : VEMACHELLE E. ALCANTARA
Date of Birth : June 06, 1998
Address : Purok 1-B, Mulig, Toril, Davao City
E-mail Address : vemachellealcantara@gmail.com
“Soil Mechanics is both art and science” that is the first thing that I learned in this
subject. Our professor, Engr. Lemin, emphasized that phrase. It is a science because it requires
engineering principles to determine such properties and an art because soil is a true beauty
with its complexity.
This subject didn’t just taught us about the theoretical soil principles but also taught us
how to apply it through laboratory experiments. By the time Engr. Lemin finished discussing all
the things and topics we need to learn, she then let us group ourselves and have made us do
a research on procedures of all laboratory tests she posted in our Google Classroom. After
listing the laboratory tests we need to perform Engr. Lemin let us assign ourselves on the
locations for the case study she already prepared.
We, the Bright Minds Corporation, were assigned to the left side of the center stage.
In that same afternoon, we went to our site, dug the ground, with the area of 0.8m by 0.8m,
1 foot deep and obtained soil sample for like 30 kgs.
I have experienced a lot of stress and a whole lot of learnings in this subject. Stress
because we need to adjust and maximize our time in soil mechanics laboratory to perform
such activities and at the same time to do our tasks in other subjects. Learnings because we
are taught not only theoretically but also practically.
Soils are unique in every location and are also complicated in its own way. This leads
us to some challenges like in obtaining sample because the deeper we dig the more large
roots and boulders appear.
There are many challenges we encounter during the semester that includes time. Time
is also an important factor in performing laboratory tests. In scheduling the laboratory tests we
intend to perform we make sure that it would be transparent to all our co-members because
we don’t have the same schedules. There was also a day when we were obtaining soil
sample, we didn’t anticipate the time. We started the activity late in the afternoon digging
until nightfall without knowing that the activity, visual manual, should be done in broad
daylight for us to easily identify the soil visually.
Soil Mechanics taught us a lot of things. For me, I can say that I am now well familiar
with the terms used in testing the soils and subgrade and have sound knowledge in
conducting the said tests. This knowledge will help us in our chosen field, civil engineering. I
will now be well aware and more particular on the what bouts on the field in conducting
laboratory test and safeguarding that it is well conducted. Also, I now have sound knowledge
in interpreting and analyzing the results.
Also, one thing I learned in this subject is the importance of time management. It is
essential to sort your activities first before performing it and to clear your mind and focus on
what you are doing to easily absorb the learnings and to adapt and overcome the problems
encountered in the laboratory activities.
It is indeed true that through experience we learn.

Name : BANGUIS, FABELLE A.
Date of Birth : February 12, 1998
Address : Accord Village, Calumpang, General Santos City
E-mail Address : fabellebanguis12@gmail.com
We have experienced a lot of things during our laboratory experiments, both positive
and negative experiences. The group encountered multiple problems and minor conflicts but
we managed to get through all of it. With the help of our professor, Engr. Merlinda Lemin, who
gave us inputs on how to deal with the difficulties that happened during the conducting of
the laboratory activities.
We’ve faced multiple challenges along the way while conducting the laboratory
activities. Even from the beginning, we struggled already getting our sample since we dug
up for it one foot below the surface. It was already getting dark and we have to use our
phone flashlights to continue.
Also, the lack of materials in the laboratory was another challenge for us. Since there
are a lot of groups conducting the same experiments, we didn’t get to perform liquid limit test
during our planned day since other groups already borrowed the casagrande liquid limit
apparatus.
Ultimately, time is our greatest enemy during the laboratory experiments. We have to
maximize the use of our time, performing multiple activities some days, since we are aiming
to finish conducting the experiments within the semester.
During the laboratory activities, not just me but the entire group learned a lot. We
learned how to conduct a standard laboratory test for soil and what is the result’s purpose. It
is really important to read the ASTM articles and watch videos before conducting the
experiment. We also learned to make adjustments to overcome the obstacles we
encountered in the laboratory. I also consider patience is one of the most important things in
conducting the experiments.
Name : ROXANNE S. LACANARIA
Date of Birth : July 15, 1997
Address : Blk.38 Lt. 18, Phs.1, Elenita Hghts. Cat. Grande, D.C.
E-mail Address : xanne.xl@gmail.com
Soil investigation is one of the most important phase in every engineering projects.
Having knowledge of the different behaviors and characteristics of the soil which will hold a
structure ensures and determines the safety and endurance of it. With the help of our
professor Engr. Merlinda Lemin and the impartation of her knowledge about the subject Soil
Mechanics, I have been able to conduct some of the important soil investigations during our
laboratory schedule.
I was able to experience the difficulty in obtaining a sample through excavating

under a depth of one foot in the field while, at the same time having to observe and examine
it by its color, odor, and other basic characteristics. An immediate sample for water content
have been acquired so that the natural moisture of the field sample can be determined. The
process of reducing sample size was carried out so that it will be easier to have a sample
ready for further laboratory experiments. Determining the particle sizes was done through
sieve analysis and getting the liquid, plastic and shrinkage limit of the soil was also done
specifically as required in the manual. I also experienced attaining the specific gravity of the
sample which was used in getting the zero air voids of the sample with the data gathered
from the standard compaction test of the soil sample. Having to compare the degree of
compaction of the field and the laboratory test results a field density test was made through
the use of Ottawa sand. I also experienced conducting a permeability test to measure the
ease of water in flowing through the a soil volume and an unconfined compressive test was
done to measure the soil’s compressive strength. The last experiment conducted was the soil
consolidation test which a large amount of time is required.
Conducting laboratory experiments are surely time consuming and require a lot of
effort and so having to face different challenges during the experiments was inevitable. One
of the main challenges was having to conduct all the activities within a limited amount of
time and having to do it with limited laboratory equipment. Without having enough
equipment I have to be resourceful and be able to manage my time wisely in order to
conduct atleast one to two laboratory experiments together with my co-researchers. Being
able to conduct all of the experiments in line with the ASTM manual a deeper understanding
of the procedures and specifications are necessary. Some of the challenges we have faced
during the experiments was first, having to do a field density test but due to unexpected
change in weather conditions it kept on getting delayed. Second was when our permeability
test had to be repeated due to some procedural mistakes and also having only a constant
head apparatus which cannot measure the flow of water on our sample because of its soil
type. And lastly, during our soil consolidation test. We had to closely monitor our sample when
loading different weights and had to record it within specific time limits accordingly. Both our
permeability and soil consolidation experiments went on for days in order for us to get
satisfactory results.
Being able to perform and conduct the said laboratory experiments in this soil
investigation research, there are a lot of leanings and information that I have been able to
understand and will be able to apply to my future endeavors. I have learned that by knowing
the characteristics of the soil that is to be used in different engineering projects, we can ensure
the safety and economical effects of it to the surrounding community.
I have learned to be patient in getting the results of various experiments and have been able
to understand where to use the following data and results gathered. By doing the
experiments, I have been able to understand the purpose and the need in conducting such
experiments. This research taught me how to get the moisture content, specific gravity, liquid,
plastic and shrinkage limits of a sample that is important to the next experiments. I learned
that through compaction we can get the optimum moisture content of a sample together
with its maximum dry density that the soil can achieve. With the presence of water the soil
becomes denser and the voids are filled. In line with the soil consolidation, I have learned that
it is very important to conduct such experiment because it helps in predicting the rate and
amount of settlement of the soil sample. With the applications of all the information learned
from this research surely the planning, designing and construction of structures will be easier
and will result to satisfactory results.
Name : RJYL Y. LUGO
Date of Birth : March 11, 1998
Address : Cinderella homes Phase 1, Brgy. Villa kanangga, Butuan City
E-mail Address : Rjyl_xtrm@yahoo.com
During the soil investigation process, I, Rjyl Y. Lugo, together with my co leagues
learned the methods, and practices in conducting the soil survey, from the gathering of
sample required for each laboratory experiment to the computation, compilation and
finalization of data we all have helped each other. We seldom disseminate the task in order
to catch up with the time; we also assigned some task to one another in order for us to
conduct research on a designated topic, for us to discuss to our co leagues the scope,
limitations, and methods in conducting each experiment. Upon the compilation of data, we
discussed the methods, limitations, and scope of each experiments as a review of the whole
soil investigation.
As a part of the team that conducted this study, I have encountered a lot of
challenges, such as; securing laboratory apparatus for a specific laboratory experiment,
trying to understand the procedure of each experiment and conduct it ourselves, trying to
find other way to oven-dry our samples that needs to be oven-dried since the oven is always
full; thus looking for an alternative way to oven-dry the sample, which we opt to use a butane
burner; this has been a challenge for one of our member Debbie A. Nacilla for always bringing
the butane burner every time we need to oven-dry some samples. Having to adjust the
schedule of our activities was also a challenge for all of us since we do still have other subjects
to attend to.
As an individual, I learned how to conduct each and every activities involved in this
study and learned the scope and purpose of conducting such study. From gathering the soil
sample and obtaining its moisture content, I have learned the moisture present in the soil. In
particle size distribution, I have learned that the through determining the specific gravity, we
can obtain the volume of each particle of the soil; through compaction we can determine
the soil’s maximum dry density, and through Field Density Test, we can verify the Degree of
Compaction of the Field density to the lab. I have also learned that through consolidation of
soil we can identify the behaviour of soil under stress. Overall I have learned a lot of of things
during this study; and I thank God for bestowing upon me this knowledge, and to my professor
Engr. Merlinda Lemin for the guidance during our experiments.
Name : DEBBIE A. NACILLA
Age : 21 YEARS OLD
Birthday: : JUNE 25, 1997
Address: : VINZON ST. BO. OBRERO, DAVAO CITY
Contact Number : 09089726401
E-mail Address : debbieluisa@gmail.com
One of the requirements of this subject is to conduct a soil investigation on the soils in
the University. When starting the investigation, the goals were to characterize the soil, find
primary uses for soil, and comment on any additional characterization of the soil. To answer
these questions, tests for the soil were performed: visual manual classification, water content,
specific gravity test, grain size distribution, compaction, field density test, unconfined
compressive test, plasticity index, permeability test and consolidation test.
In this study, I’ve practice applying my learning in the lecture through performing the
test personally. With this, I was able to witness and observed the behaviour of the soil sample
obtained. I experienced classifying soils visually and manually by following simple tests. The
water content of each activity is being tested and I was able to experience conducting the
said test by oven drying samples to obtain the constant weight. I‘ve tried to conduct the
compaction test in the laboratory as well as the field density test. The rammer in compaction
test is heavy and it should be properly use to avoid injuries. In field density test, we made our
own version of “Ottawa Sand” which is sand that passed in sieve #10 and retained in sieve
#60. The sand is clean and must be dry and we got its unit weight. This sand was used to get
the volume of the testing hole. I experienced digging for sample in our assigned location. The
soil was not easily broken that is why it is hard for us to excavate. Our sample was taken below
one foot and it took us night to finish getting samples. I experienced going home late just to
finish the laboratory activity. I’ve tried interpreting results based on my observations and
learning from the lecture. I experienced misunderstandings because of the activity in our
group but still able to fix it. I also know how to operate the equipments used in conducting
the tests.
One of the challenges I encountered in doing this study is managing my time. We’re
having hard time to schedule our laboratory activities because our schedule is tight. We also
find it difficult to adjust on each member’s time availability since we also have other projects
and activities. I sometimes, concentrate more on one subject and neglect the other ones
and I find it hard to decide on what will be my first priority. I sometimes struggle to understand
what the activity is all about and how it is done. I often want the lecturer to give me an
example before I can attempt to do it myself. I find it hard to follow some laboratory
procedures unless if I am helped by someone who knows how to do it.
As a group, we find it difficult to conduct laboratory activities on time of our scheduled

day due to the limited equipments in the laboratory. And also, some of our laboratory results
did not coincide in our desired outcome. Just like in our water content activity, samples took
longer time to obtain its constant weight. The weight of the samples keeps on rising every time
it is weighed. And for our Unconfined Compressive Test, we were having a hard time to attain
the maximum dry density for the compaction in the laboratory since the water content of the
field density test is not yet done. By the time that the water content of the field density test
has been computed, we repeat the UCT using the data obtain from the field. We were also
challenged to finish our permeability test because there is no change in the height of water
in our sample inside the permeameter for how many days. The group decided to do another
way of conducting the test easily by the help of our instructor.
Inspite of the challenges our group has encountered, we were still able to continue
the study and finish it as soon as we can. And by God’s grace, we are now able to show the
outcome of our case study to our beloved instructor.
The role of Civil Engineers is to construct structures such as buildings, bridges, houses,
and etc. Whatever these structures are, their foundation is the soil. And it is where the
knowledge of soil mechanics is applied. In this subject, I learned a lot of things. I’ve learned
how to perform the different tests that would help to classify the properties of a soil which will
help us in understanding its behaviour. I also learned its importance as the study goes by.
Without considering the soil and its properties, there is a big possibility of failure in the building
project in the future. This also helps us decide on what kind of materials to use so that the
building can withstand earthquakes and other physical forces. And most importantly, with a
high knowledge of soil mechanics, this can assure safety for the people who are using the
structures built. Therefore, the subject soil mechanics are very relevant to the field of civil
engineering. With the thorough understanding and application of this area, there will be no
doubt that the structure is good and stable as long as tests were performed accurately.
Name : BONISA D. PALMARES
Date of Birth : September 25,1997
Address : Purok Kalabasa, Nanyo, Panabo City, Davao Del Norte
E-mail Address : bonisadelacruzpalmares@gmail.com
Soil mechanics is a branch of soil physics and applied mechanics that

describes the behavior of soils. As a civil engineering student, it is important to
us to study about soil including its properties, water content, plastic limit, liquid
limit, etc. All Civil Engineering structures are built on ground, which is nothing else but soil.
Soil plays a major role in determining the depth of the foundation required to keep a building
safe.
Our Soil Mechanics professor, Engr. Merlinda Lemin, required a case study for us to conduct
different laboratory and field tests in a location that we chose inside our school campus,
University of Southeastern Philippines, Bo. Obrero, Davao City. We collect samples at the
place that we chose located at the left side of the Universitys’ Center Stage with an area of
.8m x .8m, and a depth of 1ft below.
In getting soil sample, we borrowed digging materials from the construction site near
Engineering building. It was late in the afternoon when we started getting soil sample, we
used our phones as flashlight for us to finish on getting samples that we needed in our
laboratories. We collected soil samples fresh from the site for the water content test, the
moisture can was covered to avoid moisture loss and some members of the group brought
the samples at the CE laboratory and perform the test.
Every member in our group is eager to finish all laboratories as soon as possible.
In a day we can finished 1 to 2 experiments, after we finish from one experiment we
proceed to another one or we performed it simultaneously. Sometimes it cause a
mess in our data gathering and misunderstanding that resulted to troubles, but at the
end of the day we were able to solve it and go home with peace of mind.
We also experience to repeat those experiment because we performed it in

a wrong a way or lacked of data that we needed. This experience helped us to be
more careful in our next laboratories to gathered accurate and correct data.
Our time on conducting the experiment is late in the afternoon and it results
to going home late and Engr. Lemin waits for us to finish before going home, we are
all thankful to have her as our professor in this subject because she is so hands on and
ready to share her knowledge about all the experiment the we conducted. She
makes herself always available in all questions that we asked about soil mechanics
for us to understand.
Those experiences I had encountered in this subjects had a big impact and helped me to
learn and grow more as a Civil Engineering student.
Challenges are a part of everyday life. They make us stronger and without them life
becomes somewhat meaningless because we have nothing to compare the good times to.
There are different challenges that we encountered in different laboratories that we
conducted.
In the first activity that we performed which is getting sample, the challenges that we
faced were it was already dark, we have to used our phones to have light in the placed and
we also struggled in transporting our sample from the site to the laboratory because it is so
heavy.
During grain size analysis, we encountered challenges because the laboratory
manual that we used gave us information that lead us to some errors about wet sieving of
the samples, the data gathered and calculated turned that the D10 and D30 are negative.
In our permeability and UCT testing, we did not attained the laboratory maximum dry density
we needed because we used the optimum moisture content instead of the field moisture
content.
And lastly, the consolidation test, lacked of weights lead us to come up alternative
ways for us to add weights that we needed to have less disturbance on the sample.
Throughout the laboratories that we conducted the most common challenges that
we encountered is misunderstanding between the members of the group. There are times
some members are annoyed and angry on one another, maybe because everyone are tired,
hungry, sleepy, etc. The best thing in our group is we not let the day end that our problems
were not solved.
Challenges make your life interesting. We don’t grow when things are so easy, we
grow when we face challenges.
You are not doing it right when you are not learning from it. In this case study I learned
a lot of things about soil. Soils had different and unique characteristics.
From the different experiments conducted, I learned how to perform each

experiment, operate those machine that we used during UCT and Consolidation experiments,
conducting permeability test using permeable apparatus and calculate those data
gathered on each experiment to used it for soil classification.
The simple “YUTA” I knew before, now it has a group name of “Gravely elastic silt with
sand” according to the results of our visual manual conducted on the field where we get the
soil samples.
Soils had different water content, specific gravity, optimum water content, etc. that
makes them unique from one another. It is important to us to know its own characteristics to
describe its behaviour and how it useful and can affect our engineering works.
Name : SANOY, CHRISTIAN C.
Address : Purok 24B, Alunen Compound, Cawa-Cawa, Catalunan
Pequeno, Davao City
E-mail Address : sanoychristian@gmail.com
Soil Mechanics is a branch of science that deals with the property of the soil, how the
soil acts depending on the present situation that affects it, and its capacity which helps us
future Civil Engineers in the designing and to avoid failure of the foundation of the building. It
is essential to a Civil Engineer to have a wide knowledge about this subject to understand
how this properties of soil and its behavior affects the structures that you are going to
construct above or beneath the soil.
Engr. Merlinda Lemin, our professor in the said subject, assigned us to make a
geotechnical report by group about the properties of the soil on the designated area that
we have chosen. The tests needed in the report will be done at the field and in the laboratory.
Before the actual obtaining of sample to be used for tests/experiments, we have first dug a
0.8m x 0.8m x 0.3m approximately.
Since the laboratory lacks the tools needed in the excavation to be made, we decided to
borrow from the nearest construction site that we saw and luckily we were able to borrow the
tools that we need so we can start the excavation. We have started digging at late afternoon
and took us a couple of hours to finish it. When it was already dark and no light near our
excavation, we have open our flashlights so that we can see what we are digging. As we
keep digging, it can clearly be seen the different layers of soil and its thickness. The sample
needed which is more than 15kg is placed in a sack so that the sample will be stored properly.
Some of the sample taken for the moisture content which is the test conducted. A visual-
manual test is also conducted on that day. Several activities were done based on the criteria
and description from the ASTM manual of this test to know the group symbol and group name
of the soil to and determine on what is the specific term called to the soil.
There are days that we need to conduct 2 laboratory tests in a day just to finish the all
that we needed within the time frame that our professor have scheduled for the submission
of the case study. There are also a time that we have conducted 1 test due to the lacking of
the laboratory equipment that will be used on a specific test.
As days goes by, there are more different situations that we have experienced in
conducting these experiments which will help us in the future if we use to follow the track of
being a Civil Engineer.
As our professor said that we have a geotechnical report to be conducted, I was very
excited because we were able to do all the testing using the equipment in the laboratory. I
take this final requirement as a challenge because it tests our teamwork skills, analytical
reasoning, and technical decisions on handling all the possible problems that we are going
to encounter as our geotechnical report progresses.
The first challenge that we encountered is obtaining the sample because we have
started obtaining it when it already dark so we used flashlight to see what we are digging. In
digging, we have also encountered some big rocks and concrete material so there is some
difficulty in digging deeper. The transportation of the sample to the storage is also a struggle
since our designated location is far from the storage area.
Another challenge is the attaining the sample to its dry state, it took us an hour or so
just to obtain the constant weight of the sample. We have heated the sample in a frying pan
using butane stove to rapidly obtain the dry state of the sample.
There are also some difficulties encountered during the performing of permeability
and UCT testing because we can’t obtain the maximum dry density from the compaction
test using the optimum moisture content. Since the obtaining the maximum dry density
requires proper and greater effort, our professor suggested to consider the maximum dry
density within the range from the FDT and Laboratory Compaction Test.
The consolidation test is very time consuming since we need to wait until there is no
change in the reading from the consolidometer before we are going the add another
loading. It also requires to dedicate your time and alertness each time you read the result. It
took 24 hrs or less just to settle the soil after each loading has been added to the instrument.
Patience is needed in this test since it requires more time compare to the other tests
conducted.
As the geotechnical report progresses, different challenges and difficulties were

experienced by the group including the computations that need to be done based on the
results gathered. Sometimes there is a confusion with the proper conduction of the tests but
were solved by the guidance of our professor who has the wide knowledge in the tests
involved in the report.
Through the experiences, difficulties and challenges we’ve faced, it helps us to be

more knowledgeable on the proper way of performing the tests. It also taught us to formulate
techniques that can help us to have more accurate results and to be more confident enough
in what we are doing.
As the report progresses, I learned the basics and the complicated tests that needed
in the making of this report. I’ve learned how to obtain the moisture content of the sample,
specific gravity of the soil, its plastic limit, liquid limit, shrinkage limit, degree of compaction,
and others.
I also learned that you need to consider the optimum moisture content to obtain the
maximum dry density of the soil resulted from the laboratory compaction test. Also in the
compaction of the soil in the field, there are some certain degree of compaction requirement
so that you can build either horizontal or vertical structures on that soil. This can be obtained
by the ratio of the maximum dry density from the field and maximum dry density from the lab.
In general, I’ve learned that these properties of the soil will help us future Civil Engineers
in the designing of the structures that we are going to build. It is very important to know what
type of soil that is present to that area so that certain stabilizations can be made to make the
soil stronger and more capable of carrying the loading above it. It also important to consider
because it prevents accidents which might affect the safety of the people within or near that
area.
In this geotechnical report, I’ve learned the importance of leadership. As a leader,

he/she is the one who manages his/her colleagues and influences them to do the right
procedure in anything that they do to complete the tasks best. Teamwork is also an important
factor in the success of this report since through it, we have created best decisions that we
have agreed on which leads to best results.
Name : MARBEROS P. VILLARUBIA
Date of Birth : October 25, 1997
Address : Tuganay, Carmen, davao del Norte
F-mail Address : mariavillarubia.ijk@gmail.com
Soil mechanics is one of the major sciences for resolving problems related to geology
and geophysical engineering. Soil mechanics studies are very important for civil engineers
because based on the findings of soil mechanics studies, engineering structures are
constructed. As a civil engineering student, it is a requirement for us to study on how the soil
behaves because this would be the basis and has a major role in building foundations.
In line with this, our professor in this subject required as a case study through
conducting different laboratories and field tests. The location where we collect samples
measures an area of .8m x .8m and a depth of 1 ft. below, beside university’s center stage.
And we had a hard time in getting soil sample as it was already late in the afternoon.
Then after getting the desired amount of sample, we immediately reduce our sample in the
process of quartering and getting another sample for the water content test. We also
experience failures in conducting the activities and lacking any data towards the experiment
and in these cases we investigated and learned how to conduct the activity appropriately.
And somewhat a lesson learned to the group.
In conducting all these laboratory activities, we encountered different challenges

and troubles. Just like in our very first activity in getting soil sample from the location chosen,
we struggled in transporting the sample to the soil lab. We also struggled in some calculations
as we are lacking datas on some activities. But I think the activity that we were most
challenged is during the permeability test, and it is a little a pressure on me as I was assigned
to lead in conducting the said activity. We really had a hard time because in our first conduct
of test, there were errors in calculating the water content of the sample. And in our second
conduct, we struggled again but about in the head loss because the head loss was totally
equal to the height of the piezometer, meaning the water totally goes out.
But throughout the laboratories that we conducted the most common challenges
that we encountered is misconceptions between peers, but what’s the best in our group we
are still family after all. What’s in soil laboratory remains in soil laboratory.
After all conducting all the laboratory activities, I have learnings to each experiment.
First, I knew what are the apparatus to be used in performing the activity and how it functions.
I already learned how to calculate the coefficient of permeability, the water content ratio
and so many more. I also learned how to determine the classification of soil.
Name : KHATE ASHLEE P. VILLORDON
Date of Birth : May 14,1998
Address : R.Castillo St., Brgy. Ubalde, Agdao, Davao City
Cellphone Number : +639099728356
E-mail Address : khateashlee1498@gmail.com
Soil Mechanics is primarily concerned with the behavior of soils. In order to obtain a
safe and economic foundation of a structure, you need to know the strength, stiffness and
flow parameters of the soil. The parameters are measured by tests of representative soil
samples from the construction site. This subject is a new stepping stone for us as we advance
our studies in Civil Engineering. With the help of Engr. Lemin, we gained theoretical and
practical understanding regarding this subject.
In the course of time, we experienced different circumstances, from pleasant to

unpleasant ones. We faced difficulties such as wrong interpretation of the procedures, lack
of data gathered, and inaccurate results. Conducting these experiments is quite physically
and mentally draining. But despite of these things, we were able to finish all the laboratory
experiments required for this study.
Learnings will always be part of any set of circumstances. Surely, these learnings will
help us grow and develop as a student, as a future Civil Engineer and as an individual.
Challenges are inevitable in any situation. During the different laboratory experiments,
we experienced various kinds of challenges.
We were time challenged. We had a hard time coping up with the tests that we need
to perform since we also need to do the requirements for other subjects. Time management
was tough. Also, not all of us are available anytime, so we tried our best to make schedules
that are suitable for everyone.
The equipments or apparatuses needed for the experiments are insufficient. So we

need to be early so that we will be the first group who can acquire the equipments first, but
there are times also that we were not able to do so. In result, the planned experiment was not
performed which caused some delay.
From time to time, we also had some difficulties interpreting the procedures and
operating the machines. Big thanks to Engr. Lemin for always being there to help and guide
us throughout the duration of conducting the tests.
Facing these challenges is the way to push ourselves and see what we are capable
of. Experience is life’s most effective tool towards growth.
Throughout the period of performing these experiments, we gained a lot of

knowledge about Soil Mechanics. It broadened our understanding towards the behavior of
soil and the importance of studying it. The best thing about conducting laboratory tests is that
we were not just learning theoretically but also practically. We were able to experience and
analyze it in actual.
Performing these various laboratory tests is a very big help for our future profession as
a Civil Engineer. Civil Engineering doesn’t only include Structural studies but also
Geotechnical. Now that I already have a grasp about Soil Mechanics, hopefully, in the future,
I can apply these learnings such as knowing the procedures of the tests and then interpreting
or analyzing the results.
Learning about this field doesn’t just stop here. This is just the starting point. I am looking
forward for more experiences related to this field to further expand my understanding.
Name : ROVI JOY E. YAP
Address : Purok 2 Durian, Apokon, Tagum City
E-mail Address : rovijoyyap16@gmail.com
Soil Mechanics is an engineering subject required for us civil engineering students to

take. It is an essential factor to help students learn all concerns about soil including its
properties, water content, plastic limit, liquid limit, etc.
Engr. Merlinda Lemin, our Soil Mechanics professor, assigned us to make a case study
about a soil from a place we chose. The soil sample we obtained were from the left side of
the Universitys’ center stage, in an area of 0.8m x 0.8m, and a depth of 1ft below.
Looking for materials we can use in getting soil sample, we were lucky enough to be
able to borrow digging materials from the construction project near the Engineering building.
Since it was already late in the afternoon before we started getting the coordinates for our
area of investigation and digging to obtain soil sample, the night fell before us and we were
still digging that is why we used our phones’ flashlight to make it a bit brighter for us to see
what we were digging. Upon obtaining soil sample, some part of it were extracted and
covered to avoid moisture loss. Two members of our group hurried back to the CE laboratory
to perform the water content test.
Another experience from our group is that, we were doing 1-2 experiments a day to
finish all the laboratory experiments faster given that we don’t have much time to spare. With
this, we tend to go home late and Engr. Lemin also waits for us to finish the test we were
performing before going home.
Performing 1-2 activities a day tend to mess with our data sometimes causing us
troubles but we were able to solve it and finalize our data at the end of the day. There were
also times when some of the experiments we performed was wrong that is why on the next
laboratory time, we repeated those experiments with the correct data we came with.
Mentioned above were some of the experiences I had encountered in soil

mechanics. This experiences helped me learn more about the subject and grow fondness
and curiosity on the college course I chose to entrust my future.
Laboratory challenges may be the same as laboratory experiences. But, laboratory

challenges talks about the hardships an individual have encountered during the duration of
those specific tests.
One of the challenges we encountered was at the very first activity we performed
and that was obtaining soil sample. As what I have said above, it was already dark but we
were still digging leading us of using our phones’ flashlight to make it a bit brighter on our side.
Next, during the grain size distribution test, there were some errors on the performance
of the test since we did the wet sieving first than sieving the whole sample. Though, it is not
really an error, just another way of doing the test. With the data we gathered from this
experiment, we had some trouble on getting the results since the D10 and D30 we calculated
turned to be negative but, turned out it was just a miscalculation.
Another challenge was during the permeability and UCT testing. Since we’ve used the
optimum moisture content instead of the field moisture content, we did not attained the
laboratory maximum dry density we needed. Therefore, we have come into conclusion to
repeat the test using the field moisture content.
Lastly, during consolidation test, there was not enough weights needed leading us to
use another weight which carries the overall load we needed for the test.
Challenges are made to help an individual grow. It helps a person to come up with a
decision or a better solution that is suitable for that particular challenge or problem he/she is
facing. The same for this subject matter. With all those circumstances we have encountered
during our soil investigation process, good decision making and teamwork led us to achieve
our goals.
Studying soils are amusing and fun. Though, for a nonprofessional like me, I did faced
hardships during the duration of soil investigation which is unavoidable. Studying soils helps an
individual to know more about it, learn about its properties and its importance specially in
construction industry, etc.
Studying soils helped me learn many things about it. It made me realized that soils are
charming in its own way since it has its own unique properties. With the soil sample we used
for this investigation, I have learned its physical properties through visual manual such as it is
flat and elongated, it has a taupe color, it is an organic soil, its group name is gravelly elastic
silt with sand, etc.
Also, studying soils are important to test for the better good of construction. Soil is the
very foundation of a structure. If a soil is not tested properly specially soils in a construction
project, there are possibilities of failure. Since the soil was not tested, it may cause tilting or
may be lowering of a structure due to settlement of soils. These may be because of the load
or the weight of the structure is too much for the soil to handle or maybe for another reason.
That is why it is important to test the soil before using it in a construction.
There are many other things to learn about soils such as its permeability, strength,
plasticity, and many more. To know about this, one should make an effort to study soils. Who
knows? It may serve a better purpose for a better future especially if you are a student taking
up Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering.

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I.

Benchmark: in front of the eagle door

(Based on Table 13 ASTM D2488- 09a)

1. Group Name Gravelly elastic silt with sand

18. Consistency (fine-grained soils only): Very soft

The gradation data may be used to calculate relationships between various

Soil classification deals the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing

Moisture Content Average Water Content 22.49%

Specific Gravity Average Specific Gravity 2.44

Liquid Limit Average liquid Limit 36.21%

Average Plastic Limit 27.59%

Shrinkage Limit Average Shrinkage Limit 15.60%

Laboratory OMC 19.84%

Maximum Dry Density 1393.97 kg/cu.m

Permeability Hydraulic Conductivity (k) 3.65 x 10^-9 cu.m/s

Final Height 18.882 mm

Engineering AASHTO Classification Silty and Clayey Gravel/Sand

The results of three (3) samples must be obtained for averaging.

GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS

LABORATORY COMPACTION TEST

The constant head permeability test is used to determine the coefficient of

UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE TEST

This test method is applicable to the determination of the unconfined compressive

ENGINEERING CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL

 The classification of soil investigated.

Prepare all the materials needed for the test.

Follow the procedures written on the manual.

Perform the experiment carefully and as accurately as possible.

Secure alternative ways in oven drying sample.

- Bring decent equipment for digging the test holes.

- Fill the jar up to its rim.

Conduct Visual Manual on the field during daytime.

SAMPLE ID WEIGHT OF WEIGHT OF WET WEIGHT OF DRY

Data Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

Average Specific Gravity: 2.44

∑ LL = (32.97 + 33.47 + 31.66 + 35.79)

Plastic Limit in each trial

W2 = Mass of can + moist soil

W3 = Mass of can + dry soil

Average Plastic Limit

32.98 + 29.6 + 20.20

From the Liquid Limit Test, LL = 33.275%

Mass of the dry soil pat, Ms

Volume of dry soil pat coated with wax, Vf

Volume of the dry soil pat, Vd

Point No. Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4 Trial 5

Mass of mold, kg 4.065 4.065 4.065 4.065 4.065

Mass of mold w/ 5.715 5.9426 6.025 5.975 5.92

Wet Density, 1771.34 2015.67 2104.13 2050.46 1991.41

Mass of 113.3 145.5 142.6 152 172.6

Average 12.56% 15.87% 19.84% 23.36% 27.54%

Specific Gravity of Soil Assumed moisture Density of Water ZAV Unit

Dry unit weight, γ𝑑 = 9.8 𝑥 ρ𝑑 , in KN/m3 = 9.8 𝑥 1.6065 = 15.7437 KN

Since F200 < 200%, the soil is a granular material.

Locating on the table, the soil is

 Silty and Clayey gravel/sand

Since R200 > F250 , the soil is coarse grained

Percent of sand fraction, SF = R200 – GF

Since GF < SF, it is a sandy soil

From lab #5 D60 = 0.441

Locating on the chart, the soil is SM with < 15% gravel

 Poorly graded sand

Name : JOIENA D. AFINIDAD

Date of Birth : April 22, 1997