5/26/2019

Some weird things about this

Kingdom
Archaebacteria
Both kingdoms of bacteria have species that are
microscopic; humans can’t see them unless we
stain them and then look at them under the
microscope. The pictures you see are magnified
many times!!
kingdom…
• Most don’t need oxygen to survive
• They can produce ATP (energy) from sunlight
• They can survive enormous temperature
extremes
• They can survive high doses of radiation
(radioactivity)
• They can survive under rocks and in ocean
floor vents deep below the ocean’s surface
• They can tolerate huge pressure differences

The Domain
3 Main Types
Archaea
• “ancient” bacteria
• Some of the first
Methanogens
archaebacteria
were discovered
in Yellowstone Thermoacidophiles
National Park’s
hot springs and
geysers. Halophiles

• They release methane

Basic Facts (CH4) as a waste product Methanogens
• Many live in mud at the
• They live in extreme environments (like bottom of lakes and
hot springs or salty lakes) and normal swamps because it lacks
oxygen
environments (like soil and ocean • Some live in the intestinal
water). tracts of animals to help
break down food
• All are unicellular (each individual is
• Others like to hang out in
only one cell). the stomach
• No peptidoglycan in their cell wall. • Your intestinal gas is a
waste product caused by
• Some have a flagella that aids in their bacteria in the body
breaking down the food
locomotion. you eat—that’s why farts
don’t smell sweet!

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Significance of methanogens
• They could play a role in
garbage/sewage cleanup
by having methanogens
eat garbage.
– The methane waste the
bacteria produce after
eating the garbage or
sewage could be used
as fuel to heat homes.
• Some landfills already
employ this method—the Other thermoacidophiles like to live in hot springs or
only problem is that it’s geysers. Hot springs are pools of hot water that have
expensive. moved toward earth's surface. The source of their
heat is the hot magma beneath and they can reach
temperatures as high as 400 degrees Fahrenheit

Thermoacidophiles http://www.nps.gov/archive/yell/oldfaithfulcam.htm
• Live in the dark
• Live without oxygen
• Like to live in superheated water with
temperatures reaching 750 deg F
• Prefer environments that are very acidic (between
pH of 1-3)
• Live in a chemical soup of hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Old Faithful erupts more frequently than
and other dissolved minerals (rotten egg smell) any of the other big geysers. Its average
Thermo = temperature interval between eruptions is about 91
minutes. An eruption lasts 1 1/2 to 5
Acidophil = acid loving minutes, expels 3,700 - 8,400 gallons of
boiling water, and reaches heights of
106 - 184 feet.

The interior layers of the Earth are

Black Smokers made up of many different types of Halophiles
metals (iron, copper). The black color is
caused by a chemical reaction of the
metals with the ocean water. In • Can live in water
extreme temperatures and pressures, with salt
this is where some thermoacidophiles
like to live. concentrations
exceeding 15%
• The ocean’s
concentration is
roughly 4%
• Halo = salt
phil = loving The Great Salt Lake in Utah

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The Great Salt Lake in Utah Bacterial Cell Shapes

• It is interesting to note that the Great Salt Lake is
actually three to five times saltier than the
ocean. Bacillus (rod-shaped)
• Every year, members of the salt industry extract
about 2.5 million tons of sodium chloride (salt,
NaCl) from the lake.
• The Great Salt Lake has no fish. The largest Coccus (round-shaped)
aquatic critters in the Great Salt Lake are brine
shrimp.
• Given that the salty water can be corrosive to
metal, motorized boats are not very popular at
Spirillum (spiral-shaped)
Great Salt Lake State Park. Additionally, since
the salt content of the Great Salt Lake increases
the water’s density, water skiing and jet skiing is
not very common.

Kingdom
Eubacteria
“true bacteria”

Bacteria vs. Eukarya

Bacteria Eukarya
Internal No nucleus, few Nucleus with many
compartmentalization organelles organelles
Cell size Very small; Small; still microscopic but
microscopic 10 to 100 times bigger than
bacteria
Number of cells unicellular multicellular
Chromosomes Single, circular DNA Many chromosomes made
strand up of DNA
Reproduction Asexually by binary Asexually by mitosis and
fission; Sexually by Sexually by meiosis
conjugation
Flagella Common in most Seldom seen in species;
species longer and stronger than
bacteria
Metabolic diversity Can survive with or Require oxygen to survive
without oxygen

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• Most types of
Obtaining Energy Eubacteria are
Heterotrophs
heterotrophic
• Most scientists classify bacteria based on
how they obtain energy: • Together with
fungi, they serve
as primary
Photosynthesizers decomposers for
the environment by
Chemoautotrophs releasing nutrients
back to the soil
Heterotrophs after living things
have died.

• A significant fraction
Photosynthesizers
of the world’s REPRODUCTION
photosynthesis is 1. Asexual – binary fission (single
carried out by cell splits into 2 identical new
bacteria cells)
• Cyanobacteria are
blue-green bacteria
that contain
chlorophyll in their cell
membrane
2. Sexual – conjugation
• Cyanobacteria are – trading DNA
thought to have made
the Earth’s oxygen
atmosphere

Chemoautotrophs Pathogenic Bacteria

• Breakdown chemicals • Your body is a treasure chest of wealth
found in the soil; they
use those chemicals
just waiting to be discovered by bacteria.
for nutrition • Bacteria have evolved various ways of
• The bacteria’s waste entering your body and taking what they
products act as need in order to survive
fertilizer and helps
with agriculture • In some cases, the competition for the
• A handful of soil can resources in your body can result in you
have up to 10 billion becoming ill.
bacterial organisms

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Gram Staining We’ve talked about why bacteria is BAD…Is

• Gram staining is used to identify bacteria with there anything GOOD about bacteria?
extra membranes. These bacteria are more • Act as decomposers
resistant to damage (antibiotics). • Live within our digestive tract
• Gram positive stain purple (called probiotics)
• Many foods we eat are
processed by bacteria (pickles,
buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut,
olives, vinegar, etc.)
• Gram negative stain red • Bacteria can be used in mines to
» (extra membrane made of peptidoglycan) breakdown the surrounding rock
and leave behind the useful
ore/metal.
• Used to breakdown chemical/oil
spills

Bacteria are harmful in two ways:
1. #1 - Bacteria can
metabolize their host by
using different parts of the
body as their food source.
Tuberculosis is a less common
bacterial infection that attacks the
lungs of humans.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
the bacteria that uses the lung
tissue as a food source.
The warm, moist environment
allows the bacteria to
reproduce and populate
the lungs.
• In 1928, Alexander
Fleming noticed a fungus
Antibiotics
growing on a Petri plate
that was growing bacteria.
• He saw that the bacteria
did not grow near the
fungus.
• He concluded that the
is fungus was secreting a
substance that killed the
bacteria.
• He later called the
secretion penicillin.
• Penicillin is one of many
medicines that help fight
bacterial infections.

#2 - Bacteria cause disease by secreting chemical

compounds called toxins into their environment.
Humans are most affected when food is not properly
prepared. Food poisoning is the common name
given to people who get severely sick after eating
something that wasn’t cooked well.
Most types of toxin bacteria can be killed by boiling
water and cooking foods at recommended
temperatures.
Kitchen and surface antibacterial products also help
in ridding our house of these relentless pests.
Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria
Problem #1:
• Because bacteria can multiply very quickly, a 7-
10 day course of antibiotics might not kill all of
the bacteria.
• The bacteria that remain become resistant and
may mutate their DNA and reproduce more
cells.
• The new cells are now resistant to the antibiotic
and make it harder to treat an infection the next
time around.

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Problem #2:
• Another problem in
society is related to
people not taking their
prescribed course of
pills.
• Sometimes if people
start to see
improvement in their
symptoms they stop
taking their
medication.
• This leaves more
opportunity for the
bacteria not yet killed
by the antibiotic to
reproduce and create
resistant cells.

Problem #3:
• Do antibacterial
soaps really work?
• Regular, routine use
of these types of
soaps may be doing
more harm then good.
• The bacteria that are
commonly found on
our skin may become
resistant to the
antibacterial
chemicals put in the
soaps.