MANDIBULAR

MOVEMENTS
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Anatomy of TMJ
• Muscles of Mastication
• Neurologic structures & neuromuscular
functions
• Border movements of Mandibular
• Eccentric Mandibular Movements
• Major Functions of Masticatory System
• Methods Used For Recording Mandibular
Movements
• Clinical Significance of Mandibular Movements
• Conclusion
• References
 INTRODUCTION

• The masticatory system is a complex and highly

refined unit.
• It is the functional unit of the body primarily
responsible for chewing speaking and swallowing.
• The system is made of bone,joints,
ligaments,teeth and muscles. and movement is
regulated by intricate neurological control system
• During performance of various functions there is
a delicate balance between various components.
• Precise movement of the mandible is required to
move the teeth efficiently across each other
during function
 ANATOMY OF TMJ
• TMJ is one of the most complex joints in
the body.
• It is called as GINGLYMOARTRODIAL JOINT.
• TMJ consists of 4 main structures:-
– Condyle
– Temporal bone (Squamous part)
– Articular disc
– Ligaments
CONDYLE
• It is the portion of the mandible that
articulates with the cranium, around which
movement occurs.
TEMPORAL BONE
• The mandibular condyles articulates at the base of the
cranium with the squamous portion of the temporal bone.
• This portion made up of Concave Mandibular Fossa called as
ARTICULAR OR GLENOID FOSSA.
• SQUAMOTYMPANIC FISSURE – Posterior to mandibular fossa.

• Anterior to fossa convex bony prominence called ARTICULAR

EMINENCE.
 TMJ consist of

• Upper articular lower articular interarticular

disc
surface surface

Formed of Formed of

Articular eminence head of the mandible

Anterior part of (condyle)
mandibular fossa

• TMJ is classified as a COMPOUND JOINT.

• Functionally articular disc serves as a non ossified bone.

• ARTICULAR DISC
• Composed of dense fibrous connective tissue, most part of it is
devoid of blood vessels and nerves fibers.
• Extreme periphery of the disc is slightly innervated.
• In SAGITTAL PLANE it is divide into 3 regions (according to thickness).

• ANTERIOR ZONE POSTERIOR ZONE INTERMIDIATE ZONE

Posterior border is slightly thinnest area of

the disc
thicker than anterior border

SAGITTAL PLANE

ANTERIOR(FRONTAL)
PLANE
 Attachment of Articular
Disc:-

• Articular disc is attached to the capsular ligament..

• It divides the joint cavity into- SUPERIOR
• INFERIOR JOINT CAVITY
• TMJ is referred to as SYNOVIAL JOINT
LIGAMENTS:-
Muscles move and ligaments limit.
Ligaments do not enter actively into joint
function, rather they act as passive
restraining devices to limit & restrict border
movements.
3 functional ligaments support the TMJ are:-
– Collateral ligament
– Capsular ligament
– Temporomandibular ligament
2 accessory ligaments are:-
– Sphenomandibular ligament
– Stylomandibular ligament
COLLATERAL(DISCAL) LIGAMENTS:-
They attach the medial & lateral borders of
articular disc to the poles of the condyle.
Commonly called as DISCAL LIGAMENTS.
2 TYPES:-
• Medial discal ligament
• Lateral discal ligament
They are true ligaments
Function :
CAPSULAR LIGAMENT:-
• Entire TMJ is surrounded & encompassed by
the capsular ligament.
• Attachment :-
• Superiorly
• Inferiorly

• Function :-
It resists any medial, lateral or inferior forces
that tend to separate or dislocate the
articular surfaces.
TEMPOROMANDIBULAR LIGAMENT:-
• Lateral aspect of the capsular ligament is
reinforced by strong, tight fibers that make up the
lateral or temporomandibular ligament.
• The TM ligament is composed of :-

Outer oblique portion Inner

horizontal portion
 FUNCTION
• INNER HORIZONTAL
• OUTER OBLIQUE
PORTION
PORTION:
1) Limits posterior
1) They resist movement of
extensive dropping condyle
of he condyle..
2) It also protects
2) It also influences lateral pterygoid
the normal opening muscle from
movement. overlengthening or
extension
ACCESSORY LIGAMENTS
• Sphenomandibular Ligament
• Stylomandibular Ligament
• Function:
1) Taut - when mandible is protruded
2) Most relaxed – when mandible is opened.
So, limits excessive protrusive movement of
mandible.
3) Shares in activity of the medial pterygoid muscle
 MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
• The skeletal muscles provide for the locomotion necessary for the
individual to survive.
• PRIMARY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
– Masseter
– Temporalis
– Medial Pterygoid
– Lateral Pterygoid
• SECONDARY MUSCLES OF MASTICATION
The suprahyoid group of muscles being used as secondary or
supplementary muscles they are
– Digastric
– Mylohyoid
– Geniohyoid
 MASSETER:-
• Quadrilateral muscle
and consist of three
layers.
• Origin:
– Superficial layer:
– Middle layer:
– Deep layer
• Insertion:
– Superficial layer
– Middle and deep
fibers pass vertically
downward.
Function

Masseter contracts
ELEVATES the
mandible in the
direction of the
fibers

Deep segment pulls

mandible RETRUED
relation
Some fibers from inner
part of the muscle are
inserted horizontally
into the capsule and
meniscus of
mandibular joint
 MEDIAL PTERYGOID

• It is a thick quadrilateral muscle

• Origin Insertion
 FUNCTION OF MEDIAL PTERIGOID
MUSCLE

1. Along with masseter it forms a MUSCULAR

SLING that supports the mandible at
mandibular angle.
2. When fibers contract the mandible is
ELEVATED.
3. Muscle is active in PROTRUDING the
mandible.
4. Unilateral contraction will bring about
mediotrusive movement of the mandible.
 TEMPORALIS

• It is a large, fan
shaped muscle.
• Origin
• Insertion
• It can be divided into 3 distinct portions
MIDDLE
ANTERIOR PORTION POSTERIOR PORTION
PORTION
consists of fibers fibers run obliquely fibers are aligned
that are directed across the lateral almost horizontally
almost vertically aspect of the skull coming forward
above
(forward-downwards) the ear

when it contracts when it contracts it contracts and

mandible is raised mandible is elevated retrudes mandible
vertically and retruded {Du Brul-suggested
(elevates) that its contraction
elevates and
slightly
retrudes
ELEVATION OF MANDIBLE POSTERIOR FIBER DRAWS
MANDIBLE BACKWARDS
• Because angulation of the
muscle fibers varies the
temporalis is capable of
coordinating closing
movements
• Hence it is a significant
positioning muscle of the
mandible
 LATERAL PTERYGOID
• 2 different portions or bellies:-
– Inferior
– Superior
 Function
• Superior Lateral Pterygoid:- • Inferior Lateral Pterygoid:-
– During opening the – When right & left ILP contracts
superior simultaneously,
lateral pterygoid
remains the
inactive, becomes condyles are pulled down
active only
in conjunction the articular eminences &
with elevator muscles. the mandible is
– It is active during power protruded.
stroke
& when teeth are
held – Unilateral contraction creates
together. a mediotrusive movement of
the condyle & causes a lateral
movement of the mandible to
the opposite side.

Closing
Retracting
Lateral movement in
opening
ipsilateral direction protracting
Lateral movement in
contralateral direction
 SIDE TO SIDE GRINDING
MOVEMENT
• When lateral pterygoid
contracts with medial
pterygoid of same side,
the condyle advances
on that side ,while the
jaw rotates through the
opposite condyle
• when the medial and
lateral pterygoid of the
two sides contract
alternatively to produce
side to side movements
of mandible eg chewing
 Medial and lateral pterygoid act
together to protrude the mandible
 DIGASTRICS:-

• Not considered a muscle of mastication, but it

does have an important influence on the function
of the mandible.
• Divided into 2 portions:-
– Posterior belly
– Anterior belly
• Function:-
– When right & left digastrics
contract & the suprahyoid &
infrahyoid muscles fix the
hyoid bone, the
mandible is
depressed & pulled backward &
the teeth are brought out of contact.
– When mandible is stabilized,
the digastric muscles with the
suprahyoid & infrahyoid
muscles elevate the
hyoid bone, which
is necessary function for swallowing.
 The combinded efforts of the
Digastrics and Lateral Pterygoids
provide for natural jaw opening.
• Other acessory
muscles:
– Surahyoid
– Infrahyoid
muscle
– Sternocleidom
astoid
– Posterior
cervical
muscles
• Woelfel J.B., Hickey J.C., Stacy R.W. & Rinear L.
(1960) – conducted a study on electromyographic
analysis of jaw movements. The objective of the
study were-
1)To determine the range of variability of muscular
activity in jaw movements.
2)To determine the range of variability in a series of
electromyograms.
3)To provide an analysis of the role played by the
external
pterygoid muscles in trained (learned) jaw
movements.
• They concluded that:-
1) The temporal muscle is capable of unilateral and
fractional
response but does not show increased activity in any
part during
protrusion or uncontrolled openings.
 2)The right and left digastric muscles did not function
individually. Their greatest activity was during
uncontrolled openings and retrusion of the mandible.
3)The masseter muscle had the greatest activity during
clenching
into centric occlusion.
4)The external pterygoid muscle was very active during
contra lateral excursions, uncontrolled openings, and
protrusion
but was inactive during hinge openings of
 NEUROLOGIC STRUCTURE &
NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION
• Function of masticatory system is complex. A highly
refined neurologic control system regulates &
coordinates the activities of entire masticatory
system
• The basic component of neuromuscular system is
the MOTOR UNIT (which consist of number of
muscle fibers that are innervated by motor neuron)
• MUSCLE FUNCTION:-
ISOTONIC CONTRACTION: contraction or an overall
shortening.
ISOMETRIC CONTRACTION: contraction without
shortening
CONTROLLED RELAXATION : stimulation of motor
unit is discontinued, fibers of motor unit relax and
return to normal length. thus a precise muscle
lengthening can occur that allows slow and
deliberate movement
NEUROLOGIC STRUCTURES:-
• The masticatory system
consists of following receptors
to monitor the status of its
components:-
1) MUSCLE SPINDLE-
– Skeletal muscle consists of two types
of muscle fibers –
a) Extrafusal fibers (contractile)
b) Intrafusal fibers (minutely
contractile)
– A bundle of intrafusal fibers bound by a
connective tissue sheath is called
muscle spindle.
– Within each spindle the nuclei of the
intrafusal fibers are arranged in 2
distinct fashions:-
1) Chainlike(nuclear chain type)
2) Clumped (nuclear bag type)
– There are two types of afferent nerves
that supply the intrafusal fibers. They
are:
1) Primary endings or annulospiral endings
2) Secondary endings or flower spray endings
– Efferent supply of intrafusal fibers is by
fusimotor nerve fibers (γ efferent).
• When muscle is stretched:

– Intrafusal & extrafusal fibers are stretched

– Annulospiral & flower spray endings are activated

– Afferent neurons carry information to trigeminal

mesencephalic nucleus

• The CNS then sends back impulse via 2 efferent pathways:-

– Fusimotor nerve fibers or α efferent motor neurons

gamma efferent
(for extrafusal fibers)
(for intrafusal fibers)

Muscle contraction
2) GOLGI TENDON ORGANS-
– Located in muscle tendon between muscle fibers and their
attachment to bone.
– They are more sensitive than muscle spindles and active in
reflex regulation in normal function.

– They primarily monitor tension, whereas the muscle spindles

primarily monitor muscle length.
3) PACINIAN CORPUSCLES-
– The pacinian corpuscles are large oval organs made up of
concentric lamellae of connective tissue. They are widely
distributed.
– They serve principally for the perception of the movements
and firm pressure.
– These corpuscles are found in the
tendons,joints,periosteum,tendinous insertions ,fascia and
sub cutaneous tissue.
4) NOCICEPTORS-
– They are sensory receptors that are
stimulated by injury & transmit injury
information to CNS by way of afferent
nerve fibers.
– The primary function is to monitor the
condition,position and movement of the
tissue in the masticatory system.
REFLEX ACTION:-
• 2 general reflex actions are important in the
masticatory system :
1) MYOTACTIC REFLEX or stretch reflex-
– Is the only monosynaptic jaw reflex.
– Sudden stretching of skeletal muscle

Afferent nerve activity from the spindle

Trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus

Afferent fiber synapse in trigeminal motor nucleus with
α- efferent motor neurons

Efferent fibers carry information to extrafusal fibers

• Myotactic reflex is an important
determinant of rest position of the
jaw.
• It is a principal determinant of
muscle tonus in elevator muscles.
2) NOCICEPTIVE REFLEX or flexor reflex-

– Polysynaptic reflex to noxious stimuli & hence, considered to be

protective.
– Sudden biting on hard object

Noxious stimuli

Afferent nerves carry impulse to trigeminal spinal tract nucleus where
they synapse with interneurons

Excitatory interneuron's inhibitory interneuron's

Synapse with efferent neurons Synapse with efferent neurons

in the trigeminal motor nucleus in the trigeminal motor
nucleus

they innervte the jaw depressing they innervate the elevator

muscles
Muscles

Message sent is to contract, that message sent is to discontinue

Brings the teeth away contraction
INFLUENCE OF HIGHER CENTERS:-

• Although the cortex is the main determinant of

action,the brainstem is in charge of maintaining
homeostasis and controlling normally
subconscious functions.
• Within brainstem, is a pool of neurons that
control rhythmic muscle activity such as
breathing, walking & chewing.
• This pool of neurons is called ‘Central Pattern
Generator’ (CPG)
• It is responsible for precise timing of activity
between antagonistic muscles so that specific
functions can be carried out.
CLASSIFICATION:-
I) According to Sharry:-

a) According to direction - Opening and closing

movements
Protrusion and retraction
Lateral gliding movements

b) According to tooth contact - Movements with tooth contact

Movements without tooth contact

c) Limitation by joint structure - Border movements

Intra border movements

d) Functions of masticatory system - Mastication

Deglutition
Speech
Respiration

e) CNS - Innate movements – breathing & swallowing

Learned movements – speech and chewing
II) According to the type of movement
occurs in TMJ:-
a) Rotational
b) Translation
III) According to the planes of border
movements:-
a) Sagittal plane border movement
b) Horizontal plane border movements
c) Frontal plane border movements
 MANDIBULAR
MOVEMENTS
• Mandibular movements occurs as complex
series of 3 dimensional rotational and
transitional activities. It is determined by
combined and simultaneous activities of
both tmj’s.
• 2 types of movement occur in tmj:-
– Rotational
– Translational
 ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT:-

Rotational movement of the

mandible occurs in 3 different
reference planes
1. Horizontal
2. Frontal
3. Sagittal
 HORIZONTAL AXIS OF ROTATION:-
• An opening and closing
motion- hinge movement
• Only ‘pure’ rotational
movement in mandibular
activity
• TERMINAL HINGE AXIS
When the condyles are in
their most superior
position in the articular
fossae and the mouth is
purely rotated open, the
axis around which
movement occurs is called
the ‘Terminal Hinge Axis’.
 FRONTAL (VERTICAL) AXIS
OF ROTATION:-
• Mandibular movement
around the frontal axis
occurs when one
condyle moves
anteriorly out of
terminal hinge position
with the vertical axis of
opposite condyle
remaining in the
terminal hinge position.
SAGITTAL AXIS OF ROTATION:-
 TRANSLATIONAL
MOVEMENT:-
• Translation can be defined as
a movement in which every
point of the moving object
has simultaneously the same
velocity and direction.
• It occurs within the superior
cavity of the joint, between
the superior surface of the
articular disc and the inferior
surface of the articular fossa.
• During normal movements of
the mandible both rotation
and translation occur
simultaneously.
• This results in a very
complex movements.
 SINGLE-PLANE BORDER
MOVEMENTS:-

• Mandibular movements are limited by

ligaments and articular surface of TMJ’s as
well as the morphology and alignment of
the teeth.
• When the mandible moves through the
outer range of motion, reproducible and
describable limits result, which are called
BORDER MOVEMENTS.
SAGITTAL PLANE BORDER &
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:-

• They have 4 distinct movement components:-

1) Posterior opening border determined by ligaments
&
the morphology of
TMJ’s.
2) Anterior opening border
3) Superior contact border determined by occlusal &
incisal surfaces of
teeth.
4) Functional determined by
conditional responses
 Posterior Opening Border
Movements:-
• Occurs as two stage hinging
movements.
• 1st stage:-
• 2nd Stage:-
– As the condyle
translates the axis of
rotation of the
mandible shifts into
the bodies of rami
likely to be the area
of attachment of
sphenomandibular
ligament, resulting in
the second stage of
the posterior opening
border movement.
Anterior Opening Border Movements:-

• With the mandible maximally opened, closure

accompanied by contraction of inferior lateral
pterygoids (which keep the condyles
positioned anteriorly) will generate the
anterior border movement.
• Because the maximum protrusive position is
determined in part by stylomandibular
ligaments, when closure occurs, tightening of
ligaments produces a posterior movement of
the condyles.
• The posterior movement of the condyle from
the maximally open position to maximally
protruded position produces eccentricity in
the anterior border movement. Therefore, it
is not a pure hinge movement.
 Superior Contact Border
Movements:-

• This movement is determined bythe characteristics

of occluding surfaces of the teeth.through out the
movement tooth contact is present.
• It depends on:-
– Amount of variation between centric relation
and maximum intercuspation.
– The steepness of the cuspal inclines of the
posterior teeth.
– Amount of vertical and horizontal overlap of
anterior teeth
– Lingual morphology of maxillary anterior teeth.
– General interarch relationships of the teeth.
• In CENTRIC RELATION

-tooth contacts are normally found on

one or more opposing pair of
posterior teeth.
-When muscular force is applied to the
mandible,
a super anterior movement or
or shift
will occur until the
intercuspal position is
reached.
-The slide from CR to maximum
intercuspation, may have a lateral
component.
-from early 1950’s to more recently the
distance between MI and centric
relation has changed from 1.25 mm
by Posselt,1.0mm by Schuyler, 0.8
to 0.5mm by Ramfjord,to 0.2mm by
Dawson and Ramfjord
• When the mandible is protruded,
from maximum
intercuspation ….

• This continues until the

maxillary and
mandibular
anterior teeth are in edge
to edge
relationship, at which
a horizontal pathway is
followed. Horizontal movement
continues
until incisal edges
of mandibular teeth pass

beyond the edges of maxillary teeth.

 Functional Movements:-

• Functional movement occurs during

functional activity of the mandible. They
usually take place within the border
movements & therefore, considered as
free movements.
• Most functional movements require
maximum intercuspation & therefore
typically begin at & below the intercuspal
position.
• When mandible is at rest, it is
found to be located
approximately 2 to 4mm below
the intercuspal position. This is
called the Clinical Rest Position.

• Postural position – Since,

clinical
rest position is not a
true resting
position, the
position in which
mandible
is maintained is
termed as
‘postural position.’
• Chewing Stroke:- If it is examined in sagittal
plane, the movement will be seen to begin at the
intercuspal position & drop downward & slightly
forward to position of desired opening. It then
returns in a straighter pathway, slightly posterior
to the opening movement.
• POSTURAL EFFECT ON FUNCTIONAL
MOVEMENT:
1. Head in erect and upright position
2. Head is directed 45° upward (as assumed during
drinking)
3. Head is directed 30° (as assumed during eating) –
ALERT FEEDING POSITION
HORIZONTAL PLANE BORDER &
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:-
• When mandibular movements are viewed in the
horizontal plane, a rhomboid-shaped pattern can
be seen that has a functional component, & 4
distinct movement components:-
1) Left lateral border
2) Continued left lateral border
with protrusion
3) Right lateral border
4) Continued right lateral border
with protrusion
LEFT LATERAL BORDER MOVEMENTS:-
• With the condyles in the centric relation position, contraction
of the right inferior lateral pterygoid move the right condyle -
anteriorly and medially.
• If left inferior pterygoid stays relaxed, with the left condyle still
in the CR & result will be left lateral border movement.
• Left condyle- working or rotatory
Right condyle- non-working or
orbiting
CONTINUED LEFT LATERAL
BORDER MOVEMENTS WITH
PROTRUSION:-
• With the mandible in the left lateral border position,
contraction of the left inferior lateral pterygoid along with
continued contraction of right inferior lateral pterygoid
will cause the left condyle to move anteriorly to the right.
RIGHT LATERAL BORDER
MOVEMENTS:-
• Left condyle- orbiting
Right condyle- rotatory
CONTINUED RIGHT LATERAL BORDER
MOVEMENTS WITH PROTRUSION:-
FUNCTIONAL
MOVEMENTS:-

• As in the sagittal plane,

functional movement in the
horizontal plane most often
occur near the intercuspal
position.
• During chewing the range of
jaw movements begins some
distance from maximum
intercuspal position; but as
the food is broken down into
smaller particles, jaw action
moves closer and closer to
intercuspal position.
FRONTAL (VERTICAL) BORDER
&
FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENTS:-
• A shield-shaped pattern can be seen that has a
functional component, & four distinct movement
components:-
1. Left lateral superior border.
2. Left lateral opening border.
3. Right lateral superior border.
4. Right lateral opening border.
Left Lateral Superior Border
Movements:-
• With the mandible in maximum intercuspation, lateral
movement is made to the left. It discloses a inferiorly
concave path being generated .
The nature of this path
It depends upon morphology and interarch relationships of
maxillary and mandibular teeth.
The maximum lateral extent of this movement is determined by
ligaments of the rotating joint.
Left Lateral Opening Border
Movements:-
• From the maximum left lateral superior border position, an
opening movement of the mandible produces a laterally
convex path. As maximum opening
Right Lateral Superior Border
Movements:-
• Right Lateral Opening Border
Movements:-
Functional Movements:-
ENVELOPE OF MOTION:-

• Given by POSSELT
• By combining mandibular border
movements in all 3
planes, a 3D
envelope of motion is produced.
• This represents maximum range of
movement of the mandible.
• The superior surface of the envelop
is determined by tooth contacts
whereas the other borders are
primarily determined by ligaments
and joint anatomy that limits or
restrict movement
 ECCENTRIC MANDIBULAR
MOVEMENTS

• Eccentric mandibular movement can

be divided into protrusive and lateral
movements which consists mainly of
condylar translations.
 1) PROTRUSIVE MOVEMENT:-
• a)Sagittal Protrusive Condylar Path:-
Mandible translates in forward and downward direction during
protrusive movement.
The right and left muscles do not make simultaneous
movements. so pure protrusive movements do not exist in
clinical situation
(Hobo,Mochizuki,1982)
The orbits produced by the center of the right
and left condyle during protrusive movement is
referred to as –PROTRUSIVE CONDYLAR PATH
It forms an angle with horizontal
reference plane known as Sagittal
inclination of protrusive condylar path.
– Ranges from 5º- 55º. (with FH plane as
horizontal ref.)
Mean 30.4º. (Hobo,Mochizuki,1982)
– 33º when campers plane is
used(Gysi,kohler,1929)
b) Sagittal Protrusive Incisal Path:-
The orbit of incisal point from maximum intercuspation to
edge-to-edge occlusion –PROTRUSIVE INCISAL PATH
The mean length of the path is 5 mm
Angle formed by protrusive incisal path and horizontal
reference plane – “SAGITTAL INCLINATION OF PROTRUSIVE
INCISAL PATH” (incisal guidance angle)
– range between 50-70 degrees. (Gysi,Kohler,1929)

Usually sagittal inclination of

protrusive incisal path is steeper
than sagittal inclination of
protrusive condylar path.
(Hobo,1978)
 2)LATERAL MOVEMENT:-

• Lateral movements are complex activities

in most humans
• Lateral movement from occlusal position
and back again are assymetric.The right
and left condyle carry out different
movements.
• Thus lateral movements:
• Sagittal plane
• Horizontal plane
 LATERAL MOVEMENTS IN SAGITTAL
PLANE
Sagittal Lateral Condylar Path:-
– When lateral movement is executed the working
condyle rotates & moves outward, while the non
working condyle translates forward, medially
downward orbiting around the rotating working
condyle.
– When the orbit of nonworking
condyle is traced in the sagittal
plane it is known as Sagittal
lateral condylar path.
– Lateral condylar path is longer
& more steep than the protrusive
condylar path.
– FISCHER ANGLE:- The angle formed between
the sagittal protrusive condylar path & sagittal
lateral condylar path (approx 5º).
– The angle formed by the sagittal lateral
condylar path & horizontal reference plane is
known as “Sagittal Inclination Of Lateral
Condylar Path”
– Angle between sagittal lateral condylar path
and FH plane is approx 45-50°
(Lundeen,Wirth,1973)
 Lateral movement in
horizontal plane

• Working side lateral movement

• Nonworking side lateral movement
Working side lateral movement
• Sir Normal Godfery Bennett(1908) studied working condylar path and
called it BENNETT MOVEMENT, now referred to as LATEROTRUSION.
• Bennett showed that working condyle moves outwards and nonworking
condyle moves inwards.
• Although Bennett has described about the movement which became
popularly known as Bennett movement ,the original discovery of this
movement should go to BALKWILL,who described the same side shift in
1866.
• Bennett movement refers to the CONDYLAR MOVEMENT on the
working side, were the working condyle rotates and moves slightly
outwards.
This outward direction of bennett path (laterotrusion) may be combined
with an
– Upward (laterosurtrusion)
– Downward (laterudetrusion)
– Forward (lateroprotrusion), or
– Backward (lateroretrusion) component

• Bennett side shift is the bodily side shift of the MANDIBLE on the
working side in the horizontal plane. (Mandibular Lateral Translation)
• When the mandible is moved laterally to the
working side,it rotates on the vertical axis
passing through the center of the working
condyle.
• Besides rotation around the vertical axis the
working condyle must move laterally (Bennett
movement) to accommodate the medial
movement of the orbiting nonworking
condyle.
• Therefore the side shift of the working condyle
is dependent and is consequent to the medial
movement of the orbiting condylar path
 Nonworking side lateral
• movement
During lateral movement the working condyle
rotates and moves outwards and the nonworking
condyle moves medially and advances in a
forward and downward direction.When this path
of nonworking condyle is traced on horizontal
plane it is known as the HORIZONTAL LATERAL
CONDYLAR PATH
• It has 2 components:
– Immediate mandibular lateral translation
– Progressive mandibular lateral translation
• Immediate mandibular lateral translation
Occurs when the nonworking condyle moves from the centric
relation straight inward or medially,
• to a distance of approx 1.0mm (Lundeen,Wirth,1973)
• 0-2.6mm (mean-0.42mm) (Hobo,Mochizuki,1982),as
recorded using a electronic mandibular recording device
Beyond this the condyle moves forward, downward & inward
• Progressive mandibular lateral translation
– It is the translatory portion of the lateral movement that occur
at a rate proportional to forward movement of non working
condyle .(GPT 1987)
– the value of progressive mandibular lateral translation is 7.5°
(Lundeen,Wirth,1973)
• Angle formed by the horizontal condylar path and
sagittal plane varies between 2º -44º (mean 16º) and
is called as BENNETT ANGLE
Bennett movement has 3 components:-
– Amount
– Timing
– Direction

• AMOUNT

– The amount of medial movement of the orbiting

condyle governs the magnitude of lateral shift of the
mandible (Bennett shift)
– IMMEDIATE SIDE SHIFT is the bodily shift of the condyle
in horizontal plane. this is regulated by the shape of the
glenoid fossa,looseness of the capsular ligaments and
contraction of the lateral pterygoids.
– a mean movement of 1.0 mm (Lundeen,Wirth,1973)
– Beyond this the condyle moves forward, downward &
inward, this is known as ‘PROGRESSIVE SIDE SHIFT.’
– Combined amount of (ISS+PSS) is the Bennett angle,
with a mean value of 16°
2) TIMING:-
– The rate or amount of descent of
contralateral condyle & the rotation &
lateral shift of ipsilateral condyle.
– Immediate side shift –
is the 1st movement the mandible
makes when initiating lateral excursions.
– Progressive side shift:-
Beyond the immediate side shift the
condyles move forward, downward and
inward.
3) DIRECTION:-
– The direction of Bennett movement depends
primarily on the direction taken by the
rotating condyle during the bodily movement.
The direction of the shift of the rotating
condyle during Bennett movement is
determined by the TM joint undergoing
rotation.
LATERAL INCISAL PATH:-

The orbit produced by incisal point during

lateral movementis referred to as the
lateral incisal path.
When the path is traced on a horizontal
plane it is called the GOTHIC ARCH tracing.
The angle produced by right and left
horizontal incisal path is called the gothic
arch angle.
Mean value - 120°
• PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
1. Patients with excessive Bennett movement and little or no anterior
guidance present the greatest challenge in occlusal rehabilitation
procedures because the cusp movement pathways of there
posterior teeth are very shallow.
The elimination of eccentric cusp interference can be very
difficult. in this study it was shown that increase in anterior
guidance to 40° produced only a slight change in the lateral
pathways in presence of a 3.5mm Bennett movement. The
completely adjustable articulator would be most helpful for such
patients.

2. Patients with very little Bennett movenent,0.75mm or less ,have

molar cusp movement pathways that reflect the steepness of the
anterior guidance and the non working condylar pathways. The
potential for eccentric cusp interference is markedly reduced due
to the steep immediate cusp separation seen close to the
intercuspal position

3. A condylar movement screening device that would quickly and

simply determine a patients approx bennett movement and the
inclination of the nonworking condylar pathway would provide
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF
MASTICATORY SYSTEM

• MASTICATION:-
– It is the act of chewing food. It represents the initial
stages of digestion…
– CHEWING STROKE:
– Mastication is made up of rhythmic & well controlled
separation & closure of the maxillary & mandibular
teeth.
– This activity is under control of CPG,located in the
brainstem.
– In frontal plane, it has a ‘tear shaped’ pattern.
• It can be divided into
• a) Opening Phase
• b) Closing Phase –
i) Crushing
Phase
ii) Grinding
Phase.
• When the mandible is
traced in the frontal plane
following sequence
occurs-
– If the movement of a mandibular incisor is followed in
the SAGITTAL PLANE during a typical chewing stroke, it
will be seen that during the opening phase the mandible
moves slightly anteriorly.

Working side Nonworking side

 TOOTH CONTACT DURING MASTICATION:

• When food is initially introduced in the

mouth,fewer contacts occur.
• As bolous is broken down frequency of contacts
increase.
• 2 types of contacts:
-gliding contacts
-single contacts
SWALLOWING (DEGLUTITION):-
– It is a series of co-coordinated muscular contractions that
moves a bolus of food from the oral cavity through the
esophagus to the stomach.
– It consists of voluntary, involuntary and reflex muscular
activity.
– Stabilization of the mandible is an important part of
swallowing.
– The mandible must be fixed so contraction of suprahyoid &
infrahyoid muscles can control proper movement of the hyoid
bone needed for swallowing.
a) Somatic swallow –
b) Visceral swallow –
– It is believed that when the mandible is braced it is brought
into most retruded position.
– But according to Okeson the quality of intercuspal position will
determine the position of the mandible during swallowing and
not a retruded relationship with the fossa.
 Parafunctional movements
• May be described as sustained activities that
occur beyond the normal mastication and speech.
• It is manifested by long periods of muscle
contraction and hyperactivity
• Excessive occlusal pressure and prolonged tooth
contact occur,which is inconsistent with normal
chewing cycle.
Two most common forms of parafunctional
activities are
bruxism
clenching
 CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
• A prosthodontist has to aim to reproduce
accurate mandibular movements which
allow us to facricate restorations and
prostheses in harmony with the patients
natural function. Knowledge of the
mandibular movements essential, it helps
the dentist in:
-  Selecting and programming of articulators
-  Treating TMJ disturbances.
-  Arranging artificial teeth.
- Development of occlusal scheme.
 Concepts of occlusion differ depending upon whether
restoration are fixed or removable .the dentist must have the
knowledge of the effect of guiding factors of the mandible

CONDYLAR GUIDANCE
Is one of the two end controlling factors not under the control
of the dentist.
It is determined by the shape of the articular eminence,
anatomy of the medial wall of mandibular fossa,and
configuration of mandibular condyle
• Effects of condylar guidance on cusp height
a) The lesser the condylar guidance angle, the shorter the cusps
must be.
b) The greater the condylar guidance angle, the longer the
cusps
may be
 ANTERIOR GUIDANCE

The anterior determinants are the vertical and horizontal

overlaps and lingual concavities on maxillary anterior teeth.
These can be altered by restorative and orthodontic
treatment.
• Effects of anterior guidance on cusp height
The greater the horizontal overlap of the maxillary anterior
teeth, the shorter the cusps of the posterior teeth must be.
The lesser the horizontal overlap the longer the cusps of
the
posterior teeth may be
The lesser the vertical overlap, the shorter the cusps of the
posterior teeth must be.
 The greater the vertical overlap, the longer the posterior
• Bennett’s Movement:-
Movement responsible for lateral chewing
stroke.
    - Movement during which the greater lateral
force is exerted.
    - It is extremely important that articulating
surfaces are is strict harmony with this side shift.
  
Effect on cusp height:
      - Greater the side shift of the mandible
shorter the cusps must be.
   - The lesser the side shift of the mandible
longer the cusps may be.
Summary
 Conclusion
“nature has blessed us with a
marvelously dynamic masticatory
system, allowing us to function and
therefore exist”
One has aimed to reproduce accurate mandibular
movements, which allow us to fabricate
restorations and prostheses in harmony with the
patient’s natural function.